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TOWARD A THEORY OF MORALITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MARKET CHANNEL DYADS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY USING THE DEFINING ISSUES TESTReischl, James Nicholas 01 January 2009 (has links)
This dissertation tackles the ageless human debate of the body versus the soul. Based on Kohlbergian theory, the multidisciplinary literature review advances the proposition that moral development proceeds in waves of referential egoism leading to nonreferential altruism that is couched in power--the apple of the eye.
Many inter organizational studies using the Defining Issues Test have compared moral maturity levels coming from various academic backgrounds. Previous studies have purported that education is the chief moderating variable for moral maturity, with little regard for paradigmatic bases of power. Yet, in this study noncoercive power is carefully controlled because of the highly technical procurement process used in construction contracting. Coercive power and position in the food chain become the main moderators, because success is not measured by charm or wisdom or even social relations, but only by the low bid in accordance with the contractual specifications. The results from 93 respondents of the Iowa Architects Institute of America (n = 93) indicated that despite the higher education and aesthetic interests, the sample of architects ranked low on moral maturity level when compared to the average of the DIT data bank as a whole. Postconventional scores were 36.4 versus 39.1, respectively.
Few intra organizational studies have been conducted examining moral maturity levels among groups in the same work setting. This research also compared the moral maturity of intra industry groups in marketing dyads consisting of architects, contractors, and suppliers using the Defining Issues Test and ANOVA. Again it was expected that architects with higher education and aesthetic interests would rank highest. So in addition to the architects, the members of the Iowa Associated General Contractors and Iowa Associated Builders and Contractors were solicited. This added 32 contractors (n = 32) and 27 suppliers (n = 27), to the total sample (n = 153). Findings showed significant differences among the groups (F (2, 150) = 3.64, p = .05). Yet post hoc comparisons revealed that there was no significant difference in moral maturity levels between architects and contractors engrossed in the same power paradigm (p = 1.00). However, a significant difference existed between architects and suppliers (p =.024). This implication is consistent with the teleological pattern that is prevalent in research studies of salespeople. In summary, performance-based organizations and theorists of stakeholder theory may expect no less than orthodox and opportunistic choices in the real world of business as long as performance remains the ultimate criterion of success.
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Pastoral counsellors' value systems and moral judgement development : a practical theological studyHestenes, Mark Erling, 1949- 11 1900 (has links)
Recent literature by several eminent psychotherapists ·such as
Bergin and Beutler argues that counsellors' personal values are
probably the greatest influence on the success and outcome of
therapy and that the counsellor tends to convert the client to
the counsellor's values. This literature provided strong support
for this researcher's contention of the need for similar studies
in pastoral counselling. The researcher was particularly
concerned about the role of pastoral counsellors' value systems
and moral judgement development in counselling situations. The
researcher selected the Rokeach Value Survey and the Rest
Defining Issues Test as instruments to test a sample of South
African pastoral counsellors in this regard.
The research questions addressed were as follows.
Firstly, what are the value systems of a sample of pastoral
counsellors in the South African context?
Secondly, what are the moral judgement development levels of the
pastoral counsellors?
Thirdly, what is the relationship between the rank ordering of
values and pastoral counsellors' levels of moral judgement
development?
Fourthly, what implications could these variables have for
pastoral-client pairing in pastoral counselling?
The chief findings were as follows.
Firstly, the pastoral counsellors were shown to have conservative
value systems with a preference for introspective terminal values
over social terminal values.
Secondly, the pastoral counsellors had a P score of 39.6 on the
Defining Issues Test. This compares favourably with Asian
university students who score between 36-40 as opposed to
American university students who have a mean P score of 42.6. The
researcher concluded that the conservative religious ideology of the sample helped to explain the low P scores somewhat.
Thirdly, the Spearman correlational coefficient indicated little
correlation between the Rokeach Value Survey and the Rest
Defining Issues Test.
Fourthly, both instruments indicated that the conservative nature
of the pastoral counsellors would no doubt make them very
effective counsellors in most denominations. They would tend to
counsel in support of the status quo in the church. A major
recommendation of the study was the need for further pastoral
counsellor education in dealing with moral values issues. / Practical Theology / D.Th. (Practical theology)
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Pastoral counsellors' value systems and moral judgement development : a practical theological studyHestenes, Mark Erling, 1949- 11 1900 (has links)
Recent literature by several eminent psychotherapists ·such as
Bergin and Beutler argues that counsellors' personal values are
probably the greatest influence on the success and outcome of
therapy and that the counsellor tends to convert the client to
the counsellor's values. This literature provided strong support
for this researcher's contention of the need for similar studies
in pastoral counselling. The researcher was particularly
concerned about the role of pastoral counsellors' value systems
and moral judgement development in counselling situations. The
researcher selected the Rokeach Value Survey and the Rest
Defining Issues Test as instruments to test a sample of South
African pastoral counsellors in this regard.
The research questions addressed were as follows.
Firstly, what are the value systems of a sample of pastoral
counsellors in the South African context?
Secondly, what are the moral judgement development levels of the
pastoral counsellors?
Thirdly, what is the relationship between the rank ordering of
values and pastoral counsellors' levels of moral judgement
development?
Fourthly, what implications could these variables have for
pastoral-client pairing in pastoral counselling?
The chief findings were as follows.
Firstly, the pastoral counsellors were shown to have conservative
value systems with a preference for introspective terminal values
over social terminal values.
