Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-87).

6 Abstract and key-word list The office of Ombudsman in the Czech Republic This thesis addresses the subject of a public defender of rights (PDR) in Czech Republic. Although it has proven itself to be an indispensable institution that contributes to a rightful administration of public affairs, public's awareness about this organization and its activities is relatively inadequate which leaves many aspects of the institution's responsibilities open to misinterpretation. The aim of this thesis is twofold first to provide an overview of the organization's activities and responsibilities to the public, further to propose the necessary alteration to the current law in order to enhance the efficacy and productivity of the abovementioned institute. Moreover to gain a comprehensive view of the public defender of rights, it is vital to specify its position among our legislature and to address its eventual embodiment in the constitution. This thesis comprises of 8 chapters, each of which deal with different aspects of the public's defender of rights position and work. The first chapter deals with the institution's founding, development and general definition of the public defender of rights institution. It is divided into three parts, the first of which contains a brief outline of the institution's establishment and...

Magistro darbo tyrimo objektas – gynėjas įrodinėjimo procese. Šiame darbe gynėjo vaidmuo analizuojamas ne siaurai – pagal įrodinėjimo proceso etapus, o plačiau – pagal Baudžiamojo proceso kodekse išskirtas baudžiamojo proceso stadijas: ikiteisminis tyrimas; bylų procesas pirmosios instancijos teisme; apeliacinis bei kasacinis procesas. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti gynėjo vaidmenį visuose baudžiamojo proceso etapuose; lyginant gynėjo dalyvavimą kitų epochų bei valstybių baudžiamajame procese, pasižiūrėti, kaip šiuolaikiniame Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame procese stengiamasi suformuluoti teisinės valstybės reikalavimus atitinkantį teisinį gynėjo statusą, apibrėžti jo teises, pareigas ir galimybes būti savarankišku proceso subjektu, įgyvendinant gynėjo funkcijas bei siekiant pagrindinių gynybos tikslų. Šiame darbe, analizuojant pirmosios instancijos teisme išnagrinėtas baudžiamąsias bylas, keliamos tokios problemos: gynėjo naudojimosi pilna apimtimi jam suteiktomis teisėmis problema; neteisėtų gynybos priemonių naudojimo problema; formalios gynybos problema. Darbą sudaro keturios dalys, atitinkančios keturis baudžiamojo proceso etapus. Gynėjo vaidmuo analizuojamas ikiteisminio tyrimo, bylų nagrinėjimo pirmosios instancijos teisme, apeliaciniame bei kasaciniame procese, taip pat apimant ir specifines proceso formas: privatų kaltinimą, pagreitintą procesą, bylos užbaigimą baudžiamuoju įsakymu. Šiame darbe naudojami istorinis, lyginamasis, sisteminis – loginis, analitinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the study in Master’s work – defender in the process of giving evidence. Defender’s role in this work is analysed not narrowly – according to the stages of the process of giving evidence but more broadly – according to the stages of criminal proceedings singled out in the Code of Criminal Procedure: pre-trial investigation, proceedings at the court of the first instance; appeal and cassation proceedings. Aim of the work – to analyse defender’s role in all stages of criminal proceedings; comparing to defender’s participation in criminal proceedings of other epochs and states to see how defender’s legal status fulfilling the requirements of legal state is tried to be formulated in contemporary criminal proceedings of the Republic of Lithuania, to define his/her rights, duties and possibilities to be independent party of the proceedings in implementation of defender’s functions and seeking for the basic objectives of defence. In this work criminal cases investigated by the court of the first instance are analysed and the following problems are raised: the problem of the full-scope use of defender according to the rights granted to him/her; the problem of the use of illegal measures of defence; the problem of formal defence. The work consists of four parts corresponding to four stages of criminal proceedings. Defender’s role is analysed in the proceedings of pre-trial investigation, proceedings at the court of the first instance, appeal and cassation proceedings... [to full text]

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66).

