Pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) is an essential component of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) system, catalyzing the regeneration of the essential cofactor 6(R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin [6(R)BH4]. Mutations in PCD or its deactivation by hydrogen peroxide result in the generation of 7(R,S)BH4, which is a potent inhibitor of PAH that has been implicated in primapterinuria, a variant form of phenylketonuria, and in the skin depigmentation disorder vitiligo. We have synthesized and separated the 7(R) and 7(S) diastereomers confirming their structure by NMR. Both 7(R)- and 7(S)BH4 function as poor cofactors for PAH, whereas only 7(S)BH4 acts as a potent competitive inhibitor vs. 6(R)BH4 (Ki=2.3-4.9 µM). Kinetic and binding studies, as well as characterization of the pterin-enzyme complexes by fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed that the inhibitory effects of 7(R,S)BH4 on PAH are in fact specifically based on 7(S)BH4 binding. The molecular dynamics simulated structures of the pterin-PAH complexes indicate that 7(S)BH4 inhibition is due to its interaction with the polar region at the pterin binding site close to Ser-251, whereas its low efficiency as cofactor is related to a suboptimal positioning toward the catalytic iron. 7(S)BH4 is not an inhibitor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the physiological range, presumably due to the replacement of Ser-251 by the corresponding Ala297. Taken together, our results identified structural determinants for the specific regulation of PAH and TH by 7(S)BH4, which in turn aid in the understanding of primapterinuria and acute vitiligo. Pey, A. L., Martinez, A., Charubala, R., Maitland, D. J., Teigen, K., Calvo, A., Pfleiderer, W., Wood, J. M., Schallreuter, K. U. Specific interaction of the diastereomers 7(R)- and 7(S)-tetrahydrobiopterin with phenylalanine hydroxylase: implications for understanding primapterinuria and vitiligo Pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) is an essential component of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) system, catalyzing the regeneration of the essential cofactor 6(R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin [6(R)BH4]. Mutations in PCD or its deactivation by hydrogen peroxide result in the generation of 7(R,S)BH4, which is a potent inhibitor of PAH that has been implicated in primapterinuria, a variant form of phenylketonuria, and in the skin depigmentation disorder vitiligo. We have synthesized and separated the 7(R) and 7(S) diastereomers confirming their structure by NMR. Both 7(R)- and 7(S)BH4 function as poor cofactors for PAH, whereas only 7(S)BH4 acts as a potent competitive inhibitor vs. 6(R)BH4 (Ki=2.3-4.9 µM). Kinetic and binding studies, as well as characterization of the pterin-enzyme complexes by fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed that the inhibitory effects of 7(R,S)BH4 on PAH are in fact specifically based on 7(S)BH4 binding. The molecular dynamics simulated structures of the pterin-PAH complexes indicate that 7(S)BH4 inhibition is due to its interaction with the polar region at the pterin binding site close to Ser-251, whereas its low efficiency as cofactor is related to a suboptimal positioning toward the catalytic iron. 7(S)BH4 is not an inhibitor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the physiological range, presumably due to the replacement of Ser-251 by the corresponding Ala297. Taken together, our results identified structural determinants for the specific regulation of PAH and TH by 7(S)BH4, which in turn aid in the understanding of primapterinuria and acute vitiligo. / ¿ ¿

Freie Univ., Diss.--Berlin, 1997.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Marburg.

