Orientador: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Gabriel Cunha Salum / Banca: Joana D'Arc Teixeira / Resumo: A partir do final da década de 1990 o Estado de São Paulo apresentou propostas de reformas da Fundação Estadual do Bem-Estar do Menor - FEBEM. No bojo das reformas apresentadas, o processo de descentralização dos complexos adquire importância fundamental no novo modo de operar as medidas socioeducativas no Estado. A presente pesquisa pretende analisar o processo de reestruturação da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo ao Adolescente - Fundação CASA, a partir de sua reconstrução histórica, a fim de verificar possíveis aspectos que indicam se há vestígios de um passado ditatorial, repressor e autoritário no cotidiano da instituição, mantendo viva a herança de uma cultura de violência concreta e simbólica, além de buscar demonstrar possíveis contradições entre os documentos institucionais alinhados aos marcos regulatórios vigentes e as experiências circunscritas no cotidiano. Com base na análise documental e no estudo de pesquisas realizadas sobre o tema, é possível afirmar que a reconfiguração da instituição deve ser compreendida a partir das políticas de controle social presentes nas pautas e ações governamentais. Estas nos permitem melhor compreender os processos de punição e encarceramento, deslocando a atenção e tratamento dispensados aos jovens, sobretudo os residentes nas periferias, do campo protetivo para o campo punitivo, a partir de novos dispositivos de criminalização e vigilância e da inserção da sociedade civil enquanto agente reprodutor dos mecanismos de contr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: From the end of the 1990's onwards, the state of São Paulo presented proposals of reforms of the Fundação Estadual do Bem-Estar do Menor - FEBEM. In the center of the presented reforms, the process of decentralization of the complex acquires fundamental importance in the new way of operating the socio-educational measures in the state. The present research intends to analyze the process of restructuration of the Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo ao Adolescente - Fundação CASA, starting from its historical reconstruction, aiming to verify aspects that may indicate if there are traces of a dictatorial, repressive and authoritarian past in the daily life of the institution, keeping alive the inheritance of a culture of concrete and symbolic violence, apart from seeking to demonstrate possible contradictions among the institutional documents aligned with the current regulatory marks and the experiences circumscribed in the daily life. Based on the documental analysis and on the study of researches conducted over the theme, it is possible to state that the reconfiguration of the institution must be comprehended from the policies of social control presented on the government agenda and actions. These allow us to better understand the processes of punishment and imprisonment, displacing the attention and treatment given to the juveniles, specially the residents of peripheral areas, from the protective field to the punitive field, from new criminalization and vigilance mechanisms and the insertion of the civil society while reproductive agents of control mechanisms. / Mestre

Many of the causes for delinquency are known, but more investigation is needed in the prediction of future delinquent behavior. It was in this area of delinquency that this study was concerned. The problem was to compare scores made on the IES Test by a group of nondelinquent males with those made by a group of delinquent males to determine if the IES Test would discriminate between these two groups.

This research tested the findings of a study by James Muola, Mary Ndung’u, and Frederick Ngesa (2009) on juvenile delinquents in Nakuru in Kenya, and tests their hypotheses against other available data in Africa. Their study recommended strengthening ties with the NGO sector together with counselling on parenting in rehabilitation efforts. As a result, this research study tested their data and hypotheses by conducting a meta-analysis study using similar research in Sub-Saharan Africa. The goal was to put a broader perspective into efficient counselling and project management with juvenile delinquents, caregivers, and their opportunity structure.

This study was designed to explore possible relations between moral maturity and moral action by evaluating groups of delinquent and non-delinquent youth, and examining their relative position on multiple measures of moral maturity and criminality. Subjects were 60 male adjudicated juvenile offenders between the ages of 14 and 17, and 20 non-delinquent controls. All youth participated in a series of structured interviews used as a way of assessing their abilities on Kohlberg's moral reasoning, Turiel's social convention understanding, and Selman's social perspective taking measures, and were administered Hogan's socialization, empathy, and autonomy scales. The delinquent youth were assigned immorality ratings and further classified according to legal categories. Ratings for Hare's Psychopathy Checklist were obtained from primary therapists for the delinquents and from school counsellors for the non-delinquent comparison group. The results revealed that as a group, delinquent subjects showed substantial developmental delays in their performances on measures of moral reasoning, social convention understanding, interpersonal awareness and indices of socialization and autonomy. Hogan's empathy measure also showed a trend in the same direction. The majority of the delinquent youth were found to score at a preconventional-concrete reasoning level and showed a general lack of social-moral character. Tests of communality among the six moral maturity measures produced distinct and internally consistent cognitive reasoning (i.e., moral reasoning, interpersonal awareness, and social convention understanding) and moral character (i.e., socialization, empathy, and autonomy) clusters which lend support to the claims of Brown, Harre, and Hogan regarding the multidimensionality of moral development. There was an expected inverse relationship between immorality and moral maturity for the low and moderate seriousness groups, and an inconsistent pattern for the high group. This later finding was interpreted as an artifact of the fact that those delinquents whose criminal acts were judged most immoral were particularly guilty of various sexual offenses. The psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist confirm its usefulness with adolescent populations. Three internally consistent factor scales emerged (i.e., motivational deficit, lack of ego strength, and behavioral deviation). While psychopathy was found to significantly correlate with immorality ratings, an unexpected positive relationship was also found between psychopathy and moral reasoning for the sex offender group. Taken together, all of these results were interpreted in terms of Heider's theory of the psychology of action, which views behavior, in this case moral behavior, as a combination of "can" (i.e., moral reasoning competency) and "try" (i.e., moral character). / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

