Esta pesquisa aborda a influência de métodos e técnicas da interpretação do ator no contexto do cinema brasileiro moderno, quando o trabalho, o estilo e os métodos de interpretação do Teatro de Arena encontraram seu desdobramento no estilo de interpretação de atores, em filmes precursores e clássicos do Cinema Novo. Para isso vamos identificar quais as influências técnicas desta interpretação, como o sistema de Stanislavski, o método do Actors Studio, o efeito de distanciamento de Bertold Brecht. Na análise de cenas e sequências de filmes focalizo no trabalho dos atores a interação com a estética, a câmera e a montagem, para a compreensão destas influências. Assim analiso o desempenho de Gianfrancesco Guarnieri no filme O Grande Momento de Roberto Santos, 1958; Nélson Xavier no filme Os Fuzis de Ruy Guerra, 1963; Paulo José em O Padre e a Moça de Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, 1965; Othon Bastos no filme Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol de Glauber Rocha, 1963, único não-representante do Teatro de Arena, mas que consolidou sua carreira de teatro na Bahia e mais tarde no Grupo de Teatro Oficina em São Paulo. Estes atores fazem parte do florescimento de uma nova abordagem de interpretação teatral, influenciados pelo estudo das técnicas e na ênfase em retratar o homem brasileiro deste momento sociopolítico e cultural. Os cineastas do Cinema Novo, que buscavam estéticas alternativas e novas formas de diálogo com a realidade brasileira, vão encontrar nestes intérpretes as parcerias para a realização de seus filmes. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa busca um aporte original à questão, e parte da experiência do teatro para fazer a análise do trabalho do ator brasileiro no cinema, levando em conta as diferenças de técnica e de condições do trabalho, mas pensando tais diferenças como o lugar de um mútuo aprendizado que evidencia muito bem tudo o quanto há de comum entre o teatro e o cinema. / This study addresses the influence of acting methods and interpretation techniques in the context of modern Brazilian cinema, when the work, style and interpretation methods of the Teatro de Arena were prominent in the styles of actors\' interpretations in the classic Cinema Novo films and their precursors. The technical influences of interpretation will be identified, such as Stanislavksi\'s system, the Actors Studio method, and Bertold Brecht\'s estrangement effect. In the analysis of film scenes and sequences, I focus on the actors and their interaction with the esthetics, the camera, and the set, to better understand these influences. Thus, I analyze the performance of Gianfrancesco Guarnieri in Roberto Santos\' 1958 film The Grand Moment; Nélson Xavier in Ruy Guerra\'s 1963 film The Guns; Paulo José in Joaquim Pedro de Andrade\'s 1965 film The Priest and the Girl; and Othon Bastos in Glauber Rocha\'s 1963 film Black God, White Devil. Othon Bastos, the only actor not representative of the Teatro de Arena, spent his formative theatrical years in the state of Bahia and later in the Grupo de Teatro Oficina in the city of São Paulo. These actors represent the flourishing of a new approach to theatrical interpretation, influenced by the study of techniques and by the emphasis on portraying Brazilians in their social, political and cultural context. The Cinema Novo filmmakers, seeking alternative esthetics and new ways to engage the Brazilian reality, find in these actors the partners they need to make their works. Thus, this study seeks to make an original contribution to the question, analyzing the work of Brazilian actors in cinema based on experience in the theater, taking into account the differences in technique and working conditions, but thinking of these differences as providing space for mutual learning, clearly demonstrating the extent of commonalities between theatre and cinema.

