On‐chip micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs), as promising power candidates for microdevices, typically exhibit high power density, large charge/discharge rates, and long cycling lifetimes. However, as for most reported MSCs, the unsatisfactory areal energy density (<10 µWh cm−2) still hinders their practical applications. Herein, a new‐type Zn‐ion hybrid MSC with ultrahigh areal energy density and long‐term durability is demonstrated. Benefiting from fast ion adsorption/desorption on the capacitor‐type activated‐carbon cathode and reversible Zn stripping/plating on the battery‐type electrodeposited Zn‐nanosheet anode, the fabricated Zn‐ion hybrid MSCs exhibit remarkable areal capacitance of 1297 mF cm−2 at 0.16 mA cm−2 (259.4 F g−1 at a current density of 0.05 A g−1), landmark areal energy density (115.4 µWh cm−2 at 0.16 mW cm−2), and a superb cycling stability without noticeable decay after 10 000 cycles. This work will inspire the fabrication and development of new high‐performance microenergy devices based on novel device design.

This work reports on the successful formation of supported multicomponent lipid bilayer membranes (sLBMs) from natural occurring lipids as well as synthetic lipids on a set of polymer cushions consisting of alternating maleic acid copolymers. Maleic acid copolymers provide a versatile platform to adjust the physico-chemical behaviour by the choice of the comonomer unit. The formation of sLBMs was triggered by a transient reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between the polymer cushions and the lipid vesicles by lowering the solutions pH to 4. Upon formation the stability of sLBMs was not affected by subsequent variations of the environmental pH to 7.2. Even drastic changes in the environmental pH (between pH 2 and pH 9) did not lead to delamination and proved the stability of the polymer sLBM. The degree of hydrophilicity and swelling of the anionic polymer cushions was found to determine both the kinetics of the membrane formation and the mobility of the lipid bilayer with lipid diffusion coefficients in the range from 0.26 to 2.6 µm2 s-1. An increase in cushion hydrophilicity correlated with a strong increase in the diffusion coefficient of the lipids. This trend was found to correlate with the kinetics of bilayer formation in the process of vesicle spreading. The observations strongly support the important role of the support’s polarity for the fluidity of the sLBM, which is probably related to the presence of a water layer between support and bilayer. The investigated polymer cushions are considered to open new options for the in situ modulation of lipid bilayer membranes characteristics to match the requirements for the successful integration of functional transmembrane proteins (TMPs). As each cushion exhibits different physico-chemical properties, the resulting behaviour of the sLBMs and TMPs could be exactly adjusted to the specific requirements of biological samples. This is exemplarily shown by the integration of the TMP beta amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE). Integrated BACE was observed to be mobile on all polymer cushions. On the contrary, no lateral mobility of BACE was found in solid sLBM. Furthermore, the activity of integrated BACE was analysed by the cleavage of an amyloid precursor protein analogue. Remarkably, the polymer cushions did not only enhance the mobility but were also found to increase the activity of BACE by a factor of 1.5 to 2.5 in comparison to solid sLBM. From the obtained results it is obvious that even small cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane proteins might not be preserved upon the integration in silica sLBM. The observed beneficial effects of the utilised polymer cushions on the mobility and activity of transmembrane proteins motivate further studies to clarify the general applicability of the polymer platform. Altogether, this polymer platform provides valuable options to form sLBM with varying characteristics to reconstitute transmembrane proteins for a wide range of possible future applications in biology. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Bildung von polymer unterstützten Lipiddoppelschichten zur Integration von transmembranen Proteinen. Das Polymerkissensystem besteht aus alternierenden Maleinsäurecopolymeren. Lipiddoppelschichten wurden durch die Steuerung der elektrostatischen Repulsion erzeugt: die Verringerung des pH-Wertes auf 4 wurde eine Erhöhung der adsorbierten Vesikelmenge auf den Polymeroberflächen induziert. Nach der erfolgten Bildung der Lipiddoppelschichten kann der pH-Wert beliebig variiert werden, ohne dass die Stabilität der Lipiddoppelschichten beeinflusst wird. Auch drastische Veränderungen des pH-Milieus (pH 2 - pH 9) führten zu keinen Veränderungen in der Membranintegrität. Der Grad der Hydrophilie und der Quellung der anionischen Polymerschichten beeinflusst sowohl die Bildung der Modellmembranen als auch die Mobilität der integrierten Lipidmoleküle. Dabei reichen die erzielten Lipiddiffusionskoeffizienten von 0.26 bis 2.6 µm2 s-1. Dabei ist die Mobilität direkt von der Hydrophilie des Substrates abhängig. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich die entscheidende Rolle der Polarität der verwendeten Substratoberflächen auf die Lipidmobilität, die sehr wahrscheinlich mit der Präsenz einer variablen Wasserschicht zusammenhängt. Die untersuchten Polymerkissen eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten für die insitu Modulierung der Charakteristika von Lipidschichten, um funktionale transmembrane Proteine zu integrieren. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften kann das Verhalten der Lipidschichten und der transmembranen Proteine nach den spezifischen Anforderungen des Modellsystems angepasst werden. Die funktionale Integration wurde am Beispiel des transmembranen Proteins BACE nachempfunden. Die Mobilität des integrierten BACE wurde auf allen Polymerkissen beobachtet. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde auf harten Substraten keine BACE Mobilität gefunden. Die Aktivität des integrierten BACE wurde durch die enzymatische Spaltung eines APP-Analogons nachgewiesen. Bemerkenswerteweise wurde ein Anstieg der BACE Aktivität auf den Polymerkissen um den Faktor 1,5 bis 2,5 im Vergleich zu den auf harten Substraten integrierten BACE beobachtet. Zusammenfassend, die verwendeten Polymerkissen bieten vielfältige Möglichkeiten Lipidschichten mit variierenden Eigenschaften für die Integration von transmembranen Proteinen zu erzeugen.

