The aim of this study was to research TOA based tracking and deinterleaving algorithms suited to radar emitters in an EW environment for application on the CSIR 5th generation DRFM platform. The research problem statement stipulated that the only defining characteristic of the different emitters be the time of arrival (TOA) of their pulses. The pulse repetition interval (PRI) schemes considered in the study was constant, jittered, staggered and dwell and switch. The different TOA based deinterleaving algorithms investigated were sequence search (SS), TOA difference histogram, CDIF, SDIF, CDIF with SS (CDIF SS), SDIF with SS (SDIF SS) and interleaved pulse train spectrum estimation. The interleaved pulse train spectrum estimation algorithm results could not be replicated and were not included in simulations. The TOA based tracking algorithms that were also investigated were Delta-t histogram, Kalman filter, alpha-beta filter and alpha-beta-gamma filter. The alpha-beta-gamma filter became unstable during simulations and hence their results have also been excluded. The algorithms were simulated in MATLAB against EW environments with varied TOA measurement noise, number of emitters, PRI schemes and interference pulses (missing and spurious). General conclusions drawn from the deinterleaving simulations were the success of the algorithms decrease with the increase of emitters in the EW environment, interference pulses increased the success of some algorithms and the success of algorithms increased with TMNR (time measurement to noise ratio). General conclusions drawn from the tracking simulations were track loss of the algorithms decrease with increase in TMNR, tracking error decreases with increase in TMNR and interference pulses affected the initial estimates used to initialise the filters. The performance of the deinterleaving (CDIF & CDIF SS) and tracking ( Delta-t histogram & alpha-beta filter) algorithms were compared on the DRFM platform. On the DRFM platform, the CDIF algorithm deinterleaved in fewer pulses but had more false detections as compared to the CDIF SS algorithm. The alpha-beta filter performed better with lower TMNR than the Delta-t histogram, on the DRFM platform. The CDIF SS algorithm and alpha-beta filter were chosen, based on their performance on the DRFM, to be implemented on a DRFM based system that would deinterleave and then track emitters in an EW environment. The system was successfully implemented and met all requirements that were placed on it. Possible improvements to the system and the future improvements to the research are also discussed.

This thesis aims to examine how and why a continental-oriented China has shifted its maritime strategic orientation and naval force structure from its coast toward the far seas in an era of interdependent international system. Generally, China is an ancient continental land power with an incomplete oceanic awareness. With the transformation after the Cold War of China’s grand strategy from landward security to seaward security, maritime security interests have gradually become the most essential part of China’s strategic rationale. Undoubtedly, the quest for sea power and sea rights has become Beijing’s main maritime strategic issue. Given China’s escalating maritime politico-economic-military leverage in the Asia-Pacific region, its desire to become a leading sea power embodying global strategic thinking means that it must expand its maritime strategy by developing its navy and preparing for armed confrontation in terms of international relations realism. Conversely, Beijing’s maritime policy leads at the same time towards globalization, which involves multilateralism and strategic coexistence of a more pragmatic kind. / This research analyses Chinese maritime strategy in the Asia-Pacific by asking: ‘Whither the Chinese maritime strategy in the ever changing Asia-Pacific security environment since the PRC was established in 1949?’ In general, contemporary China’s national security strategy is closely connected with its maritime strategy and with its comprehensive security plan for its economy, its energy supplies and its sovereignty. According to China’s view of its security environment, the traditional territorial scramble is changing from control of the land to the control of territorial waters, of maritime strategic resources, and of critical sea lanes. As a result, maritime economic competition has become a key focus for many nations. Given this, it is understandable that China’s maritime expansion from the coast to the high seas is part of its strategic approach. As a consequence, this study asks: ‘In order to shape a Sinocentric maritime security environment for China’s rising sea power, how has Beijing’s approach to maritime strategic expansion shifted from one of military antagonism toward one of strategic coexistence in the region.’ / In recent years, Beijing has, purposefully, changed its maritime strategic thinking from Maoist-style coastal defence activities to offshore defence and ultimately a far sea defence. Importantly, this strategic aspiration is clear in China’s recent national defence white papers. According to the 2004 Defence White Paper of China, Beijing clearly acknowledges a shift from China’s traditional land power to a maritime power and its priority apropos the building of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) for winning command of the high sea and for conducting strategic counter-strikes. Meanwhile, according to China’s 2006 Defence White Paper, Beijing clearly states that China’s security concerns energy, resources, finance, information and international shipping routes are mounting. To achieve a comprehensive maritime capacity, the PLAN’s mission is urgent. It is to extend China’s offshore capabilities and to increase its maritime strategic depth. In the recent 2008 Defence White Paper, Beijing emphasizes that struggles for strategic resources, strategic locations, and strategic dominance have intensified. This implies that the PLA has shifted the focus of ground force operations from regional defence toward trans-regional mobility. This infers that the direction of maritime strategy must shift from offshore defence to far sea defence / In a few words, maritime strategy is a grand-strategic opportunity, only littoral states are fortunate enough to have. China is one such state. With China’s politico-economic-military use of the sea growing in recent years, the natural expansion of its maritime strategic ambitions and long-range power projection capabilities have generated much concern. Regarding the maritime security dilemma in the Asia-Pacific, undeniably, the crux of the problem is whether an emerging maritime China can play the role of a responsible stakeholder there.

Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Managing any government institution has become increasingly complicated as the requirements for accountability; streamlined operations and greater flexibility have multiplied. As effective and efficient management becomes more complex and the demands of constant change are more insistent, consequently the role of information as an organisational resource assumes greater importance for management on all levels inside the organisation. Management relies heavily on information to thrive. The value of information is derived from the actions that managers take as a result of using information. Information management consumes a large portion of any organisations finite resources and it would be to the benefit of the South African National Defence Force to achieve goal congruence between the information management objectives and the organisational objectives. If information is to be viewed as a resource of comparable importance to staff assets, and finance it must be procured and managed as purposefully as any other resource. Information can be seen as a strategic resource for any organisation and must be managed accordingly. The Public Service Act, Act 103 of 1994, which classifies information as a strategic resource for the public sector, confirms this. The formal information management strategy of the Department of Defence must therefore enable the information systems of the South African National Defence Force to support the military and business objectives of the Department of Defence. This strategy specifies how an organisation matches its scares resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the environment to accomplish its objectives. The structure of the South African National Defence Force, before transformation, was centralised and structured into vertical silos. The current information systems in use are therefore functionally orientated supporting the centralised structure (vertical silos). Transformation restructured the South African National Defence Force into a more integrated forces concept (general support base concept), suggesting emphasis on co-operation, joint planning and joint operations. The management of information must move away from the islands and silos towards an integrated and shared environment that enables the integration of information amongst the integrated forces of the organisation. This joint engagement strategy places certain requirements on the resource information to enable it to support the military and business strategy of the Department of Defence. The South African National Defence Force is moving unavoidably closer to an accountability framework based on transparency and compliance with legislation and regulations. An integral part of this framework is the requirements to provide clear and unambiguous evidence of how and why decisions are made. If managers and commanders are going to be more accountable, information must be available to assist them in decision-making and control. With the introduction of the Public Finance Management Act and the Promotion of Access to Information Act, the ability to adhere to the requirements of accountability and responsibility has become a necessity. Relevant and timely information for decision-making and control purposes therefore must be provided to managers and commanders to assist them in decision-making and control. In its present state the available architecture of the information systems of the South African National Defence Force is inadequate to provide the required information for decision-making and control purposes. The information management practices including the information systems therefore must be improved to ensure adherence