The increase in bullying and its detrimental impacts threaten children's healthy development across the world; however, little research has examined multi-factors related to bullying. Guided by ecological theory, this study examined ecological factors that related to children's bystander and defender behavior when they witness bullying. Considering the role of culture and maternal emotion socialization in children's socio-emotional development, cultural differences in the relation of maternal emotion socialization on children's reactions to bullying through their empathy were investigated. Children (10-12 years old) and their mothers in the United States (n=165) and South Korea (n=158) participated in an online survey. Mothers completed the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions to assess maternal unsupportive and supportive reactions to their children's emotions. Children reported on their empathy (i.e., personal distress and empathic concern) using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and on their bystander/defender behaviors using the Types of the Conformity Groups in Bullying. For bystander behavior, mothers' unsupportive reactions were significantly correlated with children's bystander behavior through empathic concern in both cultures. Personal distress mediated the relation of maternal unsupportive reactions to bystander behavior only in the American sample. For defender behavior, American mothers' supportive reactions directly predicted defender behavior whereas the effect of Korean mothers' supportive reactions on defender behavior was mediated by empathic concern. More personal distress was related to more defender behavior in the American sample while less personal distress was related to more defender behavior in the Korean sample. Results of this study supported cultural differences in the relation of maternal emotion socialization to children's reaction to bullying. American children were more likely to help the victim when their mothers supported their negative emotions. For Korean children, mothers' supportive reactions were related to their prosocial behavior through their empathic concern. However, in both cultures, children's empathic concern was a significant mediator in the relation between maternal unsupportive reactions and bystander behavior. This finding may provide educational guidance to bullying intervention programs across cultures. / Doctor of Philosophy / More than one out of five students in the United States and more than one out of ten students in South Korea experience bullying. The detrimental effects of bullying can affect not only victims and bullies but also classmates who witness the bullying. I examined factors that related to bystander behavior (ignoring or staying away from bullying) and defender behavior (helping the victim or actively endeavoring to stop bullying) in bullying to help in efforts to stop bullying. Because positive emotional experiences with mothers can help children develop empathy and empathy tends to elicit helping behavior, I examined how mothers' reactions to their children's negative emotions were related to children's bystander behavior and defender behavior through their empathic abilities. However, research and theories on bullying has been predominantly focused on Western populations. My study addressed this gap, examining cultural differences in the relations between the United States and South Korea to bring attention to the role of culture in parents' emotional socialization and children's development. Results from this study will help schools and communities to provide culturally sensitive bullying intervention programs with parents. Children (10-12 years old) and their mothers in the United States (n=165) and South Korea (n=158) participated in an online survey. Mothers were asked about ways that they react to their children's negative emotions. Mothers' unsupportive reactions refer to minimization, distress and punitive reactions when their children express negative emotions. Mothers' supportive reactions mean maternal comforting, acknowledgement, and encouragement of children's negative emotions. In the online survey, children reported on their empathy and reactions when they witness bullying. Cultural differences in the relations were confirmed. American children were more likely to help the victim when their mothers supported their negative emotions. For Korean children, mothers' supportive reactions were related to their defender behavior through their empathic concern. However, in both countries, the more mothers displayed supportive reactions, the more children reported empathic concern; children's empathic concern was an important bridge between maternal unsupportive reactions and bystander behavior.

Circumaural ear cups have been used for decades as an effective way of protecting users from high noise fields. Over the decades, a number of researchers dedicated their time to understanding the dynamics that govern the attenuation of hearing protectors. This thesis duplicates some of this work with newer technology and better data processing ability. In addition to revitalizing the accepted knowledge of hearing protector technology, this thesis is the first documented effort to show how the previously ignored air leak, known to exist between the ear cup and the head, has a profound effect on the low and mid frequency attenuation of a circumaural hearing defender. Past research focused on the mechanical vibration of the cup on the seal as the main source of noise within the ear cup. This mechanical vibration, known as the piston resonance exists, and affected noise attenuation within the ear cup. A reasonably sized air leak of 160 e-7 m2 however, overwhelmed the piston resonance. An air leak of this size was shown to degrade noise attenuation by over 50 dB at 40Hz and 30 dB at 200 Hz when compared to a no-leak case. Further testing also suggested that the air leak has the ability to continue adding energy into the cup up to 3000 Hz. / Master of Science

