This study attempts to examine the international debt crisis in the 1980s from a primarily political perspective, to permit a greater understanding of the interaction between economics and politics in the course of crisis management The process of dealing with the current international debt crisis provides an pat case for investigation of how economic concerns affect political outcomes, and how political factors influence economic outcomes, and how political factors influence economic policies. This study concentrates on the two regions of Latin America and Eastern Europe where the debt crisis started. The study emphasizes that the international debt crisis started. The study emphasizes that the international debt problem has been increasingly politicized in the contemporary international relations, and that its solution, in addition to the economic aspects, calls for political willingness by all parties concerned.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

This study attempted to examine the nature of the relationship between high levels of external debt and capital accumulation with the case study of Rwanda.

Presented thesis deals with the everyday life of the 16th and 17th century in the royal town of Slaný in the central Bohemia. It recounts the eventful history of the city from its prehistoric beginnings to the present. Focus is the fourth and fifth chapter. The fourth chapter discusses the type sof criminal offenses and punishment for them in the early modern period grant. This includes offenses against life and healthy, against property, against morality and honor. This section we also learn about dishonest professions. The fifth chapter describes the everyday concerns of people at the time - the need to belong, cocern for the livelihood, concern for subsistence but also financial matters. Full text concludes humorous incident that happened in 1604.

The thesis deals with a contractual penalty as an institution of private law. Thanks to the simple application of contractual penalty, it has become a traditional way of ensuring of debts which is frequently used as an instrument for strengthening the cre- ditor's position. Considering the growing non-formality of legal relations in current society, it is possible to expect the increase of contractual penalty's importance in future. The aim of this thesis is to explore the institution of contractual penalty with focusing on actual application issues which arise from its practical use. The thesis relates to the current legislation on contractual penalty of the Czech Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Coll. With regard to the nature of the topic, the thesis concentrates on the case law and the comparison with the previous legislation. In this way the legal development is reflected as well. The work consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the legal institution of contractual penalty in a general way, outlining the concept and functions of contractual penalty. This chapter also examines the current legislation on contractual penalty and the comparison with the previous legislation and the European legislation. In the second chapter, the thesis refers to the contractual penalty's negoti- ation...

La ''caution dirigeante'' est une formule consacrée par la doctrine pour désigner le cautionnement donné par un dirigeant en garantie des dettes de sa société. L'emploi de ce syntagme n'est pas inutile dans la mesure où la caution dirigeante a toujours eu un statut intermédiaire : elle ne peut pas être appréhendée comme un simple consommateur puisqu'elle contracte pour les besoins de son activité professionnelle, elle ne peut pas davantage être considérée comme un professionnel contractant dans son domaine de compétences. Traditionnellement, la jurisprudence considérait pourtant les cautions dirigeantes comme des cautions averties, elles en incarnaient précisément l'archétype. Dès la fin des années 1970, des réformes législatives compliquèrent régulièrement cette conception prétorienne de la caution dirigeante. La loi pour l'initiative économique du 1er août 2003 annonça l'avènement d'une ère nouvelle pour les cautions dirigeantes, faisant d'elles des quidam du droit du cautionnement. Les interventions législatives ultérieures forcent même à constater que les dirigeants sont paradoxalement mieux protégés que les cautions non-dirigeantes, fragilisant ainsi la fonction de ce cautionnement qui est d'assurer le crédit aux entreprises. / "Director's Guarantee" is an expression reserved by doctrine to refer to the surety given by a director to secure the debts of his company. The employment of this phrase is useful insofar as the director's guarantee has always had an intermediary status : he cannot be considered to be either as simple consumer because he's contracted for the purposes of the director's professional activity, nor as a professional contracting in his or her field. Traditionally, case law has considered director's guarantees as informed sureties. In fact, they embody the archetype. Since the 1970's, legislative reforms have regularly complicated this court-made definition of the director's guarantee. The French Economic Initiative Act of 1 August 2003 launched a new era for director's guarantees, making them ordinary individuals of surety law. Later legislative actions even had to note that director's guarantees are paradoxically better protected than non-director's guarantees, thereby weakening the function of this surety that is to provide business credit.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of the status of creditors of the testator in the estate proceedings, which has undergone a major change with the modification of the current Civil Code. Adjustment of inheritance law and, with it, the position of creditors in the estate proceedings during the period of socialism was dismal, so this change was needed. The ability of creditor to protect his debts in the case of the debtor's death has been extended by many new and old-age institutions. Together with that, the responsibility of the heirs for the testator's debts was extended. The diploma thesis deals with the opinions of the professional public, which are often very different or even contradictory. Part of this work is an analysis of these opinions and searching for a suitable starting point. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first deals with inheritance law as an absolute property right, that is, the law that works erga omnes. It also defines the conceptual difference between inheritance and estate introduced into civil law with the effect of the Civil Code. The second chapter deals with the genesis of the transition of testator's debts to the heirs and the position of creditors in the past. The historical chapter summarizes both substantive and procedural law, without which the...

