Computers are widely present in our daily life and are used in critical applic-ations like cars, planes, pacemakers. Those real-time systems are nowadaysbased on processors which have an increasing complexity and have specifichardware services designed to reduce task preemption and migration over-heads. However using those services can add unpredictable overheads whenthe system has to switch from one task to another in some cases.This document screens existing solutions used in commonly availableprocessors to ease preemption and migration to highlight their strengths andweaknesses. A new hardware service is proposed to speed up task switchingat the L1 cache level, to reduce context switch overheads and to improvesystem predictability.The solution presented is based on stacking several identical cachememories at the L1 level. Each layer is able to save and restore its completestate independently to/from the main memory. One layer can be used forthe active task running on the processor while another layers can be restoredor saved concurrently. The active task can remain in execution until thepreempting task is ready in another layer after restoration from the mainmemory. The context switch between tasks can then be performed in avery short time by switching to the other layer which is now ready to runthe preempting task. Furthermore, the task will be resumed with the exactL1 cache memory state as saved earlier after the previous preemption. Theprevious task state can be sent back to the main memory for future use.Using this mechanism can lead to minimise the time required for migrationsand preemptions and consequently lower overheads and limit cache missesdue to preemptions and usually considered in the cache migration andpreemption delays. Isolation between tasks is also provided as they areexecuted from a dedicated layer.Both uniprocessor and multiprocessor designs are presented along withimplications on the real-time theory induced by the use of this hardware ser-vice. An implementation of the system is characterized and results show im-provements to the maximum and average execution time of a set of varioustasks: When the same size is used for the baseline cache and HwCS layers,94% of the tasks have a better execution time (up to 67%) and 80% have a bet-ter Worst Case Execution Time (WCET). 80% of the tasks are more predictableand the remaining 20% still have a better execution time. When we split thebaseline cache size among layers of the HwCS, measurements show that 75%of the tasks have a better execution time (up to 67%) leading to 50% of thetasks having a better WCET. Only 6% of the tasks suffer from worse executiontime and worse predictability while 75% of the tasks remain more predictablewhen using the HwCS compared to the baseline cache. / Les ordinateurs ont envahi notre quotidien et sont de plus en plus souventutilisés pour remplir des missions critiques. Ces systèmes temps réel sontbasés sur des processeurs dont la complexité augmente sans cesse. Des ser-vices matériels spécifiques permettent de réduire les coûts de préemption etmigration. Malheureusement, ces services ajoutent des temps morts lorsquele système doit passer d’une tâche à une autre.Ce document expose les solutions actuelles utilisées dans les processeurscourants pour mettre en lumière leurs qualités et défauts. Un nouveau ser-vice matériel (HwCS) est proposé afin d’accélérer le changement de tâches aupremier niveau de mémoire (L1) et de réduire ainsi les temps morts dus auxchangements de contextes tout en améliorant la prédictibilité du système.Bien que cette thèse se concentre sur le cache L1, le concept développépeut également s’appliquer aux autres niveaux de mémoire ainsi qu’àtout bloc dépendant du contexte. La solution présentée se base sur unempilement de caches identiques au premier niveau. Chaque couche del’empilement est capable de sauvegarder ou recharger son état vers/depuisla mémoire principale du système en toute autonomie. Une couche peutêtre utilisée par la tâche active pendant qu’une autre peut sauvegarder ourestaurer l’état d’une autre tâche. La tâche active peut ainsi poursuivre sonexécution en attendant que la tâche suivante soit rechargée. Le changementde contexte entre la tâche active et la tâche suivante peut alors avoir lieu enun temps très court. De plus, la tâche reprendra son exécution sur un cacheL1 dont l’état sera identique à celui au moment où elle a été interrompueprécédemment. L’état du cache de la tâche désormais inactive peut êtresauvegardé dans la mémoire principale en vue d’une utilisation ultérieure.Ce mécanisme permet de réduire au strict minimum le temps de calculperdu à cause des préemptions et migrations, les temps de sauvegarde et derechargement de la L1 n’ayant plus d’influence sur l’exécution des tâches. Deplus, chaque niveau étant dédié à une tâche, les interférences entre tâchessont réduites.Les propriétés ainsi que les implications sur les aspects temps réelsthéoriques sont présentées pour des systèmes mono et multiprocesseurs.Une implémentation d’un système uniprocesseur incluant ce servicematériel et sa caractérisation par rapport à l’exécution d’un set de tâchessont également présentées ainsi que les bénéfices apportés par le HwCS:Lorsque les couches du HwCS ont la même taille que le cache de base, 94%des tâches ont un meilleur temps d’exécution (jusqu’à 67%) et 80% ont unmeilleur pire temps d’exécution (WCET). 80% des tâches deviennent plusprédictibles et les 20% restants bénéficient néanmoins d’un meilleur WCET.Toutefois, si la taille du cache est partagée entre les couches du HwCS, lesmesures montrent que 75% des tâches ont un meilleur temps d’exécution,impliquant un meilleur WCET pour la moitié des tâches du système. Seule-ment 6% des tâches voient leur WCET augmenter et leur prédictibilitédiminuer tandis que 75% des tâches améliorent leur prédictibilité grâce auHwCS. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis presents a set of system algorithms and a feasibility analysis of an automated enforcement system that uses dedicated short-range communication with an emphasis on seatbelt and speed enforcement. The current seatbelt and speed enforcement limitations and disadvantages can be overcome because future vehicles will be equipped with devices that can be used to communicate with other vehicles or the traffic infrastructure. One limitation of the current seatbelt enforcement system is that it relies only on human vision. Today’s automated photo speed enforcement also has the following major limitations and disadvantages: fixed position enforcement, system installation and maintenance costs, enforcement based only on spot speed, sensitivity to lighting conditions, and vulnerability to sprays and obstructions that might block the license plates. This thesis proposes an automated enforcement system that uses wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p protocol), which can resolve all of the above-mentioned problems and is also more efficient, accurate, and cost effective.

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication using Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology promises to help drastically reduce vehicle collisions. DSRC allows vehicles in a highly mobile and complex network to send and receive safety messages with more reliability and lower latency compared with other wireless technologies used for automotive communications. However, there are many factors that could cause a safety-critical automotive application to become unreliable due to communication failures. While the reliability of V2V communication has been a subject of study by several researchers, there are still open questions regarding how the placement of the DSRC devices (inside or outside the host vehicle), the vehicle’s interior elements and the differences in altitude can affect the V2V communications. This article provides experimental testing data and analyses in order to quantify the impacts of relative vehicle speeds, altitude differences between vehicles, and interior obstacles on V2V communication range and reliability for opposite traffic, in both city and highway environments. We discuss how these results can adversely affect the design parameters of safety critical applications by considering the V2V application “Safe Pass Advisory” on two-lane rural highways.

Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) systems, a form of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, were placed on Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) snowplows to request signal preemption. The study took place along five state routes in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. Snowplows and intersections were equipped with the technology to communicate and process requests for signal preemption. Signal performance and vehicle performance analysis were performed to understand the impacts that snowplows requesting signal preemption had. Signal performance analysis was done to determine how snowplows with V2X systems using DSRC affected signals. Vehicle performance analysis was done to see if plowing and traffic efficiency and performance were improved, as well as evaluating safety implications of signal preemption. To perform the signal performance analysis, V2X data were collected to understand how often signal preemption was requested by snowplows, how often it was granted by signal controllers, and how long preemption requests affected signal controller timing. Snowplows requested preemption over 50 percent of the time they approached a signalized intersection. Of messages that requested signal preemption, over 80 percent were granted. On average, signal controllers are affected by preemption processing for less than 5 minutes. This shows that the system works as designed, is used often, and does not have adverse effects on signal controller. Data for vehicle performance analysis included analysis of snowplow speed data, general travel speed data, and crash data. These were collected to analyze the effects of snowplows requesting signal preemption on vehicle performance. The analysis showed that snowplow speeds are not changed due to the signal preemption system, but the number of times snowplows stopped was reduced. General travel speeds on equipped routes were more consistently closer to the speed limits than not equipped routes. Crash data showed a greater negative decrease on equipped routes than on not equipped routes. These findings showed minimal changes or impacts to vehicle performance, but anecdotal evidence from snowplow drivers indicates benefits from the system overall. There were various limitations in the analysis. Data granularity differed among datasets, making comparison between the different datasets difficult without reducing data integrity. Some datasets did not have much data, making statistical significance unclear. With these data limitations, conclusions were drawn, but do not fully describe all the potential benefits and impacts of snowplows with V2X systems that use DSRC to request signal preemption. Additional research is needed to better understand the impacts that snowplows requesting signal preemption has on different maintenance metrics, such as fuel usage and time spent plowing. It is also recommended that data used is explored for ways to improve the granularity.