Abstract In eukaryotic cells, fatty acids are mainly synthesized in the cytoplasm, but recently, in yeast and in humans, the ability to synthesize fatty acids has been characterized in mitochondria. This mitochondrial pathway is similar to bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS). The main feature of mitochondrial FAS in yeast is the respiratory deficient phenotype and loss of cytochromes when any of genes encoding enzymes for mitochondrial FAS is deleted. Mitochondrial FAS has been demonstrated to have an important role in lipoic acid production, namely it synthesizes octanoyl-ACP, which is used as a precursor for lipoic acid. However, the role and function of mitochondrial FAS is not yet fully understood. Many components of the mitochondrial FAS pathway in yeast have been identified according to their similarity to bacterial counterparts, but 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase does not show any easily recognizable similarity to bacterial dehydratases and thus remained unidentified. In this study 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratases of mitochondrial FAS were characterized from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, humans, and the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. The yeast 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (Htd2p) was identified by using a genetic screen, and this protein was shown to be encoded by open reading frame (ORF) YHR067w. The product of this gene shows mitochondrial localization and exhibits hydratase 2 activity. The deletion of HTD2 leads to a respiratory deficient phenotype, loss of cytochromes, reduced lipoic acids levels and changes in mitochondrial morphology. The ORF encoding human 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP hydratase (HsHTD2) was identified by functional complementation of the respiratory deficient phenotype of the yeast htd2 mutant with a human cDNA library. The complementing cDNA was previously identified as the RPP14 transcript encoding the 14 kDa subunit of the human RNase P complex. It was found that this transcript contains another 3' ORF, which encodes a protein that displays hydratase 2 activity and has mitochondrial localization. The bicistronic nature of the transcript is conserved in vertebrates and indicates a genetic link between mitochondrial FAS and RNA processing. The mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP hydratase in T. brucei is homologous to human HTD2, can complement the yeast respiratory deficient phenotype, exhibits hydratase 2 activity and localizes to the T. brucei mitochondrion.

No / Pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) is an essential component of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) system, catalyzing the regeneration of the essential cofactor 6(R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin [6(R)BH4]. Mutations in PCD or its deactivation by hydrogen peroxide result in the generation of 7(R,S)BH4, which is a potent inhibitor of PAH that has been implicated in primapterinuria, a variant form of phenylketonuria, and in the skin depigmentation disorder vitiligo. We have synthesized and separated the 7(R) and 7(S) diastereomers confirming their structure by NMR. Both 7(R)- and 7(S)BH4 function as poor cofactors for PAH, whereas only 7(S)BH4 acts as a potent competitive inhibitor vs. 6(R)BH4 (Ki=2.3–4.9 μM). Kinetic and binding studies, as well as characterization of the pterin-enzyme complexes by fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed that the inhibitory effects of 7(R,S)BH4 on PAH are in fact specifically based on 7(S)BH4 binding. The molecular dynamics simulated structures of the pterin-PAH complexes indicate that 7(S)BH4 inhibition is due to its interaction with the polar region at the pterin binding site close to Ser-251, whereas its low efficiency as cofactor is related to a suboptimal positioning toward the catalytic iron. 7(S)BH4 is not an inhibitor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the physiological range, presumably due to the replacement of Ser-251 by the corresponding Ala297. Taken together, our results identified structural determinants for the specific regulation of PAH and TH by 7(S)BH4, which in turn aid in the understanding of primapterinuria and acute vitiligo. —Pey, A. L., Martinez, A., Charubala, R., Maitland, D. J., Teigen, K., Calvo, A., Pfleiderer, W., Wood, J. M., Schallreuter, K. U. Specific interaction of the diastereomers 7(R)- and 7(S)-tetrahydrobiopterin with phenylalanine hydroxylase: implications for understanding primapterinuria and vitiligo

No description available.