A presente tese de doutoramento tem como objetivo analisar como se deu o processo de apropriação do jornal A Noite pela ditadura do Estado Novo (1937-1945) ocorrido em março de 1940 e que se estendeu até agosto de 1946, quando o governo eleito de Eurico Gaspar Dutra vendeu o vespertino a uma sociedade anônima composta por seus funcionários. Encampado pelo regime, o jornal A Noite foi anexado às Empresas Incorporadas ao Patrimônio Nacional, organização estatal que congregava todas as empresas estatizadas por aquela ditadura. Sendo assim, busca-se verificar a contribuição de A Noite no projeto de comunicação social proposto pelo Estado Novo. O periódico ao mesmo tempo que apoiou abertamente a ditadura inclusive, sendo apelidado pelos seus adversários de Diário Oficial -, também se beneficiou de sua condição, alcançando o jornal bem como os demais veículos de comunicação pertencentes a Empresa A Noite - significativa ampliação comercial e jornalística. Dentro desse projeto de comunicação social oficial existiam alguns elementos que o norteavam, como a manutenção dos temários populares, característica que marcou o fazer jornalístico de A Noite desde antes da encampação, mas, também, a introdução de novos temas e abordagens baseados na cartilha comunicacional da ditadura. Entendendo o jornal enquanto protagonista da História e agente político interventor na realidade social, decidiu-se pela análise dos conteúdos jornalísticos produzidos por A Noite durante o período em que o vespertino esteve sob encampação do Estado Novo, abordando, sobretudo, como esses temários eram associados aos projetos comunicacionais daquele regime. Portanto, o papel desempenhado por A Noite no decorrer da ditadura estadonovista foi fundamental tanto para assegurar a efetivação desse projeto comunicacional oficial, quanto para o fortalecimento do vespertino enquanto empresa de comunicação. A associação do vespertino, forçada por meio da encampação, com a ditatura acabou criando laços comunicacionais que perduraram mesmo com a derrocada do Estado Novo, projeto comunicacional continuado no Governo Dutra. / The present thesis aims to analyze how the process of appropriation of the newspaper A Noite by the Estado Novo (Brazilian dictatorship, 1937-1945) occurred in March 1940 that lasted until August 1946, when the elected president Eurico Gaspar Dutra sold the gazette to a joint stock company composed by his employees. Encouraged by the regime, the newspaper A Noite became part of the Empresas Incorporadas ao Patrimônio Nacional, a state organization that congregated all the companies nationalized by dictatorship. Therefore, we seek to verify the contribution of A Noite in the social communication project proposed by the Estado Novo. The paper, while openly supporting the dictatorship - including being nicknamed by its opponents \"Diário Oficial\" (Official Journal) - also benefited from its condition, as the newspaper - as well as the other communication vehicles belonging to company A Noite faced a significant commercial and journalistic expansion. Within this official social communication project, there were some elements that guided it, such as the maintenance of popular themes, a characteristic that marked the journalistic work of A Noite since before the expropriation, but also the introduction of new themes and approaches based on the communication rules of dictatorship. Understanding the newspaper as a protagonist of history and a political agent intervening in social reality, it was decided to analyze the journalistic content produced by A Noite during the period in which the paper was under Estado Novo rule, especially addressing how these topics were associated to the communicational projects of that regime. Therefore, the role played by A Noite in the course of the Portuguese-speaking dictatorship was fundamental both to ensure the effectiveness of this official communication project, and to strengthen the newspaper as a communication company. The gazette association, forced through the expropriation, with the dictatorship, ended up creating communication ties that lasted even after the collapse of Estado Novo, a continuous communication project in the Dutra Government.