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics / This thesis focuses on sectoral growth composition, foreign debt and social welfare in selected African economies. Data for the study were obtained from International Financial Statistics (IFS), the World Bank (WB), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) annual reports, and the Penn World Table (PWT). The thesis has 5 chapters. Chapter 1 is the general introduction. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are stand-alone related papers on social welfare, external debt, and real exchange rate. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of the study. Chapter 1 presents the background to the study, the motivating problems, the research objectives and questions, the significance of the study, the literature gaps, and contributions. The chapter ends with an outline on the organization of the study. Chapter 2 examines the impact of the composition of growth on poverty and inequality in 36 African countries. Specifically, the study demonstrates how changes in the composition of growth can affect the welfare of the segments of the population that are socially and economically deprived. While previous studies have presented different results for different continents, much of the findings show that in Africa, the primary sector is the most effective sector that improves the levels of poverty and inequality. This study re-examines this claim based on the belief that previous findings suffer from measurement bias in the estimation of parameters. This study employed a measurement approach that corrected for the observed differences. The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique was adopted, and the findings were robust, showing that rather than the much-touted primary sector, the secondary and tertiary sectors are actually the main drivers of welfare improvement in the African continent. It is therefore recommended that for a sustained welfare improvement strategy, policy-making institutions in Africa should as a matter of urgency adopt appropriate industrial policy targets on the secondary and tertiary sectors with specific focus on the construction, manufacturing, mining, wholesale, retail, and hotel sectors. vii Chapter 3 investigates the impact of growth composition on external debt (ED) in selected African countries. Precisely, the study examines how each of the three productive sectors (agriculture, industry, and services) impacts on the level of ED in Africa. While many development studies have relied on aggregate output growth to investigate debt-growth dynamics, received literature shows that studies which examine the impact of growth on ED are scarce. Relying on two frameworks – “perfect capital mobility” of the Neoclassicals, and the “Dualism” theory, this study investigates the composition of the growth-debt relationship in Africa. The study applies the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique to conduct its analysis. The results show that the composition of growth has significant effect on the levels of ED a country can maintain. Although, the results were lagged at different periods, the outcome suggests that the industrial (construction and manufacturing) and services sectors (wholesale, retail, and hotels ‒ WRH) are the leading sectors that drive the growth-ED relationship. The result shows more robustness when a country’s institutional quality, real interest rate, and current account balance were controlled for. Chapter 4 examines the effectiveness of real exchange rate (RER) as a policy tool for industrial diversification. Economic experts have emphasized the need for industrial diversification, especially for developing countries. However, in spite of the numerous socio-economic gains associated with industrial diversification, little effort has been made in Africa to identify and develop the sectors that achieve higher output growth for the region. The effective management of real exchange rate (RER) has provided economies with the needed tool for achieving these growth objectives. Recent empirical literature finds that undervalued RERs help countries to achieve faster economic growth, while overvaluation of the RER slows economic growth. Furthermore, recent growth studies have shown that different sectors respond differently to changes in RER. This study shows that even though many of the previous works have drawn up policy recommendations from these researches, the findings may be driven by inappropriate estimation assumptions, which inevitably results in biased findings. When these assumptions are re-specified, the empirical findings for a sample of 36 countries suggest that in Africa, sectors such as agriculture, construction, mining and utility lead to appreciation of the RER, while the manufacturing, transport and communications, “WRH” sectors, and “other” lead to depreciation of RER among countries. Although the coefficients for manufacturing, and transport and communications are not significant, this is probably due to the levels of development of the sectors within the African continent. Improving the level of development in these sectors therefore through appropriate economic policy framework will certainly impact on the strength of the coefficients of the three sectors, thereby leading to industrial revolution. Chapter 5 concludes the study with a summary of the key findings from Chapters 2, 3, and 4 with highlights of the policy implications of the findings. The highlights include: (1) the need for policy frameworks that discourage continual channelling of resources into sectors other than the industrial and services sectors. (2) A policy thrust in favour of improving domestic sources of revenue through targeting specific subsectors of the industrial and services sectors with appropriate policy instruments. This will provide the needed resources that will reduce the high debt stock per aggregate national income of African countries. (3) A policy thrust that reverses the undermining of development in the manufacturing, and transport and communications sectors. The reversal will stimulate exports and aggregate economic growth through the policy of undervaluation of the RER. Concluding the chapter, the study suggests areas for further research. / MT2017