O chumbo (Pb) é um metal altamente tóxico no qual os sinais de intoxicação variam bastante ao considerar as diferenças interindividuais. Um dos principais mecanismos de toxicidade do Pb ocorre pela inibição da enzima ácido delta aminolevulínico desidratase (ALAD) no sistema hematopoiético. O Pb também desempenha um importante papel no desbalanço do estado redox, pois sabe-se que ele tem o potencial de aumentar a concentração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) e inibir enzimas antioxidantes, como por exemplo a glutationa peroxidase (GPx). No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram estes parâmetros em população ocupacionalmente exposta brasileira. Assim, o presente estudo, objetiva estudar a correlação entre as concentrações de Pb no sangue (Pb-S) de trabalhadores de fábricas de bateria e as atividades das enzimas ALAD e GPx associados com os polimorfismos genéticos da ALAD e GPx. Para tal, foram utilizadas 278 amostras de sangue de trabalhadores expostos ao Pb. As determinações de Pb foram realizadas por espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ELAN DRCII Perkin- Elmer). As genotipagens dos polimorfismos genéticos da ALAD e da GPx foram realizadas pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real e as atividades das enzimas ALAD e GPx foram determinadas no sangue por espectrofotometria de UV/VIS. A média da concentração de Pb-S foi de 22,8 ± 14,7 ?g/dL. Foram observadas correlações negativas entre Pb-S e atividade da ALAD (rs -0,24 p<0,01) e Pb-S e atividade de GPx (rs -0,27 p<0,05). Também foi verificada correlação negativa entre a porcentagem de inibição da ALAD e a atividade de GPx (rs -0,21 p<0,01). Em relação aos polimorfismos genéticos, não observamos associação entre os genótipos do ALAD (? -0,19 P>0,05) e GPx (genótipo CT: ? -1,37 P>0,05; genótipo TT: ? -8,37 P>0,05) e a concentração de Pb-S. Não foram observadas associações entre o polimorfismo rs1800668 e a atividade de GPx (genótipo CT: ? -0,016 P>0,05; genótipo TT: ? -0,004 P>0,05). No entanto, foi constatada uma associação entre o genótipo ALAD 1-1 do polimorfismo rs1800435 e a atividade da enzima ALAD (? 3,5 P<0,05). Neste sentido, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o genótipo ALAD 1-1 do polimorfismo rs1800435 do gene ALAD está associado a uma maior atividade da enzima ALAD nos indivíduos expostos ao Pb. Além disso, o polimorfismo rs1800668, localizado no gene que codifica a enzima GPx, não modula a atividade desta enzima nos indivíduos expostos ao metal. Ambos os polimorfismos dos genes ALAD e GPx parecem não influenciar nas concentrações de Pb-S na população estudada. / Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic metal which signs of intoxication vary greatly when considering the interindividual differences. One of the main mechanism of toxicity of Pb is due to inhibition of the enzyme acid delta aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALAD) in the hematopoietic system. Pb also plays an important role in the redox state of unbalance, since it is known that it has the potential of increasing the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx). However, few studies have evaluated these parameters in Brazilian population occupationally exposed. Thus, the present study aims to study the correlation between the concentrations of Pb in the blood (B-Pb) of workers of battery factories and the activities of ALAD and GPx enzymes associated with genetic polymorphisms in ALAD and GPx. Then, blood samples of 278 workers exposed to Pb were collected. Pb was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer ELAN DRCII). The genotyping of genetic polymorphisms of ALAD and GPx was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and activity of ALAD and GPx enzymes in the blood was determined by spectrophotometry UV / VIS. The mean concentration of B-Pb was 22.81 ± 14.73 mg / dL. Negative correlation was found between B-Pb and ALAD activity (rs -0.24 p < 0.01) and B-Pb and GPx activity (rs -0.27 p < 0.05). There was also a negative correlation between the percentage of inhibition of ALAD and GPx activity (rs -0.21 p < 0.01). Considering the genetic polymorphisms, no association between ALAD genotypes (? -0.19 P < 0.05) and GPx (CT genotype: ? -1.37 P > 0.05, TT genotype : ? -8.37 P > 0.05 ) and the concentration of B-Pb. No association between rs1800668 polymorphism and GPx activity (CT genotype: ? -0.016 P > 0.05, TT genotype : ? -0.004 P > 0.05). However an association was found between ALAD 1-1 rs1800435 genotype and ALAD enzyme activity (? 3.5 P < 0.05). Accordingly, the results of this study show that the ALAD 1-1 genotype of rs1800435 polymorphism in ALAD gene is associated with increased activity of ALAD enzyme in individuals exposed to Pb. Furthermore the rs1800668 polymorphism located in a gene encoding the enzyme GPx does not modulate the activity of this enzyme in individuals exposed to the metal. Both polymorphisms of ALAD and GPx genes seem to have no influence in the concentrations of B-Pb in the population studied.