to the requirements of accountability and responsibility. This study is directed towards the improvement of the quality of information provided by the information systems of the Department of Defence to assist commanders and managers in decision-making and the provision of information for control purposes inside the general support base concept of the SANDF. This improvement can only be achieved by changing budget priorities to ensure a higher priority on information technology across the organisation. Failure to improve the information management practices will result in the ineffective execution of the defence strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bestuur van enige regeringsinstansie raak toenemend kompleks namate die eise van aanspreeklikheid, operasies en groter buigsaamheid meer word. Soos doeltreffende en doelmatige bestuur meer gekompliseerd en die vereistes vir voortdurende verandering meer veeleisend raak, word die rol van informasie as 'n organisasie hulpbron al hoe belangriker vir bestuurders op alle vlakke binne die organisasie. Bestuurders steun sterk op informasie om suksesvol te wees en die waarde van informasie word dan juis bepaal deur die aksies wat bestuurders neem deur informasie te gebruik. Informasiebestuur neem 'n groot deel van enige organisasie se beperkte hulpbronne in beslag en dit sal voordelig wees vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag om doelwitooreenstemming te bewerkstellig tussen informasiebestuurdoelwitte en organisasiedoelwitte. Indien informasie gesien word as 'n hulpbron van betreklike belang vir personeel, bates en finansies moet dit net so doelgerig as enige ander hulpbron bekom en bestuur word. Informasie is 'n strategiese hulpbron vir enige organisasie en moet dienooreenkomstig bestuur word. Dit word bevestig deur die Staatsdienswet, Wet 103 van 1994, waarin informasie as 'n strategiese hulpbron in die staatsdiens geklassifiseer word. Die formele informasie bestuurstrategie van die Departement van Verdediging moet dus die informasiestelsels van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag in staat stel om die militêre en besigheidstrategie van die Departement van Verdediging te ondersteun. Hierdie strategie spesifiseer hoe 'n organisasie sy skaars hulpbronne en vermoëns verbind aan geleenthede in sy omgewing om sy doelwitte te bereik. Voor transformasie was die struktuur van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag gesentraliseerd en in vertikale silo’s gestruktureer. Die informasiestelsels huidig in gebruik is derhalwe funksioneel georiënteer en ondersteun die sentrale struktuur (vertikale silo’s). Danksy transformasie is die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag hergestruktureerd in 'n meer geïntegreerde magtekonsep ("general support base concept") met die fokus op samewerking, gesamentlike operasies en gesamentlike beplanning. Die bestuur van informasie moet wegbeweeg van die eilande en silo’s-benadering na 'n meer geïntegreerde en gedeelde omgewing wat die integrasie van informasie tussen die geïntegreerde magte van die organisasie moontlik maak. Hierdie gesamentlike strategie stel sekere vereistes aan die hulpbroninformasie om die ondersteuning van die militêre en besigheidstrategie van die Departement van Verdediging moontlik te maak. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag beweeg onvermydelik nader aan ‘n aanspreeklikheidsraamwerk wat gebaseer is op deursigtigheid en die nakoming van wetgewing en regulasies. ‘n Integrale deel van hierdie raamwerk is die vereiste om duidelike en betroubare bewyse oor besluitneming te verskaf. Indien bestuurders en bevelvoerders meer aanspreeklik gehou gaan word, moet informasie beskikbaar wees om hulle by te staan in besluitneming en beheer. Met die implementering van die Wet op die Bestuur van Openbare Finansies ("The Public Finance Management Act") en die Wet op Openbaarmaking van Informasie ("Promotion of Access to Information Act") het die vermoë van organisasies om te voldoen aan die vereistes van aanspreeklikheid en verantwoordelikheid ‘n noodsaaklikheid geword. Relevante en tydige informasie vir besluitneming en beheer moet dus voorsien word aan bestuurders en bevelvoerders om hulle by te staan in besluitneming en beheer. Die huidige stand van argitektuur van die informasiestelsels van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag is onvoldoende om die vereiste informasie vir besluitneming en beheer te verskaf. Die praktyke vir die bestuur van informasie moet dus verbeter word om uitvoering te gee aan die vereistes van aanspreekilikheid en verantwoordelikheid. Hierdie studie is gerig op die verbetering van die gehalte van informasie wat verskaf word deur die informasiestelsels van die Departement van Verdediging om bevelvoerders en bestuurders by te staan in besluitneming, asook die verskaffing van informasie vir beheer doeleindes binne die "general support base"-konsep van die SANW. Hierdie verbetering kan slegs bereik word deur begrotingsprioriteite te verander om te verseker dat ‘n hoër begrotingsprioriteit op informasietegnologie geplaas word reg deur die organisasie. Die onvermoë om die informasiebestuurspraktyke te verbeter sal die bereiking van die verdedigingstrategieë nadelig beïnvloed.

