Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

The aim of this thesis was to quantify and asset the degree of fiscal decentralization and its development in the Czech Republic. We managed to quantify the measure of fiscal decentralization and its development in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2006 through indicators of tax decentralization, expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization, financial and tax autonomy. The figures for ČR were compared with other countries.

<p>It was the purpose of this study to demonstrate that the government of Namibia has been seeking to adopt structures and procedures that will contribute to the realization of general national development. Decentralization in any country takes place in a political context and its implementation assumes some political significance, as it is not merely a matter of centralization or decentralization of government functions and procedures, but both centralization and decentralization tendencies exist and reinforce each other in practice. This study argues that the dynamic features of decentralization and its implementation in Namibia have been shaped by central government's view, through the ministry of regional and local government and housing, of the concept decentralization. The objectives of this study were to provide a critical understanding of the theoretical foundation of the concept decentralization.</p>

La décentralisation dans sa globalité est une réalité au Sénégal depuis une vingtaine d'années. Cependant il existe très peu d'études sur ce processus, pays où pourtant, on note une riche production en sciences sociales. Et depuis, l'arrivée au pouvoir d'élus locaux a profondément changé les rapports des acteurs entre eux et vis-à-vis de l'Etat central. De nouvelles tensions sont apparues, se cristallisent autour des ressources financières et budgétaires, et du transfert des compétences. Ainsi la définition par les législateurs et par l'Etat des compétences et des prérogatives des collectivités locales, a donné lieu à beaucoup d'atermoiements et d'imprécisions, particulièrement dans le domaine fiscal, de l'aménagement du territoire et de gestion du foncier. Pourtant ces formes de régulations parfois ambigües, parfois innovantes, sont importantes à cerner pour concrétiser les objectifs de la décentralisation : le développement. Dire qu'il reste beaucoup à faire pour consolider la progression d'une autonomie concrète des collectivités locales et d'une stratégie de développement au Sénégal, relève dans l'état des réformes, de l'euphémisme. Pour autant, l'enjeu actuel des programmes de décentralisation ne se limite pas à ses seuls aspects ; l'autonomisation institutionnelle des instances locales nécessite également de rester attentifs à la question du développement local et durable. S'agit-il d'un mythe supplémentaire ? On sait en effet que la marche vers cette autre alternative risque de prendre encore beaucoup de temps. / For almost twenty years, decentralization in its entirety remains a fact tin Senegal. Despite the country's many important publications on social sciences, very few studies have been carried out on this question. The accession to power of local councillors has deeply changed not only the relationships between actors, but also with the central State. Then, new tensions emerge, crystallizing around financial and budgetary resources and competence transfer. So the definition given by lawmakers and the State about jurisdictions and the prerogatives of local authorities is judged ambiguous. It follows from their proposals, prevarications and vagueness particularly concerning tax policy, town and country planning and land management. Though sometimes equivocal and other times innovatory, those remarks are to be considered in order to make real the development which is in the heart of the decentralization objectives. It comes down to an euphemism to infer that, in the prevailing state of the reforms, there is still a lot to do for the progress of true autonomy of local authorities and that of development strategy in Senegal. However, the current challenge of decentralization programmes does not confine itself to its only aspects; the institutional independence of local bodies requires being attentive to the local and sustainable development issue. Does this mean another myth to bear in mind ? In fact, we know that the settling of this other alternative may take very much time.

