Organic hybrid composites based on carboxylated nitrile rubber and nylon-12 reinforced with mercerized and diisocyanated lignocellulose residue (LCR) was prepared. The influence of the LCR on the viscoelastic properties of these organic hybrids was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that either the position of the damping peak was shifted to higher values or the intensity of the damping peak was significantly increased with LCR. These results could imply that the LCR enhanced the damping properties of the composites. The thermal stability of the composites was evaluated with the mean values obtained using thermogravimetrical analysis. The decomposition rate was investigated using differential thermal gravimetry. The crystallization behavior of the prepared composites was checked by DSC.

Diese Arbeit stellt die nichtlineare Parameterschätzung als alternative Auswertemethode von Kuchenfiltrationsexperimenten vor. Anhand eines größeren Datensatzes werden die Vorteile dieser Methode gegenüber der verbreiteten Auswertung mittels einer linearisierten Form der Kuchenfiltrationsgleichung für den Fall konstanten Drucks gezeigt. Zur Bewertung der Anpassungsgüte werden Residuenplots erläutert und verwendet. Die Unterschiede der Ergebnisse bewegen sich im Bereich von 5 bis 15% bei der Bestimmung des spezifischen Kuchenfiltrationswiderstands, welcher der wichtigste Parameter bei der Auslegung von Filtrationsapparaten ist. Weitere Möglichkeiten der Auswertung werden aufgezeigt, die durch die nichtlineare Parameterschätzung möglich werden, darunter die Auswertung von Experimenten bei variablem Druck, die Bestimmung des Kuchenwiderstands kompressibler Feststoffsysteme sowie eine Bewertung der anfänglichen Verblockungsvorgänge am Filtermedium.:1 Introduction 2 Cake Filtration Theory 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Derivation of the Cake Filtration Equation 2.3 Fit Procedures for Cake Filtration Data 2.4 Additional Methods for Finding the Time Offset 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Filter Medium 3.3 Laboratory Pressure Filters 3.4 Example Dataset 3.5 Preparation of Example Dataset 3.6 Residual Plots and Chi-Squares 3.7 Bootstrapped Statistics 4 Proposed Fit Procedure 4.1 Nonlinear Regression 4.2 Region of Best Fit 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Constant-Pressure Filtration 5.2 Hermans & Bredée Models 5.3 Residual Plots of Fit Results 5.4 Nonconstant Filtration 5.5 Compressibility Effects 5.6 Optimal Parameter Definition 5.7 The Role of the t/V-V-Diagram 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook 7.1 Constant-Flux Filtration 7.2 Inline Resistance Measurements 7.3 Parameter Estimation in Chemical Engineering A Appendix A.1 The Concentration Parameter A.2 Obsolete Fit Methods A.3 Residual Statistics A.4 Bootstrapped Statistics Data A.5 Fit Example in Microsoft Excel A.6 Experimental Data and Metadata B References / This thesis presents nonlinear parameter estimation as an alternative method for the evaluation of cake filtration experiments. A dataset of 225 constant-pressure filtration experiments is used to highlight the advantages of this method compared to the widely used evaluation method which uses a linear transformation of the cake filtration equation. The goodness-of-fit is tested through the means of residual plots, which are introduced and discussed. The difference in results for the two methods for the specific cake resistance parameter, which is the most important parameter in the dimensioning of filtration apparatused, lies between 5 and 15%. Further possibilities of evaluation are presented, which become possible through the use of nonlinear parameter estimation, such as: evaluation of filtration experiments with nonconstant pressure, the determination of cake resistances for compressible systems, and the investigation of the processes present in the beginning stages of cake filtration.:1 Introduction 2 Cake Filtration Theory 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Derivation of the Cake Filtration Equation 2.3 Fit Procedures for Cake Filtration Data 2.4 Additional Methods for Finding the Time Offset 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Filter Medium 3.3 Laboratory Pressure Filters 3.4 Example Dataset 3.5 Preparation of Example Dataset 3.6 Residual Plots and Chi-Squares 3.7 Bootstrapped Statistics 4 Proposed Fit Procedure 4.1 Nonlinear Regression 4.2 Region of Best Fit 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Constant-Pressure Filtration 5.2 Hermans & Bredée Models 5.3 Residual Plots of Fit Results 5.4 Nonconstant Filtration 5.5 Compressibility Effects 5.6 Optimal Parameter Definition 5.7 The Role of the t/V-V-Diagram 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook 7.1 Constant-Flux Filtration 7.2 Inline Resistance Measurements 7.3 Parameter Estimation in Chemical Engineering A Appendix A.1 The Concentration Parameter A.2 Obsolete Fit Methods A.3 Residual Statistics A.4 Bootstrapped Statistics Data A.5 Fit Example in Microsoft Excel A.6 Experimental Data and Metadata B References