Call quality has been crucial from the inception of telecommunication networks. Operators need to monitor call quality from the end-user's perspective, in order to retain subscribers and reduce subscriber 'churn'. Operators worry not only about call quality and interconnect revenue loss, but also about network connectivity issues in areas where mobile network gateways are prevalent. Bandwidth quality as experienced by the end-user is equally important in helping operators to reduce churn. The parameters that network operators use to improve call quality are mainly from the end-user's perspective. These parameters are usually ASR (answer seizure ratio), PDD (postdial delay), NER (network efficiency ratio), the number of calls for which these parameters have been analyzed and successful calls. Operators use these parameters to evaluate and optimize the network to meet their quality requirements. Analysis of speech quality is a major arena for research. Traditionally, users' perception of speech quality has been measured offline using subjective listening tests. Such tests are, however, slow, tedious and costly. An alternative method is therefore needed; one that can be automatically computed on the subscriber's handset, be available to the operator as well as to subscribers and, at the same time, provide results that are comparable with conventional subjective scores. QMeter® 'a set of tools for signal and bandwidth measurement that have been developed bearing in mind all the parameters that influence call and bandwidth quality experienced by the end-user' addresses these issues and, additionally, facilitates dynamic tariff propositions which enhance the credibility of the operator. This research focuses on call quality parameters from the end-user's perspective. The call parameters used in the research are signal strength, successful call rate, normal drop call rate, and hand-over drop rate. Signal strength is measured for every five milliseconds of an active call and average signal strength is calculated for each successful call. The successful call rate, normal drop rate and hand-over drop rate are used to achieve a measurement of the overall call quality. Call quality with respect to bundles of 10 calls is proposed. An attempt is made to visualize these parameters for better understanding of where the quality is bad, good and excellent. This will help operators, as well as user groups, to measure quality and coverage. Operators boast about their bandwidth but in reality, to know the locations where speed has to be improved, they need a tool that can effectively measure speed from the end-user's perspective. BM (bandwidth meter), a tool developed as a part of this research, measures the average speed of data sessions and stores the information for analysis at different locations. To address issues of quality in the subscriber segment, this research proposes the varying of tariffs based on call and bandwidth quality. Call charging based on call quality as perceived by the end-user is proposed, both to satisfy subscribers and help operators to improve customer satisfaction and increase average revenue per user. Tariff redemption procedures are put forward for bundles of 10 calls and 10 data sessions. In addition to the varying of tariffs, quality escalation processes are proposed. Deploying such tools on selected or random samples of users will result in substantial improvement in user loyalty which, in turn, will bring operational and economic advantages.

Orientador: José Celso Freire Junior / Resumo: Algumas necessidades específicas da Fisioterapia, área que estuda o Equilíbrio Postural e a Análise da Marcha Humana estão entre as principais razões para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho de pesquisa. Ele, tem por base uma plataforma de força, desenvolvida em 2016 por pesquisadores da UNESP e do Laboratório G-SCOP, da instituição Grenoble INP da França. A esta solução foram adicionadas duas interfaces eletrônicas. A primeira, com objetivo de fornecer informações sobre as forças de reação do solo, de um paciente que está sobre a plataforma e a segunda para controlar a estabilidade da plataforma, simulando dois níveis de dificuldades para o paciente se manter em equilíbrio. Aplicativos foram desenvolvidos para fazer a captura de dados e a análise gráfica dos resultados. Além de calcular informações sobre o deslocamento dos centros de pressão e de massa do paciente, eles asseguram o sincronismo entre os dados capturados por sensores de força, instalados na plataforma e um sensor de movimento Kinect. O tratamento dos dados do sensor de movimento possibilita a criação de um modelo tridimensional detalhado, na forma de um esqueleto digital, que apresenta a cinemática de várias articulações do corpo humano e o seu respectivo comportamento posicional, em função do tempo. O trabalho apresenta também um estudo comparativo entre o sistema desenvolvido e um ambiente de referência padronizado, que utiliza um sistema de filmagem, com várias câmeras infravermelho de alta definição, disponív... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Some specific needs of Physiotherapy, an area that studies the Postural Equilibrium and the Gait Analysis are among the main reasons for the development of this research work. It is based on a force platform, developed in 2016 by researchers from UNESP and the G-SCOP Laboratory of the Grenoble INP institution in France. Two electronic interfaces were added to this solution. The first one, to provide information about the ground reaction forces, from one patient on the platform and the second to control the stability of the platform, simulating two levels of difficulty for the patient to keep in balance. Applications were developed to capture data and graphically analyze the results. In addition to calculating information about the displacement of the patient's pressure and mass centers, they ensure synchronization between the data captured by force sensors installed on the platform and a Kinect motion sensor. The treatment of motion sensor data allows the creation of a detailed three-dimensional model, in the form of a digital skeleton, which presents the kinematics of various joints of the human body and their respective positional behavior, as a function of time. The work also presents a comparative study between the developed system and a standardized reference environment, using a multi-camera high-definition infrared camera system, available in a dedicated room of the University Hospital of Grenoble. This analysis evaluates the possibility of creating new products for th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T12:40:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 PDF - Lincoln Soares Mota.pdf: 2256154 bytes, checksum: fefc535e26fd0e60e8d3a07ab15ace28 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T12:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 PDF - Lincoln Soares Mota.pdf: 2256154 bytes, checksum: fefc535e26fd0e60e8d3a07ab15ace28 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Biological treatment has proven, over the years, a viable alternative for treating wastewater. In the period of over a century that apply biological systems they have developed several processes that made it possible to diversify the goal of treatment, as well as greater efficiency and lower cost. The system displays versatility is probably the activated sludge system. This dissertation addresses the construction and activated sludge systems operation, sequencing batch system (RBS), to obtain the best operating conditions favoring the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from municipal wastewater. The essence of this work is a comparison between two types of systems, with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and another with distinct zones for nitrification and denitrification. It was also emphasized the influence of automation in these reactors for the operation of treatment systems with minimal human intervention. As conclusion the system with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification is effective for nitrogen removal when operated with a concentration of dissolved oxygen between 0.2 mg / L and 0.3 mg / L. The spreadsheet models developed for systems proved to be an important tool for designing RBS reactors for nitrogen removal. Control of mixed liquor recirculation flow in the system with separate zones is of paramount importance to maintain stable operation of the system and with the proper treatment capacity. Comparing the two configurations studied reactors it is noted that both have the potential to favorably nitrogen removal, but the system with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification had better removal capacity. / O tratamento biológico vem se mostrando, ao longo dos anos, uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de águas residuárias. No período de mais de um século que se aplicam sistemas biológicos, se desenvolveram vários processos que possibilitaram uma diversificação do objetivo do tratamento, além de maior eficiência e menor custo. O sistema que exibe maior versatilidade é, provavelmente, o sistema de lodos ativados. O presente trabalho de dissertação aborda a construção e operação de sistemas de lodo ativado, em regime de bateladas sequenciais (RBS), para obtenção das melhores condições operacionais que favoreçam a remoção de material orgânico e nitrogênio de águas residuárias municipais. A essência do trabalho é uma comparação entre dois tipos de sistemas, um com nitrificação e desnitrificação simultâneas e outro com zonas distintas para nitrificação e desnitrificação. Também foi dada ênfase à influência da automatização nestes reatores para operação dos sistemas de tratamento com a mínima intervenção humana. Como conclusão tem-se que o sistema com nitrificação e desnitrificação simultâneas é eficiente para remoção de nitrogênio quando operado com concentração de oxigênio dissolvido entre 0,2 mg/L e 0,3 mg/L. As planilhas modelos desenvolvidas para os sistemas mostraram ser uma ferramenta importante para projetar reatores RBS para remoção de nitrogênio. O controle da vazão de recirculação de licor misto no sistema com zonas separadas é de fundamental importância para manter a operação do sistema de forma estável e com a capacidade de tratamento adequada. Comparando as duas configurações de reatores estudadas verifica-se que ambos possuem potencial de tratamento favorável para remoção de nitrogênio, mas o sistema com nitrificação e desnitrificação simultâneas apresentou melhor capacidade de remoção.

