Solar radiation scattered within the atmosphere by atmospheric particles and aerosol particles has been investigated with regard to their state of polarization. Therefore measurements are performed with the COmpact RAdiation measurement System CORAS to analyze the individual components of the Stokes vector describing the measured radiation. For this purpose new optical inlets including a polarization filter have been developed. In parallel, radiative transfer simulations are conducted to interpret the measurements. For this purpose, two different radiative transfer solvers (SCIATRAN and polRadtran) were used. The simulations have been compared with the measurements to characterize the aerosol optical thickness and the predominant aerosol type.

A piecewise linear model is developed to detect climatic trends and possible structural changes in time series with a priori unknown number and positions of breakpoints. The initial noise is allowed to be interpreted by the first- and second-order autoregressive models. The goodness of fit of candidate models, if the residuals are accepted as normally distributed white noise, is evaluated using the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion. The uncertainties of all modeled trend parameters are estimated using the Monte-Carlo method. The model is applied to the mesosphere/lower thermosphere winds obtained at Collm (52°N, 15°E) during 1960-2007. A persistent increase after ~1980 is observed in the annual mean zonal wind based on the primary model while only a weak positive trend arises in the meridional component. Major trend breakpoints are identified around 1968-71 and 1976-79 in both the zonal and meridional winds.

Primary ionisation of major ionospheric constituents is calculated from satellite-borne solar EUV measurements. Number densities of the background atmosphere are taken from the NRLMSISE-00 climatology. From the calculated ionisation rates, an index termed EUV-TEC, which is based on the global total ionisation is calculated, and describes the ionospheric response to solar EUV and its variability. The index is compared against global mean ionospheric total electron content (TEC) derived from GPS data. Results show that the EUV-TEC index provides a better overall representation of global TEC than conventional solar indices like F10.7 do. The EUV-TEC index may be used for scientific research, and to describe the ionospheric effects on radio communication and navigation systems.

This paper shows first results of mobile measurements, which carried out in summer 2009 to evaluate the thermal comfort for a „standardized‟ pedestrian in several urban areas of Leipzig. The analysis of the obtained data was conducted by calculating the mean radiant temperature as well as the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). The results were compared to simulations applying the RayMan-program. Additionally to these findings to short-term stress, a study to the cumulated thermal stress was implemented into the analysis for the first time. Thereby, the thermal stress was considered which is perceived by a healthy ‟standardized‟ person during a one hour walk. As a first step a time rate of change of the PMV was defined for a measurement period. Using the example of the 20th August, 2009 in Leipzig, urban district Lößnig, a cumulated PMVaggregation of 0.7 was calculated and hence, a total (cumulated) PMV of 3.4 results in comparison to an arithmetically averaged PMV of only 2.7 for all measurement points along the route that were taken that day. Thus, a person perceives a severe thermal stress when walking the typical pedestrian route in Leipzig-Lößnig in one hour.

Noise is still an unsolved problem of our time and influences the public health and well-being. So sound-exposure gains more and more in importance. This study examines the influence of turbulent vertical profiles of wind and temperature on the sound propagation, using the model SMART (sound propagation model of the atmosphere using ray-tracing). For several states of atmospheric stability, ten-minutetime series of vertical wind and temperature profiles were constructed and used as input data for the model. Simulations of the sound attenuation showed that turbulence affects the sound propagation in the atmosphere. This influence is reflected in a reduction of the sound attenuation level in the downwind area, whereas the sound shadow remains almost unaffected. The influence increases with the distance to the source and depends on the atmospheric stability. Beside the average influence due to turbulence, a “worst-case” scenario with the highest noise immission during the simulated time range was analyzed. Based on the results of this study, a new SMART-module, taking turbulence into account by parameterizations, was developed. The developed turbulence module is an upgrade of the sound model SMART and helps to improve the sound immission forecasts, including meteorological effects.

Doppler-SODAR measurements are commonly used to derive the vertical wind profile. One main advantage of the Mini-SODAR (from the company Remtech) is its small size and weight and therefore it is easy to handle and set up in short time. Two long-term measurements were operated in September and October 2009. A statistical comparison was made between the Mini-SODAR, the tower and the DWD-SODAR (from the company METEK) for the two measurement periods. It is presented here that the Mini-SODAR overestimates the tower measurements and also the measurements of the DWD-SODAR. It is also shown, that the Mini-SODAR is able to determine the mean flow conditions in the lower boundary layer (up to 200 m).

In May 2009 the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) started an intercomparison campaign took place in Leipzig, Germany. The main objective was to compare the mobile Earlinet-LIDARs to have characteristically reference systems and to ensure permanent qualitative Measurements. To test the LIDAR of the Leipziger Institute for Meteorology (LIM) measurements during the comparison time periods were performed and compared to two EARLINET – LIDARs. The main objective was to compare the range-corrected total signal as well as backscatter and extinction coefficients to get information of the accuracy of the system for further independent measurements in the future. It will be shown that the ALS300 is able to achieve results which are in agreement to other lidar systems. However the deviation to the other Lidars depends strongly on the background radiation so that there is a smaller deviation of the mean signal during nighttime measurements then daytime measurements.

3D and 2D trajectory data of sand grains saltating over a bed are presented from highspeed camera measurements. They were obtained at Zingst peninsula and in laboratory using a wind tunnel. Trajectories, calculated with a Runge-Kutta procedure, using values of the mean wind profile and the air flow were fitted to the measured ones. The trajectory with the lowest RMSE against the measured one was used to estimate the grain diameter of the saltating grain. Also ejection and impact angle, ejection and impact speed of the grain were determined. The results confirm earlier findings that ejection angles decreases with increasing grain diameter. Ejection angles between 57° and 27° for fine (63-200 μm) and middle (200-630 μm) ejecta and between 38° and 20° for coarse grains (630-2000 μm) were found. The impact angle β increases with increasing grain diameter. Impact angles between 8° and 15° for fine impactors and between 12° and 36° for middle and coarse grains were found. Additionally the ratio between the mean ejection angle α and mean impact angle β, which decrease with increasing grain diameter (Rice et al., 1995), could be confirmed. The ration between the ejection speed ue and impact speed ui was found nearly the same for all determined grain sizes, but the grains ejected from the bed had an average speed of one order of magnitude less than the impact speed.

No description available.

By tomography of GNSS slant delay data the refractivity fields of the atmosphere can be reconstructed. The resolution of the tomography field is about 40 km in horizontal and several 100 m in vertical direction. In 2009 about 270 GNSS stations were available in Germany. The tomographically reconstructed humidity fields have to be validated with other observation methods which are able to detect the refractivity profiles of the atmosphere. The data used to compare is from radiosonde soundings, by which the refractivity can be calculated. The first results of the comparison of GNSS data with radiosonde data from two radiosonde stations in Germany are shown.