The aim of this thesis was to find the answers on question how the situation, when the institutionalisation of cooperation among the Member States in the field of armament policy is taking the place, but some of its actor - in the present case Czech Republic - are not respecting the existing rules, is explained by the new institutionalism, one of the middle range theories of European Integration. The defence industries of the Member States of the EU went through deep transformation process in the 1990's in order to be able to meet the government requirements for the military equipment for its armed forces. Suitable military equipment of the European armies is one of the prerequisites for the success of military missions, which take place either within NATO or the European Security and Defence policy. The rise of European cooperation among Member States led to the creation of several organizations, such an as OCCAR or European Defence Agency. The latter is considered by the Member States as an important move on the way towards the creation of European Defence and Equipment Market. Also the role of European Commission has quite changed during last decade. EC is issuing new rules to be obeyed by the Member States, especially in the field of defence procurement. Today the European Commission does not...

Maize, a genetically diverse crop, is the third largest cereal crop in the world and the most important staple cereal in sub-Saharan Africa, supplying 50% of the calorie intake in this region. The stemborer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a key constraint to cereal production in most resource-poor smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa causing crop losses accruing up to 88%. Previous studies have shown that feeding by herbivorous insects induces maize to emit volatiles attractive to natural enemies. However, these antagonists are recruited when damage has already been inflicted on the plant. Recent investigations revealed that egg deposition can induce maize landraces of Mesoamerican origin to emit volatiles attractive to C. partellus parasitoids, a trait previously reported to be absent in maize hybrids. However, genotypic variation in this indirect defence trait within maize varieties adapted to local agroclimatic conditions and the effect of processes such as domestication and breeding on this trait are not known. Moreover, it is not known whether maize varieties possessing this indirect defence trait can directly deter further herbivore colonization and constitutively suppress the herbivore‟s larval development or whether they can induce the same defence trait in neighbouring unattacked plants. This study sought to fill these knowledge gaps with the aim of exploiting these plant defence traits in the development of ecologically sound crop protection strategies. Experiments were conducted in which headspace volatile samples were collected from plants of wild, landrace and hybrid maize with and without C. partellus eggs. Chemical analyses were done using gas chromatography (GC), coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled GC-Electroantenography (GC-EAG). Behavioural bioassays were done using egg (Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)) and larval (Cotesia sesamiae Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)) parasitoids in a 4-arm olfactometer using volatiles collected from the plants. Moreover, C. partellus larval preference, growth and development as well as subsequent oviposition behaviour of gravid C. partellus moths on these plants were determined. Behavioural assays showed that both T. bournieri and C. sesamiae preferred volatiles from four of the five wild teosinte species, five landraces and one of two maize hybrids exposed to egg deposition. Similarly, volatiles collected from unoviposited maize landrace plants exposed to oviposited landrace maize plants emitting oviposition-induced volatiles, were attractive to both egg and larval parasitoids. Moreover, maize varieties emitting these oviposition-induced volatiles deterred further herbivore colonization and suppressed larval development. Volatile analysis by GC and GC-MS revealed marked increases in volatile emission as well as qualitative changes in the odour blends in four wild types, five landraces and one hybrid, following stemborer oviposition. Coupled GC-EAG analysis of attractive samples revealed that C. sesamiae was responsive to (E)-2- hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, nonane, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, decanal, 3,4-dimethylacetophenone and (E)-β-farnesene. Results from this study provide insights into tritrophic interactions thus paving the way for designing novel and ecologically sound pest management strategies through breeding crops with this novel oviposition-induced defence trait. / PhD (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Maize, a genetically diverse crop, is the third largest cereal crop in the world and the most important staple cereal in sub-Saharan Africa, supplying 50% of the calorie intake in this region. The stemborer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a key constraint to cereal production in most resource-poor smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa causing crop losses accruing up to 88%. Previous studies have shown that feeding by herbivorous insects induces maize to emit volatiles attractive to natural enemies. However, these antagonists are recruited when damage has already been inflicted on the plant. Recent investigations revealed that egg deposition can induce maize landraces of Mesoamerican origin to emit volatiles attractive to C. partellus parasitoids, a trait previously reported to be absent in maize hybrids. However, genotypic variation in this indirect defence trait within maize varieties adapted to local agroclimatic conditions and the effect of processes such as domestication and breeding on this trait are not known. Moreover, it is not known whether maize varieties possessing this indirect defence trait can directly deter further herbivore colonization and constitutively suppress the herbivore‟s larval development or whether they can induce the same defence trait in neighbouring unattacked plants. This study sought to fill these knowledge gaps with the aim of exploiting these plant defence traits in the development of ecologically sound crop protection strategies. Experiments were conducted in which headspace volatile samples were collected from plants of wild, landrace and hybrid maize with and without C. partellus eggs. Chemical analyses were done using gas chromatography (GC), coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled GC-Electroantenography (GC-EAG). Behavioural bioassays were done using egg (Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)) and larval (Cotesia sesamiae Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)) parasitoids in a 4-arm olfactometer using volatiles collected from the plants. Moreover, C. partellus larval preference, growth and development as well as subsequent oviposition behaviour of gravid C. partellus moths on these plants were determined. Behavioural assays showed that both T. bournieri and C. sesamiae preferred volatiles from four of the five wild teosinte species, five landraces and one of two maize hybrids exposed to egg deposition. Similarly, volatiles collected from unoviposited maize landrace plants exposed to oviposited landrace maize plants emitting oviposition-induced volatiles, were attractive to both egg and larval parasitoids. Moreover, maize varieties emitting these oviposition-induced volatiles deterred further herbivore colonization and suppressed larval development. Volatile analysis by GC and GC-MS revealed marked increases in volatile emission as well as qualitative changes in the odour blends in four wild types, five landraces and one hybrid, following stemborer oviposition. Coupled GC-EAG analysis of attractive samples revealed that C. sesamiae was responsive to (E)-2- hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, nonane, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, decanal, 3,4-dimethylacetophenone and (E)-β-farnesene. Results from this study provide insights into tritrophic interactions thus paving the way for designing novel and ecologically sound pest management strategies through breeding crops with this novel oviposition-induced defence trait. / PhD (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Responsible arms control is an effective tool in international efforts to make sure that arms do not reach pariah states and terrorist groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that are considered to affect the effectiveness of arms control at Armscor and its contractors with a view to identifying gaps and come up with ways to address those gaps.

No description available.

