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Governance vis-à-vis management has broad means, it includes formal and informal institutions, which need to have 1.agile, 2.adapt and 3.adjust ability in order to achieve ¡§Good¡¨ governance. The taxonomy of local decentralization includes: 1.delegate type, 2.creative type, 3.conservative type, 4.concentrative type and 5.coorperative type, that is essential for central government providing subsidy fund to local government under imperfect information to prevent misallocation of resources. Looking at intergovernmental relationship, this thesis classified it as 1.accountable type, 2.collusive type, 3.self-interest type and 4.responsible type, and utilizes this classification to study public issues, and argue that only the accountable-type local government can well manage local public affairs. In order to incubate and local competitiveness and attract outside investment, industrial cluster has became the most important development strategy for government to pursue, this thesis argues that integrate regional innovation, industrial network and social capital for concreting industrial embeddedness would be inductive to industrial cluster and helpful to create industry¡¦s competitive advantage. To develop regions competitive advantage, the cooperation between business entrepreneur, government officials and scholars to concrete 1.agile, 2.adapt 3.adjust and 4.atmosphere ability is essential to cope with changing environment and enlarging globalization.

The economic development in Mainland China is obvious to all. After adopting the open door policy, the differences of competitive advantages among regions gradually contribute to an unbalanced economic development. The huge difference will cause not only economic crisis but also political crisis resulting from people's dissatisfaction on the decline of living standard. This has been gradually erodes the fruits of opening policy and causes a bottleneck on the way forward economic development in the future. The aim of this thesis is to discuss about the unbalanced phenomenon of economical development resulted from the competitive superiority in regions. We thus objectively evaluate the degree of advantages in each region on the aspects of exterior environment, such as plentiful resources in each region, and the demand structure of market, the mutual influence of the geographical distribution of industries and the governmental economical development policies, and the competitive ability of enterprises. In this article, we also want to reach the following goals. First of all, we try to realize what reasons caused the gaps of economical development among regions, what situations it current presented, and what problems it existed. Secondly, looking for the most suitable way of economic development in each region, it would suggest how to upgrade the competitive advantage in those disadvantaged regions. Finally, introducing the environmental competition of each region in the Mainland China to investors, it will let those investors choose the best location for business to promote their market competitiveness in the future.

This research, conducted via interviews at 32 biotechnology firms, which provide rare information on actual firm interactions, elucidates the factors that influence the location and growth of the biotechnology sector in a typical American metropolitan area. Results indicate that most of the biotechnology firms within the Cincinnati region are there because of entrepreneurial ties with universities and research hospitals in the area, not because the region has specific advantages for biotechnology firms compared to other metropolitan areas of similar size. The authors find that interfirm linkages range from extremely weak to nonexistent. No specialized labor force exists to support biotechnology firms, nor are there specialized infrastructure and business services. No biotechnology-dedicated government office exists. In summary, the authors see more colocation than interactive clustering of biotechnology firms, implying that economic development efforts to enhance interfirm linkages are likely to be less effective than support for hospital and university research and education.