É bem conhecido que muitos efeitos tóxicos do cádmio (Cd) resultem da ação da interação com metais essenciais, incluindo zinco (Zn). Sendo um poluente ambiental, a exposição à Cd conduz a distúrbios no conteúdo e atividade de Zn no organismo, representando importante via para o desenvolvimento de sua toxicidade. Evidências suportam que Zn pode reduzir os efeitos do Cd, prevendo ou reduzindo a ação tóxica deste metal, enquanto que a deficiência de Zn pode intensificar a toxicidade de Cd. Com base nisto, este trabalho buscou investigar (1) o efeito da interação Zn-Cd sobre o tecido hepático de ratos adultos, por representar um importante alvo biológico à ação dos metais e (2) se estes efeitos são estendidos ao SNC mesmo protegido pela barreira hemato-encefálica. Através da avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos, como [delta]-aminolevulinato-desidratase e metalotioneína, os resultados encontrados suportam a sobreposição do efeito tóxico de Cd sobre as funções essenciais de Zn, entretanto existe diferença entre os tecidos quanto ao mecanismo protetivo exercido sobre a toxicidade de Cd. Além disso, obtemos dados sobre os níveis de MT que contrapõem suas funções benéficas previamente descritas. Em resumo, essa dissertação reforça a ação tóxica de Cd por vias biológicas comuns ao Zn e expõe diferenças entre o tecido hepático e o SNC quanto ao mecanismo interativo. / It is well known that many toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) results from the action of the interaction with essential metals, for example zinc (Zn). Cd is an environmental pollutant, which exposure leads to disturbance in the content and atividade of Zn in the body. Evidences indicate that Zn can reduce the effects of Cd for provide or reduce the toxic action of this metal, whereas Zn deficiency can intensify the toxicity of Cd. On account of this, our study aimed investigate (1) the effect of Zn-Cd interaction on the liver tissue of adult rats, which represents important biological target for action of the metals and (2) if these effects are extended to the CNS even protected by the blood-brain barrier. Through the evaluation of biochemical parameters, as [delta]-aminolevulinate-dehydratase ([delta]-ALA-D) and metallothionein (MT), the results support the overlap of the toxic effect of Cd on the essential functions of Zn; however there is difference between the tissues on the protective mechanism exerted on the toxicity of Cd. Furthermore, we obtain data on the levels of MT that contrast to their beneficial functions previously described. In summary, this work reinforces the toxic effect of Cd by biological pathways common to the Zn and explains differences between the liver tissue and CNS in relation to the interactive mechanism.