Eine der Schlüsselkomponenten der Brennstoffzelle ist die Bipolarplatte (BPP) welche den Kern eines Brennstoffzellensystems bildet und hierbei die mechanische Hauptstruktur des Brennstoffzellenstapels bildet. Die Bipolarplatte sorgt aber nicht nur für die Stabilität des Stacks, sondern übernimmt weitere Aufgaben wie die elektrische Verbindung der Zellen, die Gasverteilung über die Fläche der Platten, Gastrennung zwischen angrenzenden Zellen, Dichtung nach außen und Kühlung. Zentrale Zielstellung ist somit mittels alternativer Anbindungs- bzw. Fügeverfahren, wie der Einsatz leitfähiger Kleber, isolierender Kleber, sowie Laser- und Widerstandsschweißung eine anforderungsgemäße Verbindung der metallischen Bipolarplatten zu schaffen bei möglichst geringer Einschränkung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Gleichzeitig im jeweiligen Verfahren soll dabei eine gleichmäßigere Strom- u. Wärmeverteilung auf der Platte erzielt werden. Darüber hinaus beeinflusst die Anzahl der Schweiß- und/oder Klebepunkte, welche auf einer metallischen Bipolarplatte aufgebracht werden, die Alterung der Zellen, bedingt durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Material der Bipolarplatten sowie der eingesetzten Klebematerialien, oder die Beschädigung der Korrosionsschutzbeschichtung der metallischen Bipolarplatten durch verschiedenste Schweißverfahren. Somit müssen die Anbindungspunkte der metallischen Bipolarplatte so ausgeführt werden, dass die Entstehung von Hot Spots und Korrosionsschwerpunkten vermieden wird, wobei eine ausreichende Strom- und Wärmeleitfähigkeit erzielt wird. / One of the key components of the fuel cell is the bipolar plate (BPP), which forms the core of a fuel cell system and is the main mechanical structure of the fuel cell stack. However, the bipolar plate not only ensures the stability of the stack, but also performs other tasks such as the electrical connection of the cells, gas distribution over the surface of the plates, gas separation between adjacent cells, sealing to the outside and cooling. The central objective is thus to create a connection between the metallic bipolar plates that meets the requirements using alternative connection and joining processes, such as the use of conductive adhesives, insulating adhesives, as well as laser and resistance welding, with the least possible restriction of corrosion resistance. At the same time, a more even current and heat distribution on the plate is to be achieved in the respective process. Furthermore, the number of welding and/or bonding points applied to a metallic bipolar plate influences the ageing of the cells due to interactions between the material of the bipolar plates and the bonding materials used, or the damage to the anti-corrosion coating of the metallic bipolar plates caused by various welding processes. Thus, the connection points of the metallic bipolar plate must be designed in such a way that the formation of hot spots and corrosion foci is avoided, while sufficient current and heat conductivity is achieved.

A new R2R capable process to produce platinum-poor fuel cells was presented in the lab scale. Platinum particles were deposited electrochemically on a mesoporous carbon carrier with various carbon carriers (Super P Li, Denka Black Li 400, Denka Black Li 435, Ketjenblack EC300). FESEM images showed particles in the range of 50 nm one the electrode surface. The catalyst containing electrodes were transferred via hot press from different metallic and polymeric decal materials on a polymer exchange membrane. First functional membrane electrode assemblies show the proof-of-principles of this new process. / Ein neuer R2R-fähiger Prozess für die Herstellung platinumarmer Brennstoffzellen wurde im Labormaßstab etabliert. Platinumpartikel wurde elektrochemisch auf einen mesoporösen Kohlenstoffträger mit verschieden Leitrußen (Super P Li, Denka Black Li 400, Denka Black Li 435, Ketjenblack EC300) abgeschieden. FESEM-Aufnahmen zeigen Partikel in der Größenordnung von 50 nm auf der Elektrodenoberfläche. Die katalysatorhaltige Elektrode wird mittels eines Heißpressverfahren auf eine Polymeraustauschmembran übertragen. Erste funktionsfähige Membran-Elektroden-Assemblierungen zeigen die Funktionsfähigkeit des Prozesses.