O presente trabalho tem por intuito a análise do Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Escritores, realizado em São Paulo, entre os dias 22 e 27 de janeiro de 1945, por iniciativa da Associação Brasileira de Escritores (A.B.D.E.). Consagrado pela historiografia como um movimento da intelectualidade brasileira em favor da democracia, em franca oposição ao Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas, este evento será estudado sob uma perspectiva mais ampla, que abarque não apenas as questões de cunho político, mas também aquelas de ordem econômica e profissional. Por esse viés, a leitura dos artigos publicados em jornais paulistanos e dirigidos aos congressistas, assim como das teses apresentadas e aprovadas durante as sessões plenárias, sugere uma expectativa em torno dois aspectos fundamentais: o estabelecimento de um regime democrático de governo, trazendo consigo o fim da censura; e a regulamentação dos direitos autorais, o que permitiria aos escritores uma melhor remuneração pela venda de suas obras e, por conseguinte, profissionalizarem-se enquanto homens de letras. A partir destes elementos, analisados à luz das idéias do pensador e sociólogo francês Pierre Bourdieu - notadamente as suas teses acerca do conceito de autonomia - este trabalho partirá do pressuposto de que o congresso dos escritores significou, para além da sua representatividade política - o primeiro grande movimento da intelectualidade brasileira em prol da autonomização do seu campo. / This study is aimed to review the First Brazilian Congress of Writers, held in Sao Paulo, between 22 and 27 January 1945 at the initiative of the Brazilian Association of Writers (ABDE). Enshrined in the historiography as a movement of the intellectual community to promote democracy in opened opposition to the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas, this event will be studied from a broader perspective, encompassing not only issues of political nature, but also those of economic and professional. For this aspect, the reading of articles published in São Paulo and headed to Congress and the submissions made and approved during the plenary sessions, suggests an expectation around two fundamental aspects: the establishment of a democratic system of government, bringing the end censorship, and regulation of copyright, which would allow the writers a better return by selling their works and, therefore, doing professional as men of letters. From these elements, considered in the light of the ideas of french philosopher and sociologist Pierre Bourdieu - notably his thesis about the concept of autonomy - this work will proceed on the assumption that Congress of writers means, in addition to his political representation, the first large movement of brazilian intellectuals in favor of the autonomy of their field.

Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest forms of photosynthetic life and may have contributed significantly to the evolution of oxygen into the then anoxic environment. Cyanobacteria are also one of the best sources of natural secondary metabolites (cyanopeptides) some of which have harmful effects on the ecosystem, while others may be beneficial. It is known that these secondary metabolites are continuously produced during growth, however, it is not known whether the producing cyanobacteria actually benefit from these metabolites. The overarching aim of this study was to answer the question ‘Why do cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites?’. With this aim in mind, preliminary work focused on understanding the growth and secondary metabolite production characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806. The technique of labelling secondary metabolites with 15N was successfully employed in differentiation and quantification of ex-novo and de-novo metabolites. The effect of exogenous cyanopeptides such as microcystins, aerucyclamides, anabaenopeptins, aeruginosamide, cyanopeptolin and aeruginosin on M. aeruginosa PCC7806 was evaluated using a rapid bioassay approach along with an automated cell enumeration technique. The results indicate that at least some cyanopeptides (microcystins-LR, microcystin-LF, aeruginosamide, anabaenopeptin B and aerucyclamide A) induce significant changes to cell division and metabolite production rate. In an ecological scenario, the release of such secondary metabolites by lysing cells (such as when blooms collapse), may be perceived as an alarm signal by surrounding live cells, which may in turn slow cell division and prepare for re-invasion. This may be a strategy for species survival and dominance. While the results from this study do not confirm a role for cyanopeptides, it is thought that the results are clearly indicative of the role played by cyanopeptides for the producing organism. In order to confirm a role, it is recommended that monitoring ribosomally synthesised metabolites (e.g. aerucyclamides) along with chlorophyll-a gene expression, with sophisticated techniques such as qPCR are used.