For many decades in India, natural resource management (NRM) programs were implemented by government bureaucracies in a centralized, top-down manner. The programs were unsustainable and suffered from resource use inefficiency and inequity. In the 1990s, under pressure from civil society organizations and multilateral agencies, the Government of India and many State Governments introduced policies that decentralized NRM programs and mandated active participation of users in the management of resources. When implementation responsibilities were transferred to resource user-groups many of the problems associated with centralization could be reduced significantly. However, despite their proven capacity of being better resource managers than government agencies, the user-groups encountered difficulties as self-governed people's organizations. Participation of users declined and problems of equity resurfaced in many user-groups. This dissertation describes the research that examines the causes of problems in the governance of user-groups in villages of Mehsana District in Gujarat. Using an eight-fold criteria of good governance, the study looks at eight Water Users Associations (WUAs) that took over irrigation management responsibilities from the Irrigation Department. This program of decentralization of irrigation is called Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). The assessment of each WUA on each of the eight criteria reveals a close link between characteristics of good governance and the process of democratization. It can be seen that the WUAs that performed well on participation, equity, transparency, accountability, rule of law and consensus-orientation were less likely to face situations of dysfunction than the WUAs that performed poorly on these criteria. These criteria for good governance are also the core elements of democratic governance. At the same time, the case-studies reveal the tension between the democratization process that is attempted within the WUAs and the historical and cultural legacy of the feudal, autocratic and patriarchal society that rural India has been for many centuries. The thesis supports the argument, with empirical evidence, that the decentralization process can be sustainable only when user-groups institutionalize democratic processes and the early leaders behave in a democratic manner. It also suggests that the transition from an undemocratic institution to a democratic one can be enabled when external support agencies play an important catalytic role.

Governance vis-&#x00E0;-vis management has broad means, it includes formal and informal institutions, which need to have 1.agile, 2.adapt and 3.adjust ability in order to achieve ¡§Good¡¨ governance. The taxonomy of local decentralization includes: 1.delegate type, 2.creative type, 3.conservative type, 4.concentrative type and 5.coorperative type, that is essential for central government providing subsidy fund to local government under imperfect information to prevent misallocation of resources. Looking at intergovernmental relationship, this thesis classified it as 1.accountable type, 2.collusive type, 3.self-interest type and 4.responsible type, and utilizes this classification to study public issues, and argue that only the accountable-type local government can well manage local public affairs. In order to incubate and local competitiveness and attract outside investment, industrial cluster has became the most important development strategy for government to pursue, this thesis argues that integrate regional innovation, industrial network and social capital for concreting industrial embeddedness would be inductive to industrial cluster and helpful to create industry¡¦s competitive advantage. To develop regions competitive advantage, the cooperation between business entrepreneur, government officials and scholars to concrete 1.agile, 2.adapt 3.adjust and 4.atmosphere ability is essential to cope with changing environment and enlarging globalization.

The Institutional Reform of Land Development of Mainland China¡G A case study on urban regeneration of Putian City. The Peoples' Republic of China launched economic reforms and open-door policy in 1978.After that, China launched the compensatory transfer of land ownership system in which land could be sold in terms of money. China's real estate industry had kept a rapid growth momentum; Chinese government has taken real estates industry as a new drive for its economic growth. On the policy background of decentralization of powers among government level, the district governments owned strong financial autonomy and land approval rights, thus promoting district rent seeking behavior have become the key factors which attracted the district government to release land into the real estate market positively. After economic reform in China, central government relegated more authority to subordinate level of governments, make place bureaucrat enjoy power of measuring and decision, because the land development system is complicated and has local personalities again on the other hand, so this study proceeds from the investigation view of Taiwan trader invested in, with Putian City of Fujian Province, Field case was used to verify the Current Situation and Difficulties that Taiwan trader is facing while investigating real estate in the specific city of Mainland China, to supplement the investigation result which had been done by Jin¡¦s (2001) in land development system. The main conclusion of this study is as follows¡G 1. The comprehensive network relationship with relevant government department, and organizational operation, planning strategy and management performance is very important to land development project. 2. Expropriation compensation and the settle down procedure is more and more Institutionalize gradually. 3. The government manages efficiency low, and postpone redevelopment schedule painstakingly in high perplexity renewal area. 4. The coastal second level city, like Putian City, is indeed suitable for medium-size enterprise of Taiwan to develop real estate career.

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The challenge of management development in multinational companies is not only the program design itself, to design a diversified and comprehensive program, but also how to implement the program worldwide consistently and efficiently. Many multinational companies face the dilemma of centralization or decentralization because both have strengths and weakness and the debates on which approach is better is never ending. Instead of using the single one approach for the whole program, companies can review the process, from needs collection, design and development to implementation and evaluation, to determine the right approach for each. It means to use the combination of centralization and decentralization to capture the strengths of both.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1981. / Typescript. Vita. Includes questionnaire used in interviews. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography :p. 414-430.