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-05T12:38:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudio de Araujo Ferreira.pdf: 7145517 bytes, checksum: 8c7b326ce9b38909db38bf44d6195f4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T12:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudio de Araujo Ferreira.pdf: 7145517 bytes, checksum: 8c7b326ce9b38909db38bf44d6195f4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-25 / This paper aims to discuss the transactions of securitization of Overdue Public Tax Debt and its challenges. It discusses initially the role of State; the main authors and philosophers about this subject; and also applicates it to the Brazilian State. Additionally it is discussed the deterioration of the Brazilian public debt; the potential amount of Overdue Public Tax Debt of the public entities and to present a “Project of Law” that seeks to solve the existing conflicts of Law in the Brazilian legislation that do not permit the public entities to proceed with it that could be an important source of funds to the Brazilian public entities. We shall discus along it topics such as the role of the Governments, formation of Brazilian Estate, dylema of Moral Hazard due to the non charge of overdue taxes, securitization of assets among others / A presente pesquisa possui como objetivo tratar das operações de securitização de dívida ativa e seus desafios. Para tanto, trata inicialmente da visão de Estado e seu papel, abordando os principais autores e filósofos sobre o assunto; discute também esse tema no âmbito do Estado brasileiro. Antes de adentrar no escopo descrito inicialmente acima, é desenvolvido o tema da deterioração das contas públicas brasileiras nos últimos anos; do potencial de dívida ativa dos entes púbicos; dos conceitos de dívida ativa e securitização e por fim busca apresentar como conclusão um projeto de lei que consiga equacionar a antinomia de norma existente em nosso ordenamento jurídico que inviabiliza as operações de securitização de Dívida Ativa, as quais poderiam ser uma importante fonte de geração de riqueza para o Estado brasileiro. Para tal, aborda temas como o papel do Estado, formação do Estado brasileiro, dilema de Moral Hazard pela não cobrança de tributos, conceito de Dívida Ativa, securitização de ativos, entre outros

Le retour à meilleure fortune est un fait juridique résultant de l’amélioration soudaine de la situation patrimoniale d’un débiteur, par un gain à la loterie ou un héritage, le mettant en mesure de payer ses créanciers. Pris en compte dans la cession de biens sous l’Antiquité, le débiteur de bonne foi n’échappait à la prison pour dettes que contre l’abandon de ses biens et l’engagement de s’acquitter du reliquat dû après leur vente si la fortune venait de nouveau à lui sourire. Le droit positif n’accorde, aujourd’hui, que peu de place à ce fait juridique. En droit public, celui-ci constitue encore, dans le Code de l’action sociale et des familles ainsi que dans celui des collectivités territoriales, un critère de récupération des aides publiques. Et, en droit privé, la liberté contractuelle permet encore d’assortir la remise de dette d’une clause de retour à meilleure fortune afin d’organiser une réversibilité de l’abandon de créance. L’article 2284 du Code civil donne encore un effet juridique à cette situation en intégrant au gage commun des créanciers tous les biens nouveaux acquis par le débiteur. Partant de là, le retour à meilleure fortune devrait profiter aux créanciers. Mais ce principe est aujourd’hui malmené par un droit « à ne pas payer ses dettes ». Qu’il soit un consommateur ou un professionnel, le débiteur de bonne foi peut obtenir la purge de ses dettes. L’obligation de paiement du débiteur est alors éteinte y compris si la fortune vient de nouveau à lui sourire. Seuls les créanciers dont les droits sont juridiquement préservés des effets de la purge peuvent encore prétendre à un paiement dans une telle situation. Pour l’essentiel, le débiteur conserve donc l’acquis de son retour à meilleure fortune. D’ailleurs, la Commission européenne a demandé aux Etats-membres de l’Union d’encourager le rebond du débiteur par une politique en faveur de la seconde chance. Le législateur français a ainsi adopté différentes mesures en faveur du rebond pour encourager celui qui a échoué à retenter sa chance. Les présents travaux envisagent donc les incidences juridiques du retour à meilleure fortune en distinguant les situations dans lesquelles il est valorisé de celles où il est neutralisé ; avant d’aborder les mesures en faveur du rebond du débiteur. / Return to better fortune is a legal item, consisting in a better financial state to the debtor by lottery or by inheritance. In this way, the creditors can obtain payment if the debtor’s situation happens to improve suddenly. A long with the transfer of property in Antiquity, the debtor in good faith could only avoid prison by abandoning his property and committing to pay off the balance due following its sale if fortune were again to smile on him. These days, the civil law contains indirect echoes of this concept. Today, the law accords but little room to this payment cause of action against a debtor. It is true that, under public law, it still qualifies as a criterion for recovery of public aid in the family and social Code as well as in the local authorities Code. And under private law, freedom of contract allows deferral of debt to be made subject to a return to better fortune clause so as to organize reversibility of abandoning property. Article 2284 of the Civil code includes all newly acquired property within a general pledge to creditors. In this way, return to better fortune should be profitable to creditors: they can obtain payment. But, for the main part, this concept is today ill-supported by a law “not to pay one’s debts”. Whether to be a consumer or a professional, the debtor in good faith can obtain purge of his debts. The debtor’s obligation to pay is thus extinguished, even if fortune were again to smile on him. Only creditors whose rights can be preserved juridically, by purge of this debts, are alleged to be paid in such a situation. But for the main part, the debtor conserves the fruit of his return to better fortune. Such policy in favor of a second chance, sought by the European institutions, has lead to the French legislator adopting recovery-favorable measures: the taking over of a company in difficulty has been favored and reintegration of the failed facilitated. Certain hurdles to recovery have also been removed in this research : on the one hand, return to better fortune valued, on the other hand, this situation neutralized ; before taking up the actions in favor of a second chance for the debtor.