The need for innovative lightweight materials are rapidly increased in the recent years, owing to their cost-effective, high-strength, environmentally-sound use of materials and process technologies, in addition to that they reduce the weight of a product. The characteristics of 3D-spacer fabrics as one of the most important lightweight materials in future are multifaceted not only owing to its extremely light materials, but also because of exceptionally high stiffness to weight ratio compared to other constructions. It is also one possible method for improving the properties of fabric-reinforced composites. It can enhance the through-the-thickness properties, such as shear strength, dimensional stability, damage, tolerance, and fracture toughness that are critical for many structural applications. Spacer fabric has been employed in high-technology applications because of its critical mechanical properties related to high tensile strength, tear strength and stiffness. Furthermore, its multidirectional structures allow with more reinforcement along the thickness direction leading to an increase in stiffness and strength properties. The fundamental aim of this thesis exists in the development of a new kind of woven spacer fabrics for the light weight composites materials, in an effort to weave spacer fabrics that can not be realized with the old technology which are mentioned above. Therefore, the work in brief focuses on two main goals: 1. Development of a new kind of spacer fabrics for composites in the lightweight constructions. 2. Development of special devices of a narrow weaving machine for standing the process of the new kind of spacer fabrics production. The slippage strength test had to be carried out for the floated warp yarns through the ground fabrics by using different elements of woven fabric structures variables represented in different fabric constructions, different weft densities and different repeats of constructions by using different materials. The importance of this test related to the backward-movement of the floated warp yarns which is the crucial stage in the weaving process of spacer fabrics during the backward-movement. The results of this test determine the required forces for the backward-movement, on the other side it is the best method to observe the behavior of structure elements during the backward movement. The results of the slippage strength had been statistically analyzed, and the weaving process for the spacer fabrics had been achieved. It was concluded that the best properties for the woven spacer fabrics and the optimum case for the weaving process on the test weaving machine had been achieved when the following items are realized: Development of the narrow weaving machine is closed in assisting operations, let-off and take-up and enhancement for take-up processes. Extra let-off and take-up devices must be constructed at the weaving machine. Extra let-off device has to be used for controlling the floated warp yarns of ground fabrics. On the other side, extra take-up and the developed take-up devices have to be used for controlling the woven spacer fabrics. The experimental results give fundamental knowledges for the next steps in research and development of woven spacer fabrics made of high-performance yarns on the wide weaving machine. / Die Ziele der Arbeit bestanden in der Entwicklung der Geometrie der Spacer Fabrics und der notwendigen Falteneinrichtung an der Bandwebmaschine. Spacer Fabrics werden ausschließlich aus zwei Deckflächen, die durch eingewebte Stege verbunden sind, gefertigt. Zur Entwicklung der Spacer Fabrics muss eine Doppelnadel-Bandwebmaschine mit zwei Webfächern eingesetzt werden. Für die Faltenwebeinrichtung werden der entwickelte Extra-Kettablass und der Extra-Abzug benötigt. Der Antrieb und die Steuerung des Extra-Abzuges erfolgen durch einen Synchronantrieb und der Antrieb und die Steuerung des Extra-Ablasses durch Pneumatik.Eine frei programmierbare Steuerung der Faltenwebeinrichtung ermöglicht eine sichere und optimierte Synchronisation zwischen Webprozess und Faltenbildung. Im Ergebnis einer systematischen Strukturentwicklung von Spacer Fabrics und der Simulation ihrer günstigen Herstellung mittles eines speziell entwickelten Slippage Strength Tests werden die optimalen Strukturen ermittelt. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen bringen grundlegende Erkenntnisse für die folgenden Forschungsschritte zur Entwicklung von gewebten Spacer Fabrics mit Hochleistungsgarnen auf Doppelgreiferwebmaschinen.