This research explores an alternative path for economic development via local connections to regional economies. It presents new analysis of the potential and circumstances under which county level industry clusters can be strengthened by connecting to regional clusters – networks of businesses, labor pools, etc., whose linkages cross local and even state jurisdictional boundaries. Specifically, this analysis examines how different types of industry clusters and types of urban and rural communities within regions respond to intra-regional connectivity. Independent-samples t-tests are conducted to assess whether significant differences in the annualized county-cluster employment growth rate (2010-2016) exist between connected and not-connected county-clusters overall, in different types of communities (metropolitan, micropolitan, rural adjacent and rural remote) and across types of industry clusters. The results suggest that intra-regional economic connectivity has a strong, positive association with county-cluster employment growth. These results are particularly pronounced for more rural communities but are present across county types, including metropolitan. The magnitude of the economic impact derived from connectivity with the regional economy varies by industry cluster. The results suggest an alternative approach to cluster-based economic development strategies that more strategically accounts for and bolsters connectivity. Policy recommendations for how to apply an intra-regional connectivity framework to narrow the urban-rural divide, as well as several regional profiles, are offered. / Doctor of Philosophy / This research explores an alternative path for economic development via local connections to regional economies. It presents new analysis of the potential and circumstances under which county level employment can be strengthened by connecting to regional industry clusters – networks of businesses, labor pools, etc., whose linkages cross local and even state jurisdictional boundaries. Specifically, this analysis examines how different types of industry clusters and types of urban and rural communities respond to economic connectivity within their regions. Statistical tests are conducted to compare differences in county employment growth (2010-2016) between counties that are economically connected and those that are not. The results suggest that connectivity to regional industry clusters has a strong, positive relationship with local employment growth. These results are particularly pronounced for more rural communities but are present across county types, including metropolitan. The magnitude of the economic impact derived from connectivity with the regional economy varies by the type of industry cluster present. The results suggest an alternative approach to cluster-based economic development strategies that more strategically accounts for and bolsters connectivity. Policy recommendations for how to apply an intra-regional connectivity framework to narrow the urban-rural divide, as well as several regional profiles, are offered.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar as contradições existentes no incentivo do poder público federal brasileiro à produção de alimentos e à produção de biodiesel no espaço do sertão baiano. Para tanto, foram analisados os efeitos do Programa Nacional de Uso e Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB) e do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) para a formação territorial do município de Morro do Chapéu (BA), especialmente, durante o período entre 2007 e 2012. O trabalho utilizou o apoio metodológico da história oral, por meio da sistematização de entrevistas realizadas com agricultores familiares que participaram das atividades dos programas. O aumento do emprego e da renda familiar dos pequenos produtores rurais e a conseqüente intensificação da base técnica em localidades do município são alguns dos resultados da ação pública federal e da organização produtiva e social local. No entanto, uma série de evidências mostra os desafios do desenvolvimento de programas públicos e da agricultura familiar no Brasil. / This research intends to analyze the existing contractions in the incentive of brazilian federal public power to the food production and to the production of biodiesel to the space of Bahias State dry lands. For that, the effects of the National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) and the brazilian Program of Food Acquisition (PAA) to the territorial formation of the Morro do Chapéu (BA) city were analyzed, specially, during the period between 2007 and 2012. The work is based on the oral history methodology made through a series of interviews with family farmers that participated of the activities of both programs. The rising of employment and familiar incomes of family farmers and the intensification of technical basis in localities of the municipality are some results of the federal public action and the local productive and social organization. However, a series of evidences present the challenges to the public programs development and to development of family farm in Brazil.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar as contradições existentes no incentivo do poder público federal brasileiro à produção de alimentos e à produção de biodiesel no espaço do sertão baiano. Para tanto, foram analisados os efeitos do Programa Nacional de Uso e Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB) e do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) para a formação territorial do município de Morro do Chapéu (BA), especialmente, durante o período entre 2007 e 2012. O trabalho utilizou o apoio metodológico da história oral, por meio da sistematização de entrevistas realizadas com agricultores familiares que participaram das atividades dos programas. O aumento do emprego e da renda familiar dos pequenos produtores rurais e a conseqüente intensificação da base técnica em localidades do município são alguns dos resultados da ação pública federal e da organização produtiva e social local. No entanto, uma série de evidências mostra os desafios do desenvolvimento de programas públicos e da agricultura familiar no Brasil. / This research intends to analyze the existing contractions in the incentive of brazilian federal public power to the food production and to the production of biodiesel to the space of Bahias State dry lands. For that, the effects of the National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) and the brazilian Program of Food Acquisition (PAA) to the territorial formation of the Morro do Chapéu (BA) city were analyzed, specially, during the period between 2007 and 2012. The work is based on the oral history methodology made through a series of interviews with family farmers that participated of the activities of both programs. The rising of employment and familiar incomes of family farmers and the intensification of technical basis in localities of the municipality are some results of the federal public action and the local productive and social organization. However, a series of evidences present the challenges to the public programs development and to development of family farm in Brazil.

The aim of this thesis is to unveil the cognitive architecture of an industrial cluster by drawing on the roles of the labor mobility in particular as a mechanism of knowledge transmission and in general as a kind of social glue that holds together small production communities operative within a given territory. To what extent innovations occur in connection with labor mobility is one of the primary concerns of this thesis in accordance with its central role as a mechanism of knowledge spillover. In an effort to draw the wider theoretical framework within which knowledge spillover effects of labor mobility can be placed, this thesis firstly unveils the debates revolving around the increasing importance ascribed to (tacit) knowledge in (regional) economic development and the historical evolution of labor mobility studies. This thesis not only draws on but also develops a wide range of analytical tools designated for the particular needs of the questions addressed. The empirical dimension of this thesis is explored by employing a telescoping of view of both spatial and sectoral coverage. In this context, this thesis does not only attempt to grasp the small production communities operative in a socio-spatial system and to compare the innovation capacities of the respective communities by drawing on the contexts of labor mobility but also justifies the designation of the case study area and sectors in a detailed way. The method employed in the thesis is rather a holistic effort with regard to conceptualization of social, historical, economical and spatial processes.

Arts and cultural activity may play an important role in regional economic development. But to what end and by what means? Traditional economic development theory identifies export expansion and import substitution as the means by which an industrial sector may add to a region’s economic base. Recorded and visual arts may produce exports in some regions, but live performing arts are incapable of exportation. Instead, they must generate tourism to capture extra-regional dollars. Contemporary research argues two additional means by which the arts may encourage growth. First, the presence of a great many artists and arts institutions may increase firm productivity and efficiency by reducing the cost of arts services, increasing the quality of and accessibility to arts services, and promoting innovation. Second, an abundance of arts and cultural activity may attract a highly skilled, competitive workforce, which then attracts firm relocation. This report presents original research designed to test this last hypothesis as applied to Austin, Texas. Results indicate that while the arts in Austin may not attract a competitive workforce, they do appear to have at least some significance in retaining creative professionals. / text