Företag har olika sätt att se på kundrelationer och de marknader där de är verksamma. De har olika prioriteringar beroende på använd strategi och skillnader bör därför finnas i företagens arbete i stort, så också i marknadsföringsarbetet. Denna uppsats ämnar att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om dessa skillnader med utgångspunkt i de strategiska inriktningarna Low-Cost Defenders och Differentiated Defenders. Det genom en kvantitativ undersökning av nordeuropeiska företags procentuella användning av diverse mediekanaler. Även om tidigare forskning lyft relaterade frågor saknas forskning om hur mediekanalerna används av företagen som applicerar dessa två företagsstrategier. Resultaten av uppsatsen ger en förståelse för de två strategiernas användning av mediekanalerna och lyfter även möjliga förklaringar till varför företag väljer att använda sig av vissa metoder för att nå ut till sina valda målgrupper. Resultaten visar vissa likheter mellan företagen inom vardera strategi. En statistisk signifikant skillnad fanns emellertid mellan de två företagsstrategierna inom mediekanalerna TV och OOH (Out of Home). Här verkar de största olikheterna finnas mellan Low-Cost Defenders och Differentiated Defenders arbete med mediekanaler.

The purpose of this thesis is to deeply analyze the issue of self-defence as a circumstance excluding an illegality. For its comparison with other countries and for better understanding of its substance this thesis also focuses on the Slovak and Irish legislation of self-defence. For that reason, this dissertation is divided into 4 chapters, where 3 of them talk about self-defence in the different country. The first part briefly displays the evolution of self-defence since 1852. The second part focuses mainly on general knowledge of self-defence and its application in case law. It includes basic defining characteristics, its application in relation to individual offences as well as its relation to automatic self-defending facilities. The third (Slovak) part basically deals with different characteristics of self-defence in comparison with the Czech legislation and considers which legislation is better and why. Moreover, it is talking about what is the significance of differences in practice, which legislation of self-defence is beneficial for a defender and on the other side, which one is easier to abuse. The fourth part focuses on the Irish legislation of self-defence which, as usual in Anglo-American legal system, is primary based on judicial precedents. Because the Irish law is substantially...

Legal regulation of powers of the Public Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic Abstract The thesis is focused on the subject of legislation of the authority and competences of the Public Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic. The role and position of the Ombudsman, the lack of clarity of his scope and the possibilities for his powers, including the questions about the effectiveness and necessity to establish the institute, have always been the subject of discussions and have been the cause of the lengthy legislative process in its establishment. The scope of development is constantly evolving and expanding over time, hence the limits of his competences are not always clearly framed and are thus surrounded by different views. The thesis also mentions the historical establishment of the ombudsman as such and the process of his establishment in the Czech legal environment. Part of the work is devoted to his relationship to other public authorities and his activity in relation to the authorities of particular components of state power. Also, there is given an insight into his activities with respect to the Constitutional Court or the general courts, as well as his role in the legislative work or other activity in relation to the government. A part of the work is dedicated to the particular areas of his...

In an effort to ensure that poor defendants receive the effective assistance of counsel, many states have adopted indigent defense standards for public defender offices. The present study focuses on Indiana public defender offices that participate in the Indiana Public Defender Commission’s (IPDC) standards and reimbursement program. This study assesses the extent to which resource needs and workload demands influence participation in the IPDC reimbursement program. Analysis of public defender data from counties across the state shows that counties that opt into the state’s reimbursement program have, in general, greater resource needs than those counties that do not pursue state reimbursement. In addition to the comparison of counties that participate in the state’s reimbursement program with those that do not, this study also takes a closer look at the attorneys who serve as public defenders in participating counties, assessing the effect that standards seem to have on attorney qualifications, compensation, and workload. This research points the way for future avenues of research that might further evaluate the differences between counties that participate in the IPDC standards and reimbursement program and those that do not. / The right to counsel for indigent defendants -- Indigent defense in the United States -- Public defender offices in Indiana -- Theory and hypothesis -- Data sources and methodology -- Results -- Analysis -- Commentary. / Department of Political Science