PhD / Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Stellenbosch University / Embargo(30)lift date 2009-12-31 plt 2010 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through powerful signal molecules, rhizobacteria affect fundamental processes in plants. In recent years, a number of novel rhizobial molecules have been identified that positively affect plant growth and development. Previous studies have shown that Sinorhizobium meliloti, which form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, increases CO2 availability by enhancing root respiration in alfalfa. The active compound was identified as lumichrome, a previously unrecognized rhizosphere signal molecule that has been shown to promote plant growth in various studies. Lumichrome is a common breakdown product of riboflavin and produced by both chemical and biological factors. Various studies on lumichrome have proven its growth promoting effect in the interaction with plants. The mechanism through which lumichrome increases plant growth remains to be clarified. This study provides new insight into the molecular effects of the plant growth promoter lumichrome on the root metabolism of plants. The main aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate the molecular mechanism of the plant growth promoting substance lumichrome in the roots of the model plants Lotus japonicus and Solanum lycopersicon (tomato). To asses the impact of lumichrome on the root metabolism of Lotus japonicus and tomato and identify key genes involved in the growth stimulation, a comprehensive profile of differentially expressed genes, proteins and metabolites was compiled. As the effects of lumichrome as a plant growth promoter have not previously been tested on Lotus japonicus and tomato, basic growth studies were completed to determine if lumichrome indeed elicits plant growth at nanomolar concentrations, as was proven in numerous previous studies. Both Lotus japonicus and tomato showed significant increases in root biomass when treated with 5 nM of lumichrome. The treatment with lumichrome caused complex changes in gene expression. Generally, transcript profiling showed that the categories that were predominantly affected by lumichrome in both Lotus and tomato, were genes associated with RNA regulation of transcription and signaling, protein synthesis/degradation/modification and stress and defence. Proteomic studies revealed that the majority of the differentially expressed proteins were down-regulated. Lumichrome seems to largely influence proteins involved in protein folding and down-regulate proteins involved in glycolysis. Proteomics studies revealed that GS1 (Lotus) and GAPDH (Lotus and tomato) were present in lower abundance in lumichrome treated roots, therefore targeted analysis utilizing northern blots, western blots and the measurement of enzyme activities were completed to determine and verify their specific role in the lumichrome mediated growth promotion. The results indicated that GAPDH and GS1 seem to be under post-translational modification. The influence of lumichrome on the metabolome of Lotus roots was immense, however minute in tomato roots. The knowledge gained in the parallel analyses of both Lotus japonicus and tomato aided us in finding key genes involved in the growth stimulation. Overall, one of the most significant observations was that for the first time to our knowledge, six genes related to defence and pathogen responses were identified that are concurrently expressed in both Lotus and tomato. Through identifying a small number of genes involved in mediating the growth stimulation, these can be used for their functional analysis in the future, using reverse genetics to provide more insight into the molecular mechanisms that are triggered by lumichrome as a plant growth promoter. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deur kragtige sein-molekules, beïnvloed rhizobakterieë basiese prosesse in plante. In die laaste jare is ʼn aantal nuwe molekules, afkomstig van rhizobakterieë, geidentifiseer wat plantgroei en ontwikkeling positief beïnvloed. Voorafgaande studies het bewys dat Sinorhizobium meliloti, wat simbiotiese verhoudings met peulplante aangaan, die beskikbaarheid van CO2 vermeerder deur wortel respirasie in alfalfa te verhoog. Die aktiewe komponent is as lumikroom geidentifiseer, 'n vroeë onerkenbare risosfeer sein-molekule, wat deur vorige studies bewys is dat dit plantgroei stimuleer. Lumikroom is ʼn algemene afbreekproduk van riboflavin en word geproduseer deur chemiese en biologiese faktore. Verskeie studies op lumikroom het bewys dat dit 'n groei stimuleerende effek het op die groei van plante as dit daarmee in wisselwerking tree. Die meganisme waarmee lumikroom plante groei verhoog, is nog nie opgeklaar nie. Hierdie studie verleen nuwe insigte in die molekulêre effekte van die plantgroei stimuleerende molekuul lumikroom op die wortel metabolisme van plante. Die hoofdoel van die werk wat voorgestel word in hierdie tesis, was om die molekulêre meganisme van die plantgroei stimuleerende stof, genaamd lumikroom, in die wortels van die model plante