Secondly, the pastoral counsellors had a P score of 39.6 on the
Defining Issues Test. This compares favourably with Asian
university students who score between 36-40 as opposed to
American university students who have a mean P score of 42.6. The
researcher concluded that the conservative religious ideology of the sample helped to explain the low P scores somewhat.
Thirdly, the Spearman correlational coefficient indicated little
correlation between the Rokeach Value Survey and the Rest
Defining Issues Test.
Fourthly, both instruments indicated that the conservative nature
of the pastoral counsellors would no doubt make them very
effective counsellors in most denominations. They would tend to
counsel in support of the status quo in the church. A major
recommendation of the study was the need for further pastoral
counsellor education in dealing with moral values issues. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical theology)
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A Faith-based Program Evaluation: Moral Development Of Seminary Students At The Louisiana State PenitentiarySabin, Bruce 01 January 2006 (has links)
The purpose of this dissertation was to conduct an outcomes-based program evaluation for the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola) campus of the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. The study included one primary research question, with two subquestions. The primary research question asked to what extent students in the program developed moral judgment consistent with program goals of rehabilitating students and preparing them for effective ministry. The first subquestion asked whether statistically significant differences existed in the moral reasoning of students of different class years. The second subquestion asked whether statistically significant differences existed in the moral reasoning of students of different personality types. A cross-sectional study was conducted with students during the fall of 2005 using the Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT-2) and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instruments. All 101 program students were invited to participate in the study. To provide a benchmark for student scores, 30 Seminary faculty members were asked to complete the DIT-2. The student response rates were 94% for the DIT-2 instrument and 97% for the MBTI instrument. The response rate for faculty was 20%. After removing two outliers from the freshmen class, statistically significant differences were found in the principled moral reasoning scores (P scores) of freshmen (m = 22.146, sd = 12.002) and juniors (m = 30.274, sd = 13.165). No significant differences were found in moral reasoning based upon personality types. The mean P score among faculty members was 34.02 (sd = 15.25). In response to the primary research question, it was determined student scores did show moral reasoning differences consistent with the program goals. Conclusions reached in this study were limited because of the cross-sectional design. Further research is necessary before conclusions may be generalized beyond the sample.
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The Moral Reasoning And Moral Decision Making Of Urban High-poverty Elementary School Principals In A Large Urban Southeastern School DistrictStrenth, Robert 01 January 2013 (has links)
The focus of this research was to identify the moral reasoning and moral judgment of elementary school principals who serve in high-poverty schools. The study was undertaken at the request of the client public school district who was attempting to identify characteristics of current elementary principals serving in high-poverty schools. Two research questions guided this study concerning the moral operational level of the principals. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of moral development. Participating principals were administered the Defining Issues Test-2 (DIT-2), a pencil-paper questionnaire that presented five moral dilemmas and a series of statements asking for the participant to rank solutions to the dilemmas. The results indicated that the majority of participants operated from lower levels of moral development, reasoning, and judgment. Participants’ scores were matched with their schools’ performance grades. There was not an indication that high moral scores and high school performance were linked. This study confirmed the results of an early study conducted by Vitton and Wasonga (2009) and encourages a deeper examination of the results of accountability and principal decision making.
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An Examination of School Principals' Moral Reasoning and Decision-Making along the Principalship Track and across Years of ExperienceLing, Trent 01 January 2014 (has links)
Previous research by Vitton & Wasonga (2009) and Strenth (2013) found public school K-12 principals struggling in the moral reasoning and decision-making measures of the second Defining Issues Test ("DIT-2"). In response to these studies, this research sought to collect, to examine, and to compare DIT-2 data for educational leaders at various stages of the principalship track in an effort to determine and/or to isolate the locus of principals' reported underperformance. The moral reasoning and decision-making of regular-education K-12 public school principals and assistant principals in Florida, and current master's degree students in educational leadership programs at a large public Florida university were measured and compared. Research questions were posed: 1) to find the levels of moral reasoning and decision-making reached by acting principals, acting assistant principals, and current master's students in educational leadership programs; 2) to determine if there was a difference between these principals, assistant principals, and master's students in moral reasoning and decision-making; and 3) to see if there was a difference in moral reasoning and decision-making between principals across various years of experience. The DIT-2 was administered anonymously to participants through an online link, and was scored by the University of Alabama's Office for the Study of Ethical Development. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods principally to determine the degree to which participants reasoned and made decisions based upon personal interests, upon the maintenance of norms, or upon the basis of more sophisticated principles. Results showed master's students in educational leadership outperforming active principals and assistant principals in moral reasoning and decision-making by more often employing sophisticated principles and by more often avoiding choices associated with personal interests. With regard to principals, the difference was statistically significant on DIT-2 N-2 scores (based on ANOVA and t-test results) and P-scores (based on t-test results, but not based on ANOVA results). Principals not only underperformed master's students in educational leadership statistically significantly, but also underperformed active assistant principals in comparisons of group means on DIT-2 sub-scores. This research confirms the prior works of Strenth (2013) and Vitton & Wasonga (2009), where principals had been found to struggle in measures of moral reasoning and decision-making. These consecutive and consistent findings now require consideration, discussion, and action by the array of K-12 public school stakeholders. In response to the startling findings that K-12 principals are significantly underperforming those still aspiring for the principalship, a substantial, alarmed, and sober re-examination must take place as to what has happened to principals in K-12 public schools, and as to what can and must be done about it.
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Recognizing the Implicit and Explicit Aspects of Ethical Decision-Making: Schemas, Work Climates, and Counterproductive Work BehaviorsKalinoski, Zachary Thomas 02 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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