¡§Rewards¡¨ and ¡§Punishments¡¨ of public organizations are two crucial tools of personnel management and pivotal impetus factor in organizations.Rewarding is a positive and active way of impetus; punishing is a negative and passive way of impetus. The purpose of rewarding is to meet employees¡¦ requirements, lift morale, and enhance efficiency; the purpose of punishing is to alert stubbornness, eliminate illegitimacy, and maintain discipline. Making use of rewards and punishments well can make its positive function take effect immediately; on the contrary, it will cause damage to organizations. The leading class of public organizations should apply measures of rewards and punishments well. Police organizations, which are always performance-oriented, often highlight the importance of performance by means of project duties and regulate provisions of rewards and punishments in the practical plans of projects. This kind of project execution means that the police organization requests policemen achieve specific performance in some period for certain interim works of the policy and usually accompany with double rewards and punishments, which make common people misunderstand that police officers¡¦ works are ¡§optional¡¨ and ¡§emphatic¡¨ while handling cases. Besides, the business of police officers must focus on service and exhortation and reduce unnecessary interference and compulsion. However, serving for people and preventing crimes cannot underline the performance. Focusing on pursuing criminal cases, which bring immediate performance, and ignoring minor cases around common people for a long time cannot enhance the service quality. Police officers are partial to the performance, away from the public farther and farther. But, the business of police officers cannot be connected efficiently without people¡¦s supports and assistances. The performance cannot earn any credit of the public even though individual police officer is rewarded, but the whole image is getting worse. Thus, how to design a proper rewards and punishments system is worth studying. The objective of the legal system of rewards and punishments of public servants is, in the positive aspect, to lead public servants¡¦ behaviors towards organizational goals and respond to the expectation of the common people; in the negative aspect is to prevent public servants from conducting behaviors unfavorable of organizations goals or the common people¡¦s interests. The fairness of rewards and punishments system, the principle of rewarding from the basic level, and the principle of instant rewards and punishments have not only a great influence on morale encouragement to police officers but also on the position promotion of police officers. How to make the rewards and punishments system of police organizations fair and carry out principles of rewarding from the basic level, and instant rewards and punishments are worth further discussion. The thesis takes the legal system of rewards and punishments of police officers as research target and is supported by other relevant administrative laws and regulations. The research method adopts the primary theories of the administrative law, including administrative principles, administrative organizations, administrative authority, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision to view the rewards and punishments system of our police officers.

A technical solution to the problem of unavoidable movements in bridge structures is the use of bridge bearings. Bridge bearings are small integral parts of the entire bridge structure serving several purposes, such as connection, transfer of forces, allowing movements, force damping etc. However, bridge bearings could create more problems for the bridge structure than it solves if not properly understood, especially when it receives less attention than it deserves. Technical and practical issues, such as selection of the right bearing type for use, merits and demerits of different bearing types, maintenance and monitoring, replacement, life cycle cost etc. are all imperative to ensure that bearings satisfy their purpose.   This study takes into consideration the practical and theoretical experience available for the use of bridge bearings. Two electronic surveys were used to garner knowledge and expertise from bridge engineers, bearing manufacturers and other stake holders in the course of this study, also practical knowledge concerning various types and problems of bridge bearings, maintenance, repair and replacement, life cycle costing etc. were employed in addition to physical investigation of bridge bearings in the Stockholm area of Sweden.   Generally, all bearing types were found to perform their functions satisfactorily when in good conditions, though inevitable problem of degradation reduces the life span of these bearings, especially the ones made mainly of steel being affected by corrosion. Those made of rubber components also degrade and perform poorly in low temperatures and under high load magnitude, though they are the most economical solution to many problems, especially in seismically active areas. Modern and enclosed bearing types such as pot, spherical, disc, LRB, FPB etc. are best used in critical conditions like high vertical load, extensive degree/extent of movement, seismic areas etc. but they are expensive solutions due to technicality in construction, and they are not exempted from various problems of degradation.