L’analyse protéomique consiste en l’analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’ensemble des protéines exprimées dans une cellule ou tissu dans des conditions données (protéome). Les progrès instrumentaux en spectrométrie de masse et les avancées bioinformatiques des dernières années ont permis d’imposer ce domaine dans les sciences de la vie. Diverses stratégies protéomiques permettent ainsi, aujourd’hui, d’identifier et quantifier plusieurs centaines/milliers de protéines dans un échantillon complexe, ce qui permet classiquement de caractériser les états physiopathologiques. En revanche, la protéomique est un outil émergent en biologie évolutive. Ce domaine vise à comprendre les déterminants de la diversité des organismes présents sur Terre et de leur « fonctionnement », notamment leurs adaptations à certaines contraintes environnementales.L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier, de l’organe à l’écosystème, les variations protéomiques induites par des changements environnementaux, tout en adaptant les différentes étapes de l’analyse à chaque type d’échantillons, à chaque organisme, de la préparation d’échantillons à l’analyse des données. Grâce à la mise en place d’une stratégie de séquençage de novo quantitative originale, ces travaux de thèse ont été l’occasion d’étudier le rôle du tissu adipeux brun dans la protection contre l’obésité chez le campagnol, espèce dont le génome n’est pas séquencé. D’autres traits particuliers ont été explorés, tels que l’obésité réversible du microcèbe, ou encore les interactions entre socialité et longévité chez la fourmi. Les solutions logicielles envisagées ne permettant de quantifier de manière robuste des peptides identifiés par séquençage de novo à partir d’échantillons fractionnés, nous avons ainsi établi que le préfractionnement permet d’obtenir une meilleure couverture de protéome. En revanche, sans préfractionnement, le séquençage de novo produit un gain indéniable. Enfin, en étudiant le métaprotéome de communautés biotiques des sols alpins, nous avons mis en évidence l’intérêt de combiner protéomique et génomique, afin d’établir la banque de données protéiques la plus appropriée, mais aussi pour « valider » les données protéomiques. / Proteomics analysis corresponds to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all proteins expressed in a cell or tissue under given conditions (proteome). Instrumental progresses in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics advances in recent years have allowed its establishment in life sciences. Diverse proteomics strategies thus allow identification and quantification of hundreds/thousands of proteins in complex samples, which classically allows physiopathological states to be characterized. However, proteomics is only emerging in the evolutionary biology field. This field aims at understanding the determinants of the diversity of organisms present on Earth and their “functioning”, including their adaptations to certain environmental constraints.The objective of this thesis was to study, from the organ to the eco-system, the proteomic variations induced by environmental changes, while adapting the different steps of the analysis to each type of sample, each organism, from sample preparation to data analysis. Through the introduction of an original quantitative de novo sequencing strategy, we studied the role of brown adipose tissue against obesity in a non-sequenced species: the vole. Other particular traits were explored, such as the reversible obesity of the grey mouse lemur or the interactions between sociality and longevity in the ant. The considered software solutions did not allow to robustly quantify peptides identified by de novo sequencing from fractionated samples, we thus determined that prefractionation allows for better proteome coverage. On the other hand, without prefractionation, de novo sequencing produces an undeniable gain. Finally, by studying the metaproteome of alpine soil biotic communities, we have highlighted the advantage of combining proteomics and genomics, in order to establish the most appropriate protein database and to “validate” proteomics data.

Carriers of apparently balanced chromosomal aberrations (BCA) are usually phenotypically normal. However, it has been estimated that up to 27% of these BCA may be associated with an abnormal phenotype, most often caused by cryptic imbalances at the breakpoints, gene disruption by the breakpoint or via the position effect. In contrast to conventional karyotyping, molecular cytogenetic techniques enable more detailed BCA characterization and better correlation between genotype and phenotype of the patient. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the presence of copy number variants (CNVs) at breakpoints or elsewhere in the genome in patients with abnormal phenotype who carry de novo or inherited BCA. 54 BCA were investigated using array CGH (20 de novo cases, 27 inherited and 7 cases of unknown origin) including 32 reciprocal translocations, 6 robertsonian translocations, 12 inversions and 4 complex chromosomal rearrangements. If possible, the parents were also examined to ascertain the inheritance of the relevant CNVs. In order to specify microarray findings or exclude gene disruption, FISH was used in selected patients. Among the patients included, in 31,5% (17/54) at least one (in 8 patients more than one) significant CNV was detected. Four cases carried cryptic imbalances only at the breakpoints,...