Zementklinker ist der Hauptbestandteil von Zement und verbraucht zu dessen Herstellung signifikante Mengen von natürlichen Ressourcen und trägt gleichzeitig zu seiner sehr ungünstigen Treibhausgasbilanz bei. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Zementersatzstoffe mit spezifischen Eigenschaften aus Abfallstoffen wie Kieswaschschlämmen, Strassenwaschschlämmen und Gipskartonplatten ohne Leistungseinbußen auf Produktseite, bei geringeren Temperaturen und geringerer CO2 Emission hergestellt werden können. Entsprechend den angestrebten Eigenschaften solcher zum Teil anthropogener Zementbestandteile wurden lokal verfügbare geeignete Abfallstoffe ausgewählt und thermisch aktiviert. Eine industriell anwendbare Methode zur Aktivierung solcher Stoffe bei Temperaturen von 700 °C – 850 °C wurde entwickelt und patentiert. Es basiert auf einem neu entwickelten Trocknungsverfahren und der Kombination von zwei Produktionslinien, um durch die Verknüpfung der Gasströme beider Systeme eine energieeffiziente thermische Behandlung von Abfallstoffen zu ermöglichen sowie auf umweltfreundliche Weise einen Zementersatzstoff herzustellen.:Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Glossary Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Research hypotheses and objectives 1.3 Research methodology 1.4 Thesis outline Chapter 2: State of the art in SCM production 2.1 Supplementary cementitious materials 2.2 Classification of SCMs 2.2.1 Classification according to origin 2.2.2 Classification according to reaction behaviour 2.3 Chemical composition of SCMs 2.4 Formation of hydraulic or pozzolanic minerals in thermal processes 2.4.1 Cement clinker 2.4.2 Burnt oil shale 2.4.3 Fly ash 2.4.4 Calcined clay 2.5 Performance of composite cements 2.6 Calcining technologies 2.6.1 Flash calciner 2.6.2 Rotary calciner 2.7 Comparison of process technologies 2.8 Summary of Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Alternative SCMs and a new method for activation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Target of alternative SCM 3.3 Waste materials 3.3.1 Aggregate washing sludge 3.3.2 Road cleaning sludge 3.3.3 Deconstruction gypsum 3.4 Producing alternative SCMs 3.5 Thermal activation of alternative SCMs 3.6 Limitations in current calcining technology 3.6.1 Difficult emission control 3.6.1.1 Particulate emission 3.6.1.2 Gaseous emission 3.6.2 Challenging material preparation 3.6.3 Demand for noble fuels 3.6.4 Difficult colour control 3.6.5 Strict temperature control 3.6.6 CO2 footprint of calciners 3.7 Proposed new method of calcination 3.7.1 Feed material handling 3.7.2 Thermal heat-exchange system 3.7.3 Clay calciner design 3.7.4 Grinding 3.8 Summary Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Theoretical Considerations 4.1 Material considerations 4.1.1 Composition of alternative SCM 4.1.2 Anticipated products and characteristics 4.2 Process considerations 4.2.1 System capacity 4.2.2 Material characteristics 4.2.3 Material receiving, crushing and handling 4.2.4 Thermodynamic modelling 4.2.4.1 Mass balance 4.2.4.2 Drying and cooling heat balance 4.2.4.3 Calcination heat balance 4.2.4.4 Gas balance 4.2.4.5 Impact on clinker kiln line 4.2.4.6 Impact of calcite on the gas balance 4.2.5 Calciner design 4.2.6 Colour control 4.2.7 Emission prediction 4.2.7.1 Emission during drying 4.2.7.2 Emission during calcination 4.2.8 CO2 footprint of produced material 4.2.9 Grinding requirements 4.3 Summary of Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Experimental tests and proof of concept 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sampling and characterization 5.2.1 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.2.2 Non-kaolinitic AWS from Switzerland 5.2.3 Road cleaning sludges from Switzerland 5.2.4 Deconstruction gypsum from Switzerland 5.2.5 Sample preparation and shipping 5.3 Drying screw conveyor testing 5.4 Calcination testing 5.4.1 Mineralogy of activated products 5.4.1.1 Non-kaolinitic SCM 5.4.1.2 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.4.2 Colour 5.5 Crushing tests 5.6 Grinding tests 5.7 Mortar compressive strength testing 5.8 Water demand testing 5.9 Summary of Chapter 5 Chapter 6: Experimental results 6.1 Characteristics of activated materials 6.2 Concrete performance and colour 6.2.1 Thermally activated kaolinitic AWS from France 6.2.2 Thermally activated non-kaolinitic alternative SCM from Switzerland 6.3 Equipment dimensioning 6.3.1 Process mass flow 6.3.2 Heat-exchanging screws and thermal oil system 6.3.3 Rotary calciner dimensioning 6.3.4 Ball mill dimensioning 6.4 CO2 reduction 6.5 Summary of Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Conclusion and outlook 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook. Literature

