Nesta dissertação, os verbos considerados defectivos pela normatividade são o objeto de estudo em questão. O objetivo consiste em averiguar se verbos, como banir, explodir, demolir, precaver, reaver, dentre outros são usados defectivamente pelos falantes. Para isso, nós analisamos e estudamos o conceito de defectividade em autores da tradição brasileira, como Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009) e em autores que estudaram a defectividade no português brasileiro por meio de teorias linguísticas, como Nevins, Damulakis e Freitas (2014) e Maiden & ONeil (2010). Vimos que esses autores apontam causas da defectividade por questões fonológicas, morfológicas, semânticas e pragmáticas. Outros trabalhos que não tinham paradigmas verbais no português brasileiro foram fundamentais para o andamento desta pesquisa, como Baerman (2010) e Sims (2006). Dentre esses estudos analisados, procuramos abordar quais as causas identificadas pelos autores citados, dentre elas, encontramos a homofonia como um senso comum. Tratamos nossos dados dentro da teoria da gramática gerativa, como a teoria da otimalidade. Durante a nossa pesquisa, vimos que o fenômeno da defectividade ocorre de maneira desigual, pois, em alguns paradigmas verbais, falta apenas a primeira pessoa do singular do presente, enquanto em outras o paradigma apresenta apenas as formas arrizotônicas. Reanalisamos dados de pesquisas anteriores do ponto de vista fonológico, morfológico e semântico para mostrar alguns problemas nelas. Nosso estudo foi motivado porque encontramos dados os quais mostram que verbos ditos defectivos pela gramática tradicional são conjugados plenamente pelos falantes nativos. Logo, a fim de averiguar se o falante usa os mesmos verbos defectivamente como a gramática, fizemos alguns experimentos para isso. Os nossos resultados mostraram indícios de que a defectividade é vista de uma forma diferente pelo falante, pois há uma incompatibilidade parcial entre o que a gramática diz e entre o que o falante usa. / The verbs considered defective by normativity are the object of study in this thesis. The goal is to verify if verbs such as: ban, explode, demolish, preclude, retrieve, amongst others are used by the speakers defectively. To do so, we analyzed and studied the defectiveness concept in authors from the Brazilian tradition, such as Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009), and in authors that have studied defectiveness in Brazilian Portuguese through other linguistic theories, such as Nevins, Damulakis and Freitas (2014) and Maiden & ONeil (2010). We have perceived that these authors point out reasons for defectiveness for phonologic, morphologic, semantic and pragmatic reasons. Other works that did not have Brazilian Portuguese verbal paradigms were fundamental for the development of this research, such as Baerman (2010) and Sims (2006). Amid the analyzed studies, we sought to approach the identified causes mentioned by the quoted authors, among them, we found the homophony as a common ground. We approached our data within the generative grammar theory, as well as the optimality theory. During our research, we saw that the defectiveness phenomenon happens in an uneven way because, in some verbal paradigms, there is only the present first-person singular missing, while in others, the paradigm presents only the forms with no stressed root. We reanalyzed the data from previous researches from the phonologic, morphologic and semantic point of view to present some of their problems. Our study was motivated by finding data that showed us that some verbs considered defective by the traditional grammar are fully conjugated by native speakers. Therefore, with the intent to verify if the speaker uses the same verbs defectively as the grammar, we made some experiments. Our results showed indications that the defectiveness is seen in a different way by the speaker, because there is a partial incompatibility between what is said by the grammar and what is used by the speaker.

Nesta dissertação, os verbos considerados defectivos pela normatividade são o objeto de estudo em questão. O objetivo consiste em averiguar se verbos, como banir, explodir, demolir, precaver, reaver, dentre outros são usados defectivamente pelos falantes. Para isso, nós analisamos e estudamos o conceito de defectividade em autores da tradição brasileira, como Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009) e em autores que estudaram a defectividade no português brasileiro por meio de teorias linguísticas, como Nevins, Damulakis e Freitas (2014) e Maiden & ONeil (2010). Vimos que esses autores apontam causas da defectividade por questões fonológicas, morfológicas, semânticas e pragmáticas. Outros trabalhos que não tinham paradigmas verbais no português brasileiro foram fundamentais para o andamento desta pesquisa, como Baerman (2010) e Sims (2006). Dentre esses estudos analisados, procuramos abordar quais as causas identificadas pelos autores citados, dentre elas, encontramos a homofonia como um senso comum. Tratamos nossos dados dentro da teoria da gramática gerativa, como a teoria da otimalidade. Durante a nossa pesquisa, vimos que o fenômeno da defectividade ocorre de maneira desigual, pois, em alguns paradigmas verbais, falta apenas a primeira pessoa do singular do presente, enquanto em outras o paradigma apresenta apenas as formas arrizotônicas. Reanalisamos dados de pesquisas anteriores do ponto de vista fonológico, morfológico e semântico para mostrar alguns problemas nelas. Nosso estudo foi motivado porque encontramos dados os quais mostram que verbos ditos defectivos pela gramática tradicional são conjugados plenamente pelos falantes nativos. Logo, a fim de averiguar se o falante usa os mesmos verbos defectivamente como a gramática, fizemos alguns experimentos para isso. Os nossos resultados mostraram indícios de que a defectividade é vista de uma forma diferente pelo falante, pois há uma incompatibilidade parcial entre o que a gramática diz e entre o que o falante