Lotus japonicus en Solanum lycopersicon (tamatie), te ondersoek. Om die uitwerking van lumikroom op die wortel metabolisme van Lotus japonicus en tamatie te bepaal, asook sleutelgene wat betrokke is by die groei stimulasie te identifiseer, is 'n breedvoerige profiel van differensiële uitgedrukte gene, proteïne en metaboliete saamgestel. Die effekte van lumikroom as 'n plantgroei stimuleerende stof is nog nooit op Lotus japonicus en tamatie getoets nie. Om díe rede is eers basiese plantgroei studies gedoen, om vas te stel of lumikroom inderdaad plantgroei teen nanomolare konsentrasies stimuleer, soos in vele voorafgaande studies bevestig is. Beide Lotus japonicus en tamatie het aansienlike verhogings in wortel biomassa getoon as dit met 5 nM lumikroom behandel is. Die behandeling van plante met lumikroom het komplekse veranderinge in geen-uitdrukking veroorsaak. Oor die algemeen het die transkrip-profiele gewys dat die kategorieë wat die meeste geraak is deur lumikroom behandeling, in beide Lotus en tamatie, gene was wat geassosieer word met RNS regulasie van transkripsie en sein-netwerke, proteïen sintese/degradasie/wysiging en stres en verdedigings prosesse in plante. Proteïen studies het gewys dat daar 'n daling in die meerderheid van die proteïen vlakke was wat differensieël uitgedruk was. Dit blyk dat lumikroom in 'n groot mate proteïene beïnvloed wat betrokke is by proteïen-vouing en veroorsaak dat proteïen vlakke van glikolitiese ensieme daal. Proteïen studies het gewys dat GS1 en GAPDH in laer vlakke teenwoordig was in lumikroom behandelde plante en daarom is 'n meer doelgerigte analiese gedoen deur gebruik te maak van "northern blot", "western blot" en deur die ensiem aktiwiteite te meet om hulle spesifieke rol in die lumikroom bemiddelde groei vas te stel. Die resultate wys daarop dat GAPDH en GS1 mag onder die invloed van na-translasionele verandering wees. Die invloed van lumikroom op die metabolietvlakke was groot in Lotus wortels, maar dit het minder van 'n effek gehad op tamatie wortels. Die kennis wat opgedoen is deur die paralelle analiese van beide Lotus japonicus en tamatie plante help ons om sleutel gene wat betrokke is by groeistimulasie te identifiseer. Een van die betekenisvolste waarnemings van hierdie studie was dat vir die eerste keer, sover ons kennis strek, ses gene wat almal betrekking het tot verdediging en patogene-reaksies, geidentifiseer is wat gelyktydig in beide Lotus en tamatie uitgedruk word. Deur 'n klein aantal gene te identifiseer, wat betrokke is by groeistimulasie, kan die gene in die toekoms vir funksionele analieses gebruik word deur van keerkoppeling-genetika gebruik te maak. Daardeur sal meer insig verkry word in die molekulêre meganisme wat deur lumikroom as 'n plantgroei stof veroorsaak word.

The publications submitted for this PhD by Published Work represent the product of a decade long programme of research on the nature of the defence innovation system and the organisations, institutions and relationships that underpin defence technological innovation. This has been informed by the systems of innovation approach as well as broader academic perspectives on the nature of innovation and as such the publications are located in the field of innovation studies and in particular the sub-community of scholars that concern themselves with defence technological innovation. In the thesis, I contend that – taken together – the publications make three contributions to knowledge. First, the publications contribute to our understanding of what I term the “defence innovation system”. This illuminates an important corner ignored by most scholars of innovation systems and one that has received too little attention given the role that defence R&D and procurement has played as a stimulus to many significant technological innovations as well as its many implications for international security and society. The defence innovation system has often resisted analysis not least because of the limitations of publicly available information. My publications show recognition of the importance of this topic and shed light on the dynamics of defence technological innovation. Second, the publications contribute to our understanding of the organisations and relationships that underpin the defence innovation system and their response to changes in their operating environment since the end of the Cold War. My focus on organisation-level case studies of defence firms and government defence research establishments is in contrast to most of the academic work in this field that has been preoccupied with national or industry level structure and trends. A recurring theme in my publications, explicitly and implicitly, has been the co-evolutionary character of change in the defence innovation system and the changing relationship between government and defence industrial firms. Third, I examine changes in the boundaries of the system by introducing a transnational dimension to the analysis of defence technological innovation and in doing so my publications have drawn attention to the need to examine transnational linkages between nationally-located systems.