M.A. / Statistics obtained from both South Africa and the United States of America indicate that the phenomenon of violence amongst youths is increasing. Similarly, the number of adolescents being convicted of and detained for violent crimes such as assault is also on the increase. This implies that a larger number of youths are being exposed to the experience of violence and present with the complex and multi-dimensional effects of such an experience. Past research has centered mostly on the causative factors that can be statistically represented, with little focus being paid to the juveniles’ in-depth, subjective experience of the phenomenon. For the male adolescent, the experience of the phenomenon of violence is complex, diverse and may span across many aspects of his life, namely the physical, psychological, personal and social dimensions. In an attempt to address the shortcomings of past research, this study attempts to capture the unique experience of violence as it is experienced by the male juvenile who has been convicted of a violent crime, namely assault. The phenomenological approach to research has been specifically selected to enable the researcher to achieve this. Three participants were sourced from the Leeuwkop Juvenile Correctional Facility in Johannesburg and interviewed for the purpose of this study. The participants were selected according to their age (between 13 and 19 years of age) and type of crime that they had committed (either assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm, common assault or indecent assault). A biographical interview was first completed with each participant in order to obtain necessary background information. In staying with the phenomenological approach, openended interviews were used with the participants in order to allow for the participants’ unique and subjective experience of the phenomenon to emerge. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and non-verbal behaviour was included where appropriate. The transcripts comprise the raw data of this study and they were analysed within a phenomenological framework, which allowed for the natural themes of the phenomenon to emerge. Furthermore, the findings of the research were integrated and commonalities in themes were sought that would provide the essence of the phenomenon. In order to validate the findings of this research the themes were compared with the relevant literature. The phenomenon of violence would appear to be characterised by the juveniles’ experience of external events that would appear to provoke a certain response manifesting itself in violent behaviour. These responses were mostly emotional in nature and included emotions such as anger and rage and fury. Emotions were also elicited after the violent act had taken place and these were characterised by uncertainty, anger directed towards the self as well as fear. The use and misuse of substances such as alcohol and drugs would also appear to have been part of the experience of violence for the male offender. Furthermore, the experience of violence holds certain consequences for the male juvenile offender. The most common consequence experienced by all three participants was their subsequent arrest and incarceration in a Correctional Facility. A positive consequence of incarceration was that the offenders were exposed to social workers and psychologists that enabled them to learn coping mechanisms to contain any future violent thoughts, feelings and behaviours. The value of this research can be found in the above-mentioned motivation for such a study to be conducted. Very little literature exists on the subjective experience of violence for the male juvenile offender, as most of the literature available is quantitative in nature. Additionally, this study will add value to the limited amount of research available in South Africa.

Cognitive-developmental theory claims that moral reasoning ordinarily progresses through distinct stages, and that such development can be stimulated by discussion with others, especially discussions involving exposure to higher-stage reasoning. The concern of this study was the social/contextual factors that interact with cognitive processes involved in the development of moral reasoning. Two types of such factors were studied: namely, sociometric status and intensity of moral education program. The first of these could be studied because the participants were residents of a facility for young offenders (a total institution), characterized by an obvious and rigid hierarchical peer status system within the culture. The second factor could be studied because the participants were drawn from three residential units within the larger center, which varied significantly in terms of their program activities (specifically, unit meetings), and hence their moral climates. A total of 101 young offenders served as participants. They were assessed for moral reasoning, their perceptions of moral and institutional climate, and also through behavioral ratings - all at the pretest and at the 1-month posttest. The three levels of program were reflected in the institutional and moral climate measures. As well, better climates were associated with improvements in behavior and lesser climates with reductions in prosocial behavior. It was concluded that moral climate represents a valid measure of the factors which predict behavior within and following release from institutional settings. In order to study the effects of peer status, 40 participants served as target subjects who engaged in moral dilemma discussions with one other subject, each day for 3 consecutive days. According to cognitive-developmental theory, a dyadic intervention such as the one used here would be expected to stimulate the moral reasoning competence of the participant who is lower in that ability. However, the dyads were formed in such a way that some of the high stage participants (who would be expected to have an influence on their partner) were of significantly lower peer status. It was found that both exposure to higher-stage reasoning and higher peer status were necessary but not sufficient elements within this developmental process, consistent with the Piagetian notions regarding peer interaction and disequilibration. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

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There has been a gradual move from the exclusive use of institutions for delinquent adolescents as a treatment resource to a realization that institutions need a variety of treatment methods in order to rehabilitate delinquents and other adolescents with adjustment problems. Villa St. Rose is an example of an institution which has acknowledged the effectiveness of developing a therapeutic milieu based on a professional institutional program supported by community treatment in the form of a group home experience.

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