usa. / The verbs considered defective by normativity are the object of study in this thesis. The goal is to verify if verbs such as: ban, explode, demolish, preclude, retrieve, amongst others are used by the speakers defectively. To do so, we analyzed and studied the defectiveness concept in authors from the Brazilian tradition, such as Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009), and in authors that have studied defectiveness in Brazilian Portuguese through other linguistic theories, such as Nevins, Damulakis and Freitas (2014) and Maiden & ONeil (2010). We have perceived that these authors point out reasons for defectiveness for phonologic, morphologic, semantic and pragmatic reasons. Other works that did not have Brazilian Portuguese verbal paradigms were fundamental for the development of this research, such as Baerman (2010) and Sims (2006). Amid the analyzed studies, we sought to approach the identified causes mentioned by the quoted authors, among them, we found the homophony as a common ground. We approached our data within the generative grammar theory, as well as the optimality theory. During our research, we saw that the defectiveness phenomenon happens in an uneven way because, in some verbal paradigms, there is only the present first-person singular missing, while in others, the paradigm presents only the forms with no stressed root. We reanalyzed the data from previous researches from the phonologic, morphologic and semantic point of view to present some of their problems. Our study was motivated by finding data that showed us that some verbs considered defective by the traditional grammar are fully conjugated by native speakers. Therefore, with the intent to verify if the speaker uses the same verbs defectively as the grammar, we made some experiments. Our results showed indications that the defectiveness is seen in a different way by the speaker, because there is a partial incompatibility between what is said by the grammar and what is used by the speaker.

As a part of the quality management, product defectiveness prediction is vital for small software organizations as for instutional ones. Although for defect prediction there have been conducted a lot of studies, process enactment data cannot be used because of the difficulty of collection. Additionally, there is no proposed approach known in general for the analysis of process enactment data in software engineering. In this study, we developed a method to show the applicability of process enactment data for defect prediction and answered &ldquo / Is process enactment data beneficial for defect prediction?&rdquo / , &ldquo / How can we use process enactment data?&rdquo / and &ldquo / Which approaches and analysis methods can our method support?&rdquo / questions. We used multiple case study design and conducted case studies including with and without process enactment data in a small software development company. We preferred machine learning approaches rather than statistical ones, in order to cluster the data which includes process enactment informationsince we believed that they are convenient with the pattern oriented nature of the data. By the case studies performed, we obtained promising results. We evaluated performance values of prediction models to demonstrate the advantage of using process enactment data for the prediction of defect open duration value. When we have enough data points to apply machine learning methods and the data can be clusteredhomogeneously, we observed approximately 3% (ranging from -10% to %17) more accurate results from analyses including with process enactment data than the without ones. Keywords:

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<p>This thesis is mainly a critical examination of Professor Mark C. Murphy’s theory of defectiveness. In his view, being backed by decisive reasons for action is a standard internal to legality, to the property of being law, such that a law or a legal system that is not backed by decisive reasons for action fails to measure up and thus, is <em>defective</em> qua law or legal system. Following a short introduction, I will devote chapter I to presenting Professor Murphy’s theory of defectiveness in the context of his defence of the natural law tradition. In the remaining two chapters, I shall state and assess two types of argument in support of this main thesis. Chapter II is concerned with the functional argument, which holds that law’s characteristic activity, thus law’s function, is to provide dictates backed by decisive reasons for action. I criticize Murphy’s account claiming that his explanation is bereft of a causal mechanism that links certain characteristic activities with certain effects, which is the main element of non-agentive functional explanations. The different type of argument that attempts to present the presence of decisive reasons as a non-defectiveness condition of illocutionary acts in general, and thus for legal illocutionary acts, is considered in chapter III. Here, I argue that Murphy’s position is not supported by the orthodox theory of illocutionary acts. From this I conclude that we have reason to doubt Professor Murphy’s success in providing an appropriate theory of legal defectiveness.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Neste estudo, analisou-se o tratamento dado à morfologia verbal do português em três tipos de obras de referência - um estudo de lingüística teórica; nove gramáticas de português, e os verbetes de terminações verbais de um dicionário -, na tentativa de: tornar a descrição mattosiana mais clara para a manipulação didática; verificar em que medida as gramáticas se beneficiam dessa análise; estabelecer possíveis razões para a defectividade em português, e atribuir uma classificação para os verbos com alternância vocálica, baseada no levantamento quantitativo desses verbos. Assim, a morfologia verbal foi examinada em três textos de Câmara Jr. (1975; 1972; 1970); duas gramáticas de português voltadas para falantes de português como língua materna (Bechara, 1999; Cunha; Cintra, 1985) e em sete gramáticas voltadas para falantes de português como língua estrangeira (Hutchinson; Lloyd, 2002; Perini, 2002; Masip, 2000; Abreu; Murteira, 1998; Gärtner 1998; Teyssier, 1984; Vázquez Cuesta; Mendes da Luz, 1980). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a descrição mattosiana está no bojo de exposição da morfologia das duas primeiras gramáticas, mas poderia ser mais explorada na exposição didática. O levantamento dos verbos defectivos em Bechara (1999); Cunha; Cintra (1985) permitiu verificar relação entre a defectividade verbal e uma possível alternância vocálica nos verbos de terceira conjugação. Apesar da descrição pouco econômica, o estabelecimento de verbetes de Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) favoreceu o levantamento quantitativo dos verbos com alternância vocálica, fazendo ver que o fenômeno ocorre na maioria dos verbos com vogais radicais /e/ e /o/ das três conjugações. / In this study, the treatment given to the verb Portuguese morphology was analyzed in three types of reference books - theoretical linguistic study; nine grammar books in Portuguese and the dictionary entries of verb endings -, in the attempt of: making clearer Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description for didactic usage; of verifying to what extent the grammar books take advantage of this analysis; of establishing possible reasons for the defectiveness in Portuguese and of classifying the verbs with vowel variation based on these verbs\' quantitative survey. This way the verb morphology was examined in three Câmara Jr. texts (1975; 1972; 1970); two Portuguese grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing this language as a mother-tongue (1975; 1972; 1970); and in seven grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing it as a foreign language. (1975; 1972; 1970). The results of this study reveal that Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description is in the core of the morphology exposure in the two former grammar books, but that it also could be better exploited in the didactic usage. The defective verbs survey in Bechara (1999, 1975); Cunha; Cintra (1985) made it possible to verify the relation between the verb defectiveness and a probable vowel variation in the third inflection verbs. Despite a brief description, the entries\'s setting found in Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) made it possible the quantitative survey of verbs with vowel variation showing that the phenomenon takes place in most part of verbs with root vowels /e/ and /o/ in the three inflections.

Neste estudo, analisou-se o tratamento dado à morfologia verbal do português em três tipos de obras de referência - um estudo de lingüística teórica; nove gramáticas de português, e os verbetes de terminações verbais de um dicionário -, na tentativa de: tornar a descrição mattosiana mais clara para a manipulação didática; verificar em que medida as gramáticas se beneficiam dessa análise; estabelecer possíveis razões para a defectividade em português, e atribuir uma classificação para os verbos com alternância vocálica, baseada no levantamento quantitativo desses verbos. Assim, a morfologia verbal foi examinada em três textos de Câmara Jr. (1975; 1972; 1970); duas gramáticas de português voltadas para falantes de português como língua materna (Bechara, 1999; Cunha; Cintra, 1985) e em sete gramáticas voltadas para falantes de português como língua estrangeira (Hutchinson; Lloyd, 2002; Perini, 2002; Masip, 2000; Abreu; Murteira, 1998; Gärtner 1998; Teyssier, 1984; Vázquez Cuesta; Mendes da Luz, 1980). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a descrição mattosiana está no bojo de exposição da morfologia das duas primeiras gramáticas, mas poderia ser mais explorada na exposição didática. O levantamento dos verbos defectivos em Bechara (1999); Cunha; Cintra (1985) permitiu verificar relação entre a defectividade verbal e uma possível alternância vocálica nos verbos de terceira conjugação. Apesar da descrição pouco econômica, o estabelecimento de verbetes de Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) favoreceu o levantamento quantitativo dos verbos com alternância vocálica, fazendo ver que o fenômeno ocorre na maioria dos verbos com vogais radicais /e/ e /o/ das três conjugações. / In this study, the treatment given to the verb Portuguese morphology was analyzed in three types of reference books - theoretical linguistic study; nine grammar books in Portuguese and the dictionary entries of verb endings -, in the attempt of: making clearer Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description for didactic usage; of verifying to what extent the grammar books take advantage of this analysis; of establishing possible reasons for the defectiveness in Portuguese and of classifying the verbs with vowel variation based on these verbs\' quantitative survey. This way the verb morphology was examined in three Câmara Jr. texts (1975; 1972; 1970); two Portuguese grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing this language as a mother-tongue (1975; 1972; 1970); and in seven grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing it as a foreign language. (1975; 1972; 1970). The results of this study reveal that Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description is in the core of the morphology exposure in the two former grammar books, but that it also could be better exploited in the didactic usage. The defective verbs survey in Bechara (1999, 1975); Cunha; Cintra (1985) made it possible to verify the relation between the verb defectiveness and a probable vowel variation in the third inflection verbs. Despite a brief description, the entries\'s setting found in Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) made it possible the quantitative survey of verbs with vowel variation showing that the phenomenon takes place in most part of verbs with root vowels /e/ and /o/ in the three inflections.