Cette thèse explore la relation entre urbanisme et transport par l’étude de projets de bus en site propre dans dix villes de la proche banlieue parisienne, territoire qui dispose à la fois d’une accessibilité correcte à la ville-centre et d’opportunités foncières susceptibles de constituer un réel potentiel de « reconstruction de la ville sur la ville ». À travers l’étude de documents d’archives, elle retrace la genèse, entre propositions, négociations, adaptations et déploiements de ces projets de transport, et la complète par l’analyse de l’évolution des territoires urbains traversés, sur une période de 30 ans, grâce notamment à l’exploitation de la base de données des Modes d’Occupation des Sols de l’IAU-IDF. En s’appuyant sur cette double démarche, cette thèse tente d’appréhender le concept d’« urbanisme orienté par les transports collectifs » et met en évidence des stratégies contrastées des communes traversées face à l’arrivée de ce type de projet de transport, ainsi que les corrélations qui peuvent exister entre ces stratégies, l’histoire de ces communes et leur composition socio-démographique. Elle révèle également des écarts entre les volontés affichées et les réalisations conduites ou les résultats obtenus, écarts dont les causes peuvent être diverses, mais qui permettent de mieux comprendre les efforts qui restent à conduire dans différents domaines pour mieux assurer la cohérence entre projets transport et projets urbains. Les exemples traités montrent que le projet de bus en site propre peut constituer le socle d’une action en faveur d’un « urbanisme orienté par les transports collectifs » ou n’engendrer qu’un « transport orienté par le développement urbain ». Dans les deux cas, on peut considérer sa réalisation comme une réussite selon les critères de performance du système de transport, ou estimer que dans le second cas, une partie seulement des potentialités du projet ont été réalisées, et qu’il est possible d’en tirer des enseignements pour faire évoluer les pratiques et les dispositifs existants / This thesis explores the relationship between urban planning and transport, by studying dedicated bus lanes projects in ten cities of the near Parisian suburb, a territory which has both correct accessibility to the city-centre and real estate opportunities, so that it can constitute a potential of « rebuilding the city over the city ». By studying archival documents, it traces the genesis of these dedicated bus lanes, from propositions, to negotiations, adaptations and deployments, associated with the analysis of the urban evolution of the concerned territories, during 30 years, mainly by using the land-use database from IAU-IDF. By this double approach, the research tries to understand the concept of « Transit Oriented Development » and assesses contrasted strategies of concerned cities toward these types of projects, and highlights the correlation between these strategies and city’s history and the social demographic composition. It also reveals the gap between the stated will and undertaken implementation or achieved results, a difference that may have various causes, but also enables to understand the different efforts that must be made to ensure the coherence between transport projects and urban projects. A dedicated bus lane can be a basis for an action in favour of a « Transit Oriented Development » or lead to a « development oriented transit ». In both cases, we can consider its implementation as a success, according to transport systems criteria, or deem that in the second case, only a part of the project potentialities were achieved, and that it is possible to learn from these experiences to develop the current practices and process

The commercial buildings sector in the United States used 18 percent (17.93 Quads) of the U.S. primary energy in 2006. Office buildings are the largest single energy consumption category in the commercial buildings sector of the United States with annual energy consumption around 1.1 Quads. Traditional approaches used in commercial building designs are not adequate to save energy in both depth and scale. One of the most effective ways to reduce energy consumption is to improve energy performance of HVAC systems. High-performance HVAC systems and components, as well as application of renewable energy sources, were surveyed for buildings in hot and humid climates. An analysis of performance and energy saving potential estimation for selected HVAC systems in hot and humid climates was developed based on energy consumption simulation models in DOE-2.1E. A calibrated energy consumption model of an existing office building located in the hot and humid climate conditions of Texas was developed. Based on this model, the energy saving potential of the building was estimated. In addition, energy consumption simulation models were developed for a new office building, including simulation of energy saving measures that could be achieved with further improvements of HVAC system above the energy conservation codes requirements. The theoretical minimum energy consumption level for the same office building was estimated for the purpose of evaluating the whole building energy efficiency level. The theoretical minimum energy consumption model of the office building was designed to provide the same level of comfort and services to the building occupants as provided in the actual building simulation model. Finally, the energy efficiency of the building that satisfies valid energy conservation codes and the building with an improved HVAC system was estimated based on theoretically minimum energy consumption level. The analysis provided herein can be used for new building practitioners and existing building owners to evaluate energy reduction potential and the performance of innovative technologies such as dedicated outdoor air system, displacement ventilation, improved cooling system efficiency, air source heat pumps and natural gas heat pumps.

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