The involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the sympathetic nervous system in the development of delayed-onset muscle soreness has not been established. I assessed the effect of etanercept, a TNF- α inhibitor, and atenolol, a β1-receptor antagonist, on DOMS induced in the quadriceps muscle. Thirteen male subjects reported to the exercise laboratory on three separate occasions, 6-15 weeks apart. In a randomised, double-blind cross-over format, I administered etanercept (25mg), atenolol (25mg) or placebo, one hour before the exercise. Subjects then completed four sets of 15 repetitions at 80% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) on a 45° inclined leg press machine. Muscle strength changes were detected by remeasuring the subject’s 1RM 24h, 48h and 72h after the exercise. Sensitivity to pressure of the quadriceps muscle was measured using a pressure algometer before and 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise. The subject’s perception of the pain was measured with the visual analogue scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire. Muscle tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentration was measured before exercise and then 2h and 24h after exercise in four subjects. Muscle strength was impaired 24h and 48h after exercise regardless of agent administered (P < 0.001). At 72h after exercise, muscle strength was significantly improved (P < 0.01) in subjects receiving etanercept and atenolol compared to those receiving placebo. The subject’s were significantly more sensitive to pressure applied to the quadriceps 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise compared to before exercise, regardless of agent administered (P < 0.001). The VAS was elevated significantly at all three time intervals, with no difference after etanercept or atenolol administration compared to that of placebo. There was no significant difference in the muscle TNF-α concentration between any of the time intervals or between subjects receiving placebo and etanercept (P=0.065). The administration of atenolol and etanercept, at the regimen used, had no effect on the soreness associated with DOMS.

The allylic bromide functionality within brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene), or BIIR, alkylates primary amines repeatedly to generate thermoset products at reaction rates that are too fast to support commercial rubber processing operations. The objective of this work was to assess the utility of latent N-nucleophiles as curatives and modification reagents for BIIR. Ideally, BIIR formulations containing these latent amines would not cure at standard compound mixing temperatures, but support high crosslinking rates and yields upon heating to conventional vulcanization temperatures. Carbon dioxide-derived salts of ammonia, including (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)HCO3 and (NH4)H2NCO2, can be mixed with BIIR without incurring crosslinking at temperatures below 100oC, but they generate adequate crosslink yields upon heating to 160oC. The corresponding CO2-derived salts of primary amines decompose below 100oC and, therefore, do not provide adequate scorch protection when mixed with BIIR. Latency was conferred on primary amines using imine derivatives, in particular N-alkylbenzaldimine and its substituted analogues. These latent curatives are activated by hydrolysis, thereby providing a means of controlling active nucleophile concentrations, and minimizing crosslinking activity at 100oC without impacting negatively on cure rates at 160oC. The scorch problems generated by primary amines extend to BIIR cure formulations employing conventional sulfur and ZnO curatives. In contrast, imine analogues are shown to provide low temperature scorch stability without impacting negatively on high temperature cure rates and extents. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-02-01 15:18:16.004

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Bakgrund Träningsvärk är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen som uppstår efter ovan, excentrisk eller högintensiv träning. Svullnad, muskelömhet, samt nedsatt muskelfunktion och ledrörlighet är symptom som är förknippade med träningsvärk. Det finns ett antal olika behandlingsmetoder för att lindra dessa symptom. För närvarande finns dock en diskrepans i litteraturen angående de olika behandlingarnas effekt.   Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett kylbandage applicerat över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter utförd träning påverkar muskelstyrka, knäledens rörlighet och upplevd träningsvärk 48 timmar efter träning.   Metod Nitton personer rekryterades till studien. Vid första tillfället utvärderades låromfång, upplevd träningsvärk och m. quadriceps femoris flexibilitet med Ely’s test. I en isokinetisk träningsmaskin mättes maximalt och genomsnittligt vridmoment vid 60°/s och 180°/s. Försökspersonerna genomgick ett styrketräningsprotokoll innehållande koncentriska och excentriska moment. Vänster m. quadriceps kylbehandlades sedan med kylbandage i 60 min. Fyrtioåtta timmar senare upprepades samtliga mätningar. Muskelflexibilitet, låromfång, muskelstyrka samt smärta användes som utvärderingsmått.   Resultat Resultatet visade signifikant mindre upplevd träningsvärk i behandlat ben än i obehandlat vid aktiv knäextension. Det fanns en signifikant ökning av genomsnittligt vridmoment för obehandlat ben vid 180°/s. Ingen signifikant skillnad erhölls gällande knäledens rörlighet, upplevd träningsvärk vid Ely’s test, eller skillnad i maximalt vridmoment och totalt utfört arbete.   Konklusion Kylbandage som appliceras över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter högintensiv träning kan eventuellt lindra upplevd träningsvärk, men minskar ej de relaterade funktionsnedsättningarna. Mot tidigare litteratur och diskrepansen i denna, är vidare forskning nödvändig för att fastställa kylbehandlingens effekter på träningsvärk. / Background Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is common after unaccustomed, eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Swelling, soreness, impaired muscle function and joint mobility are associated with DOMS. There are several types of treatment strategies to relieve these symptoms. However, there is a discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of these treatments.   Objective The purpose was to investigate how a cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris immediate after performed high-intensity exercise, affects strength, muscle flexibility and perceived DOMS 48 hours post-exercise.   Methods Nineteen subjects were recruited. At the first occasion thigh circumference, Ely’s test and DOMS were evaluated. Peak torque and average peak torque were measured with a training device at 60°/s and 180°/s. The participants underwent a strengthening exercise protocol consisting of concentric/eccentric components. The left quadriceps femoris was then treated with a cold bandage for 60 minutes. All tests were repeated 48 hours post-exercise. Muscle flexibility, thigh circumference, strength and perceived DOMS were evaluated.   Results There was significantly less self-estimated DOMS in the treated leg compared to the untreated, during an active extension of the knee. There was a significant increase of the average peak torque in the untreated leg at 180°/s. No significant difference was obtained regarding muscle flexibility, self-estimated DOMS during Ely’s test, peak torque or total work.   Conclusion A cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris after high-intensity exercise may be effective as treatment of self-estimated DOMS, but has no beneficial effect on the loss of function. Further research is required to establish the effect of the treatment strategy.

No description available.

No description available.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

The purpose of this study was to determine which MT techniques current licensed massage therapists practicing sports massage are using to treat delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) by conducting an anonymous online survey of practicing sports massage therapists. The secondary purpose was to determine if previous sports massage research protocols match current practices in sports massage to treat DOMS. There were 85 anonymous respondents ranging in age from 24 to 74 years with a mean age of 44.5 years. Participants included 55 female (65.5%) and 29 male (34.5%) therapists. Professional experience ranged from 4 years or less to more than 20 years, and the majority reported having training specific to sports massage. Previous research methods have placed an overwhelming emphasis on effleurage and petrissage in the treatment protocols to test the effects of massage on DOMS. However, practicing therapists rely on many more techniques and modalities when giving sports massage treatments for DOMS. On a scale of 1 to 5 respondents rated the importance of effleurage strokes in their sports massage treatment at 3.3, petrissage strokes averaged 3.4, friction 3.3, and tapotement ranked slightly lower with a weighted average of 2.1. Sixty six percent of respondents reported that they use stretching techniques often or always. Myofascial release techniques are used sometimes or often for 65% of the respondents, but fewer utilize manual lymphatic drainage in their sports massage. Additional techniques besides those mentioned in the survey are used by 64% of the respondents.

No description available.

No description available.