The yarn tension and balloon form are the most important physical process parameters to characterize the dynamic yarn path in ring spinning. The present research work focuses on the in situ measurement of yarn tension in different regions of the yarn path in a developed turbo ring spinning tester with a friction-free superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) twisting system and at an angular spindle speed of up to 50,000 rpm. The influence of different parameters, such as angular spindle speeds (15,000–50,000 rpm), yarn counts (15–40 tex) and balloon control ring (one or multiple), were evaluated to identify the influence of acting forces, for example, centrifugal forces. The effects of these process parameters were analyzed statistically using an analysis of variance. The yarn tension between the delivery rollers and the yarn guide was measured using a modified one-roller tensile yarn tension sensor. The yarn tension between the yarn guide and the SMB system was determined with an already existing optical approach at a higher angular spindle speed. As the highest yarn tension theoretically occurs between the SMB system and the cop, it was estimated in this region by measuring the coefficient of friction between the yarn and the yarn guide using the friction module of the constant tension tester equipment. The maximum balloon diameter was determined from the recorded balloon form between the yarn guide and the SMB system with respect to different angular spindle speeds. The results provide valuable information about the highest possible spinnable speed and enable a better understanding of the dynamic yarn path in the SMB spinning system. Keywords

The change in morphology of a char particle affects both its trajectory and carbon consumption rate, hence the performance and efficiency of an entrained-flow gasifier. Among key processes taking place in the gasifier, the char conversion process is a limiting step for the overall carbon conversion. For that reason, the Ph.D. thesis presents the evolution of morphology of char particles during the carbon conversion process using particle-resolved transient CFD calculations. Analyses of numerical data obtained from the transient CFD calculations were carried out. As a result, new sub models related to the drag coefficient and the fundamental parameters of char conversion model were emerged. The new sub models were applied for modeling a pressured entrained-flow gasifier at laboratory scale. The numerical results of the gasifier show a good agreement with experimental data and an improvement of the sub models applied.

Textile structures made of biocompatible, osteoconductive and resorbable chitosan-filaments provide excellent preconditions as scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering applications. The novel Net Shape Nonwoven (NSN) technique that enables short fibers to be processed into three-dimensional net-shaped nonwoven structures with adjustable pore size distributions is described. NSN scaffolds made of pure chitosan fibers were fabricated. NSN hybrid scaffolds for improved initial cell adhesion were realized by combining the NSN technique with electrospinning and dip-coating with collagen, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and liquid displacement porosimetry revealed an interconnecting open porous scaffold structure. The novel chitosan-hybrid scaffolds provide proper conditions for adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of the seeded human bone marrow stromal cells, proving that they are suitable for usage in hard-tissue regeneration.

The availability of a considerable amount of waste carbon fiber (CF) and the increased pressure to recycle/reuse materials at the end of their life cycle have put the utilization of recycled CF (rCF) under the spotlight. This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF cut from virgin CF filament yarn and polyamide 6 fibers of defined lengths (40 and 60 mm). Carding and drawing are performed to prepare slivers with improved fiber orientation and mixing for the manufacturing of hybrid yarns. The slivers are then spun into hybrid yarns on a flyer machine. The investigations reveal the influence of fiber length and mixing ratio on the quality of the card web, slivers and on the strength of the hybrid yarns. The findings based on the results of this research work will help realize value-added products from rCF on an industrial scale in the near future.

In order to advance consistent lightweight construction principles in automotive and mechanical engineering, support frame construction made from high-performance materials is becoming more commonplace. These consist of complexly structured nodular connection elements. The required connection elements have not yet been produced satisfactorily. The developed node element structures in this paper are produced on a shuttle weaving loom by flattening and weaving them as multi-surface woven fabrics. The development of the woven concept for the realization of node element structures is based on the fragmentation of the individual sub-elements. The goal of this research is development of a flexible technology for weaving fabrics and intended for the integral realization of woven nodular semi-finished products with complex geometries and connections, which are to be used to connect Fiber-reinforced Plastic components in support frame structures.

Organic hybrid composites based on carboxylated nitrile rubber and nylon-12 reinforced with mercerized and diisocyanated lignocellulose residue (LCR) was prepared. The influence of the LCR on the viscoelastic properties of these organic hybrids was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that either the position of the damping peak was shifted to higher values or the intensity of the damping peak was significantly increased with LCR. These results could imply that the LCR enhanced the damping properties of the composites. The thermal stability of the composites was evaluated with the mean values obtained using thermogravimetrical analysis. The decomposition rate was investigated using differential thermal gravimetry. The crystallization behavior of the prepared composites was checked by DSC.