Orientador: Maria Ines Tiraboschi Ferro / Resumo: Períodos prolongados de seca têm se tornado mais frequentes em algumas regiões do Brasil. Além disso, a expansão da cultura de cana-de-açúcar para regiões com deficiência hídrica prolongada torna a produção sucroenergética limitada nestes locais. A melhor forma de contornar esse problema é utilizar cultivares tolerantes a este estresse. Neste trabalho, o perfil de expressão gênica da cana-de-açúcar foi avaliado, a partir de duas cultivares com respostas contrastantes ao déficit hídrico: uma delas com comportamento considerado tolerante (SP81-3250), e a outra altamente exigente em água (RB855453), considerada sensível. Ambas foram submetidas a três potenciais hídricos do solo (controle (sem estresse hídrico), déficit hídrico moderado e déficit hídrico severo) a partir de 60 dias após o plantio. Essas plantas foram avaliadas molecular e fisiologicamente em três épocas distintas: 30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, sendo este um dos poucos estudos realizados até o momento sobre a resposta de plantas de cana-de-açúcar sob déficit hídrico prolongado, estresse esse que foi realizado no período conhecido como fase de formação da cana-de-açúcar, compreendendo o período mais crítico por demanda de água. A análise global da expressão gênica através da tecnologia de RNA-Seq mostrou alterações significativas em resposta ao déficit hídrico entre as duas cultivares. Os transcritos do genótipo tolerante apresentaram uma maior capacidade de reação das plantas frente ao déficit... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Extended periods of drought have become more frequent in some regions of Brazil. In addition, the expansion of sugarcane cultivation to regions with prolonged water deficiency makes sugarcane production limited at these locations. The best way around this problem is to use stress-tolerant cultivars. In this work, the sugarcane gene expression profile was evaluated from two cultivars with contrasting responses to water deficit: one of them with tolerant behavior (SP81-3250), and the other highly demanding in water (RB855453 ), considered sensitive. Both were submitted to three soil water potentials (control (without water stress), moderate water deficit and severe water deficit) from 60 days after planting. These plants were evaluated molecularly and physiologically at three different times: 30, 60 and 90 days after the application of the treatments. This is one of the few studies carried out so far on the response of sugarcane plants under prolonged water deficit. This stress was realized during the period known as sugarcane formation phase, comprising the most critical period by water demand. The overall analysis of gene expression through RNA-Seq technology showed significant changes in response to water deficit between the two cultivars. The transcripts of the tolerant genotype showed a higher reaction capacity of the plants to prolonged water deficit, while in the sensitive genotype, several plant survival mechanisms were repressed. The tolerant cultivar presented inducti... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Récemment, notre laboratoire a décrit plusieurs patients atteints d’une forme sévère et progressive de dystonie présentant des mutations de novo dans le gène du récepteur bêta de l’acide rétinoïque (RARB). RARB est un facteur de transcription activé lors de sa liaison à l’acide rétinoïque (AR), un élément essentiel au bon développement du cerveau. Des études de transfection indiquent que ces mutations augmentent l’activité transcriptionnelle de RARB, suggérant qu’elles confèrent un gain de fonction (GDF) à la protéine. La dystonie est typiquement expliquée par un dysfonctionnement du striatum, la structure où RARB est principalement exprimé. Chez la souris, la perte de fonction de Rarb entraîne une réduction des neurones striatonigraux et des anomalies motrices, suggérant une perturbation du développement des circuits striataux. Nous avons ainsi émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle la dystonie des patients porteurs de mutations de GDF serait causée par un accroissement de la signalisation de RARB, pouvant perturber l’homéostasie des mêmes circuits que ceux affectés par une diminution de la signalisation de Rarb. En utilisant la technologie CRISPR-Cas9, nous avons généré des souris portant la mutation p.R394C, homologue de la p.R387C retrouvée chez plusieurs patients. Ces souris RarbR394C/+ présentent des anomalies locomotrices rappelant celles d’autres modèles murins de dystonie, ainsi qu’une diminution des neurones striatopallidaux. Ceci suggère que les mutations de GDF de RARB induisent la dystonie en perturbant l’équilibre dans la signalisation dopaminergique striatale. Finalement, cette étude pourrait contribuer à comprendre les troubles neurodégénératifs moteurs, comme les maladies de Huntington et de Parkinson, dans lesquels la signalisation de l’AR semble être compromise. / We previously described several patients with a severe and progressive form of early-onset dystonia who carried de novo