Research work performed on an axial piston pump is shown in a holistic manner, analyzing each lubricating interface by linking their gap height and temperature behavior to the overall pump efficiency. The temperature field and dynamic fluid film height were measured in two of the three lubricating interfaces. This is the first time that the temperature fields and gap heights were simultaneously measured in two of the main three interfaces of an axial piston machine. For a deeper analysis of the measurement data, all gaps were simulated with a numerical tool which takes solid body deformation due to temperature and pressure loads into account. This unique combination of both extensive measurement data and sophisticated simulation resulted in novel trends that clarify the complex phenomena occurring in these hydrostatic fluid films.

Cycloisomerisierungen sind leistungsfähige Gerüstumlagerungen, die den atomökonomischen Aufbau komplexer molekularer Architekturen erlauben. Wir präsentieren hier eine ungewöhnliche Art der Cyclopropyl-Enin-Cycloisomerisierung, die den Prozess der Cycloisomerisierung mit der Aktivierung einer C-C Bindung in Cyclopropanen verbindet. Es wurde eine Vielzahl substituierter nicht-kanonischer tricyclischer Cyclobutane unter milden Bedingungen mit [(Ph3P)2Fe-(CO)(NO)]BF4 als Katalysator in guten bis exzellenten Ausbeuten und hoher Stereokontrolle synthetisiert.

The consequences of the climate crisis and the increasing energy demand make the energy transi-tion crucial and necessary. Green hydrogen has a significant potential for a low-carbon energy transition. New policies and strategies emerge in line with energy transition and hydrogen poli-cies. This study has presented a model-based outline for the global green hydrogen supply and trade infrastructure in 2050 focusing on supply cost and potential using a cost minimization linear pro-gramming (LP) model which is implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) with two scenarios. The results of the Hydrogen Policies Scenario are presented which examines today's hydrogen strategies and initiatives, as well as where the evolution of current technologies could take the hydrogen and energy sectors in 2050. The global hydrogen trade volume reaches 605 Mt (megaton) hydrogen trade per year, with North Africa dominating at 210 Mt. In conclusion, solar power and pipeline infrastructure will be the decisive force of the expansion of the global hydrogen trade.:Concept Methods Hydrogen Policies Conclusion Results