É bem conhecido que muitos efeitos tóxicos do cádmio (Cd) resultem da ação da interação com metais essenciais, incluindo zinco (Zn). Sendo um poluente ambiental, a exposição à Cd conduz a distúrbios no conteúdo e atividade de Zn no organismo, representando importante via para o desenvolvimento de sua toxicidade. Evidências suportam que Zn pode reduzir os efeitos do Cd, prevendo ou reduzindo a ação tóxica deste metal, enquanto que a deficiência de Zn pode intensificar a toxicidade de Cd. Com base nisto, este trabalho buscou investigar (1) o efeito da interação Zn-Cd sobre o tecido hepático de ratos adultos, por representar um importante alvo biológico à ação dos metais e (2) se estes efeitos são estendidos ao SNC mesmo protegido pela barreira hemato-encefálica. Através da avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos, como [delta]-aminolevulinato-desidratase e metalotioneína, os resultados encontrados suportam a sobreposição do efeito tóxico de Cd sobre as funções essenciais de Zn, entretanto existe diferença entre os tecidos quanto ao mecanismo protetivo exercido sobre a toxicidade de Cd. Além disso, obtemos dados sobre os níveis de MT que contrapõem suas funções benéficas previamente descritas. Em resumo, essa dissertação reforça a ação tóxica de Cd por vias biológicas comuns ao Zn e expõe diferenças entre o tecido hepático e o SNC quanto ao mecanismo interativo. / It is well known that many toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) results from the action of the interaction with essential metals, for example zinc (Zn). Cd is an environmental pollutant, which exposure leads to disturbance in the content and atividade of Zn in the body. Evidences indicate that Zn can reduce the effects of Cd for provide or reduce the toxic action of this metal, whereas Zn deficiency can intensify the toxicity of Cd. On account of this, our study aimed investigate (1) the effect of Zn-Cd interaction on the liver tissue of adult rats, which represents important biological target for action of the metals and (2) if these effects are extended to the CNS even protected by the blood-brain barrier. Through the evaluation of biochemical parameters, as [delta]-aminolevulinate-dehydratase ([delta]-ALA-D) and metallothionein (MT), the results support the overlap of the toxic effect of Cd on the essential functions of Zn; however there is difference between the tissues on the protective mechanism exerted on the toxicity of Cd. Furthermore, we obtain data on the levels of MT that contrast to their beneficial functions previously described. In summary, this work reinforces the toxic effect of Cd by biological pathways common to the Zn and explains differences between the liver tissue and CNS in relation to the interactive mechanism.

É bem conhecido que muitos efeitos tóxicos do cádmio (Cd) resultem da ação da interação com metais essenciais, incluindo zinco (Zn). Sendo um poluente ambiental, a exposição à Cd conduz a distúrbios no conteúdo e atividade de Zn no organismo, representando importante via para o desenvolvimento de sua toxicidade. Evidências suportam que Zn pode reduzir os efeitos do Cd, prevendo ou reduzindo a ação tóxica deste metal, enquanto que a deficiência de Zn pode intensificar a toxicidade de Cd. Com base nisto, este trabalho buscou investigar (1) o efeito da interação Zn-Cd sobre o tecido hepático de ratos adultos, por representar um importante alvo biológico à ação dos metais e (2) se estes efeitos são estendidos ao SNC mesmo protegido pela barreira hemato-encefálica. Através da avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos, como [delta]-aminolevulinato-desidratase e metalotioneína, os resultados encontrados suportam a sobreposição do efeito tóxico de Cd sobre as funções essenciais de Zn, entretanto existe diferença entre os tecidos quanto ao mecanismo protetivo exercido sobre a toxicidade de Cd. Além disso, obtemos dados sobre os níveis de MT que contrapõem suas funções benéficas previamente descritas. Em resumo, essa dissertação reforça a ação tóxica de Cd por vias biológicas comuns ao Zn e expõe diferenças entre o tecido hepático e o SNC quanto ao mecanismo interativo. / It is well known that many toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) results from the action of the interaction with essential metals, for example zinc (Zn). Cd is an environmental pollutant, which exposure leads to disturbance in the content and atividade of Zn in the body. Evidences indicate that Zn can reduce the effects of Cd for provide or reduce the toxic action of this metal, whereas Zn deficiency can intensify the toxicity of Cd. On account of this, our study aimed investigate (1) the effect of Zn-Cd interaction on the liver tissue of adult rats, which represents important biological target for action of the metals and (2) if these effects are extended to the CNS even protected by the blood-brain barrier. Through the evaluation of biochemical parameters, as [delta]-aminolevulinate-dehydratase ([delta]-ALA-D) and metallothionein (MT), the results support the overlap of the toxic effect of Cd on the essential functions of Zn; however there is difference between the tissues on the protective mechanism exerted on the toxicity of Cd. Furthermore, we obtain data on the levels of MT that contrast to their beneficial functions previously described. In summary, this work reinforces the toxic effect of Cd by biological pathways common to the Zn and explains differences between the liver tissue and CNS in relation to the interactive mechanism.