mutations in the retinoic acid receptor beta gene (RARB). RARB is a transcription factor that is activated upon binding to retinoic acid (RA), whose signaling is required for proper development of the brain. Transfection studies indicate that these de novo mutations increase RARB transcriptional activity, suggesting that they confer a gain-of-function (GOF) propriety to the protein. Dystonia is typically explained by some dysfunction of the striatum, a region where RARB is predominantly expressed. Interestingly, loss of Rarb function in mice leads to a reduction of striatonigral neurons and motor abnormalities, suggesting a disruption in early development of striatal circuits. We hypothesized that the motor impairment of patients with RARB GOF mutations is caused by increased RARB signaling in the striatum, possibly disrupting homeostatic control of the same pathways as those affected by decreased Rarb signaling. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we generated mice carrying the mutation p.R394C, which is homologous to the GOF mutation p.R387C found in several patients. These RarbR394C/+ mice show locomotor impairments reminiscent of that of other mouse models of dystonia, along with a decreased striatopallidal neuronal population. Our data suggest that GOF mutations in RARB induce dystonia by disrupting striatal dopaminergic signaling necessary for functional equilibrium. This work might also shed light on common neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia including Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease, in which RA and RARB signaling appear to be compromised.

Dairy farmers in the Northeastern Unites States are paid based on the amount of fat and protein in their cows' milk, and improving fat and protein production is linked with improved financial sustainability for dairy farms. However, not all farmers are motivated to make changes to increase milk fat and protein production. Previous research has identified a positive correlation between a group of fatty acids, known as the de novo fatty acids, and the fat and protein content of bulk tank milk from commercial dairy farms. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to explore the relationship of farm management, the cow's diet, and lactation performance with de novo fatty acid content on Northeastern US dairy farms. Results from the first objective were communicated with dairy farmers; therefore, the second objective was to understand how to communicate with farmers to influence their behavior. We hypothesized that farms with high de novo fatty acids in bulk tank milk would manage and feed their cows to optimize rumen fermentation conditions. The first (Chapter 2) and second (Chapter 3) studies were methodologically very similar. Farms were categorized as either high de novo (HDN) or low de novo (LDN) based on the concentration of de novo fatty acids in their bulk tank milk for the 6 months prior to the farm visit. Farms were then visited once in March or April, 2014 (Chapter 2) or between February and April, 2015 (Chapter 3) to assess management practices and collect samples of the cows' diet. There were no differences in days in milk in Chapter 2 or Chapter 3. Yield of milk, fat, and true protein per cow were higher for HDN versus LDN farms in Chapter 2. In both chapters, HDN farms had higher milk fat and true protein content and higher de novo fatty acid yield per day. The HDN farms had lower freestall stocking density in Chapter 2 and provided more feedbunk space per cow in Chapter 3. Additionally, tiestall feeding frequency was higher for HDN than LDN farms. No differences were detected for dietary chemical composition, except ether extract was lower for HDN than LDN farms in both chapters. Chapter 4 explored how to communicate the results of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 through eleven qualitative, semi-structured interviews and insight from the 83 farm visits. Farmers identified the cooperative, expert consultants (nutritionist, veterinarian, and agronomists), financial advisers, print publications, and other farmers as principal sources of information. However, barriers to the transfer of information included family dynamics, lack of access to high speed internet, and difficulties evaluating divergent recommendations from experts. Several farmers expressed an incorrect perception of their farms' fat and protein production compared with cooperative averages which reduced their motivation to incorporate management changes. Recommendations to overcome these barriers include integrating management team meetings and facilitating informal discussion groups between farmers. This research is correlational in nature, and future research is needed to verify a causal relationship between de novo fatty acids and milk fat and protein content. However, the results of this research can be used to help farmers increase their cows' milk fat and protein content, improve the transfer of knowledge to dairy farmers, and ultimately support the financial sustainability of dairy farms in the Northeastern US.