Resolving the mismatch between the practical potential window (PPW) and the available capacitive potential window of supercapacitor electrodes provides a feasible way to expand the operating voltage of supercapacitors, which further boosts energy density. Here, our research unveils a unique approach to manually control the PPW of the corresponding carbon-based supercapacitors (CSCs) by rational functionalization with amino groups. The extra pair of electrons from amino N atoms naturally adsorbs cations in the electrolyte, which rationalizes the surface charge of the carbon electrode and adjusts the PPW. A remarkable voltage expansion is achieved for CSCs, from 1.4 V to its maximum limit, 1.8 V, correspondently resulting in an approximately 1-fold increase in the energy density. Importantly, such a simple strategy endows our CSCs with an outstanding maximum energy density of 7.7 mWh cm⁻³, which is not only among the best values reported for thin-film CSCs but also comparable to those reported for Li thin-film batteries. These encouraging results are believed to bring fundamental insights into the nature of potential control in energy storage devices.

A compressible Euler-Euler computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for vapor, gas, and pseudo-cavitation in oil-hydraulic flows is presented. For vapor, the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB) model is used and for gas cavitation, the Lifante model. The aim is to determine the empirical parameters within the cavitation models for hydraulic oil by comparing CFD results to experiments in a realistic valve. The cavitating flow is visualized and measured for numerous operating points. By degassing, states of pure vapor cavitation are generated. The major findings are: (1) large eddy simulation turbulence modeling is essential, (2) vapor cavitation in mineral oil can be simulated very well with the ZGB model using the determined parameter, and (3) gas cavitation model provides useful results although not all details can be reflected and its scope is limited.

This study examines the ecological impact of exemplary processes for the feedstock recycling of waste fractions. It is shown that the material process efficiency of gasification and pyrolysis has a low impact on the greenhouse gas balance in the short term, but that high product yields are necessary in the long term to avoid an increasing climate impact. In a systemic context, different process routes of syngas and pyrolysis oil utilization are compared, and their efficiency and quantitative potential for greenhouse gas reduction compared to electricity-based alternatives of process direct heating of conventional processes and electrolysis-based process chains are classified. It is shown that direct utilization options with few process steps are ecologically more efficient. Feedstock recycling shows a similar reduction potential to direct heating, while the use of electrolysis-based process chains is inefficient but necessary to achieve systemic climate neutrality.:1. Introduction and outline 1 2. Life cycle assessment methodology 5 2.1. Previous LCA investigation on feedstock recycling 7 2.2. Assessment scope 9 2.3. Attributional vs. consequential LCI modelling 11 2.4. Inventory modelling consistency 12 2.5. Prospective technology assessment 13 2.6. Conclusions for the applied methodology 14 3. Process description and modelling 16 3.1. Feedstock recycling technologies 18 3.1.1. Gasification 18 3.1.2. Syngas conditioning and purification 23 3.1.3. Pyrolysis 29 3.1.4. Pyrolysis oil hydroprocessing 32 3.2. Chemical production technologies 34 3.2.1. Steam cracking 35 3.2.2. Catalytic reforming 37 3.2.3. Olefin and BTX recovery 38 3.2.4. Conventional syngas production 41 3.2.5. Methanol and methanol-based synthesis 43 3.2.6. Ammonia synthesis 48 3.3. Electric power integration options 49 3.4. Conventional waste treatment processes 53 3.4.1. Mechanical biological treatment and material recovery 54 3.4.2. Waste incineration 57 3.5. Utility processes and process chain balancing 59 3.6. Electricity and heat supply modelling 65 4. Individual assessment of feedstock recycling processes 68 4.1. Goal and scope definition 68 4.2. Life cycle inventory 68 4.3. Impact assessment 72 4.4. Interpretation 80 5. System-based assessment of feedstock recycling processes 82 5.1. Goal and scope definition 82 5.2. Life cycle inventory 86 5.2.1. Utility, background system inventory and system integration 88 5.2.2. Assessment scenario definition and parameter variation 90 5.3. Impact assessment 93 5.3.1. Framework Status Quo (FSQ) 93 5.3.2. Framework Energy Integration (FEI) 99 5.4. Interpretation 106 6. Summary and conclusion 109 6.1. Results 110 6.2. Recommendations and outlook 111 References 113 Supplementary Material 136