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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Baltics after "Dark": way to European Union

Vachadze, Ana January 2011 (has links)
Focusing on the post-communist developments in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the research prevails why the transition was successful in the Baltic States? Analyzing "the Baltic way" to the European Union, the paper discusses the certain aspects of economic, political and social transition. Cultural trauma of social change will also be concerned. Conceptual part of the work focuses on the theory of modernization which is discussed in the civilizational context. It is assumed that modernization is rather multi-dimensional than universal, homogeneous process. The Baltic modernization shows the patterns of original western European type of modernization with clearly defined end-up goal: political and cultural "return to the West". Empirical part of the research focuses on the economic, political and social transformation processes in the Baltic States. The main discussions on Economic transition heated around the question: how to build capitalism? What was possible and desirable? What policy should have been chosen? Baltic States went through the radical economic reform called "shock therapy". The essence of "this program is discussed in contradiction with "gradualism'" - an alternative strategy of economic transition. Political transition encompasses the state-building, nation-building and society...
2

Předpoklady demokracie: Jak vynucená demokratizace závisí na transformaci a charakteristikách budování státu / Preconditions of Democracy: How forced democratization depends on transformation and state-building characteristics

Kraft, Michael January 2020 (has links)
Military Democratic Intervention is a common strategy of foreign interaction especially since World War II. However, the question why some interventions are successful in implementing democracy and others are still not answered satisfactorily. Whereas the scientific debate so far focused on mission specific characteristics including variables such as personnel or financial equipment of interventions, the underlying assumption of this work is that external democratized countries need to exhibit the same preconditions as countries internally democratized. Therefore, the transition and state-building literature is investigated and five clusters of preconditions for successful democratization is developed. With a Qualitative Comparative Analysis, a dataset comprising 27 cases, eight variables and the outcome variable, the author provides evidence for the significance of all five clusters. Most importantly, the level of human development and modernization as well as the predecessor regime type and the experience with democratic experience strand out. Further, the combination of the variables of high GDP, an ethnically homogeneous society and a democratically ruled neighborhood are identified as variables sufficiently influencing successful democratization after a military intervention. These results...
3

Kopřivnice v procesu politické změny 1989/1990 / Kopřivnice in the process of political changes in 1989/1990

Peš, Stanislav January 2016 (has links)
This thesis entitled‚ Kopřivnice in the process of political changes in 1989/1990' consists of a description and analysis of events connected to the disintegration of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia and deals with the transition to democracy of the medium-sized North Moravian town, Kopřivnice. My aim is to record not only the course of political changes, but also social and economic development after 17 November 1989. In terms of time, the thesis covers the period from 1986 to the municipal election in November 1990. The first chapter describes the oral history method, its position in the modern science and in the practical part of this thesis. The second chapter deals with the characteristics of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia before 1989 and the pre-existing conditions for the subsequent changes which took place in Czechoslovakia and Czech society. The third chapter analyses the field of the Velvet Revolution in revolution theory terms. It examines, if it is possible to consider the change as a revolution, and it studies the events in November 1989 from the point of view of the theory of transition. The third chapter explains the basic milestones in the history of the town which influenced its development, its population structure and its...
4

補助金制度下的台灣派系政治穩定與變遷--新制度理論分析觀點

吳怡銘, Wu, I-Ming Unknown Date (has links)
本文是以新制度研究方法,來分析台灣派系政治的穩定與變遷。本文的論點是我們在(1)台灣的地方派系政治互動,存在著交易成本。(2)制度因素控制交易成本,進而影響威權時期與民主轉型期的派系政治互動的研究目標前提下,藉由補助金制度運作為例,來理解台灣派系政治的變化。因此我們將全文的探討,建立在下列的假設上:”威權時期的台灣地方派系政治,之所以能維持穩定的運作而成為國民黨有效的統治形式,補助金制度能降低交易成本是主要原因之一。而在民主轉型期間,派系政治所發生的變遷,也是因為補助金制度無法再有效控制交易成本所導致的結果。” 而在對於上述假設的探討上,我們首先發現在整體地方財政結構上的嚴重失衡,使得地方財政必須強烈依恃於中央的補助支持。但是由於補助金制度缺乏有效的監督機制,導致主事者可以藉由制度上的缺失,來進行自身政治目的的運作。 因此在威權時期,補助金制度之所以能控制交易成本,維持派系政治穩定運作主要是由於: (1)補助制度能有效的弱化地方政府的能力、藉由政策的滲透達到監督地方的效果,並且能有效的介入選舉運作。因此降低民選精英向國民黨挑戰的風險成本,而使得雙方的互動呈現低交易成本的穩定合作關係。 (2)由於補助金制度能提供地方政治精英一個穩定的資源汲取管道,使得其底下樁腳系統的向心力可以穩定的維持下去。另一方面,補助計畫必須透過層級申請的特性,也為政治精英帶來低成本的監督環境,使得其能有效的防止樁腳跑票行為。導致雙方在低交易成本的互動下,維持穩定合作關係。 (3)但地方派系與選民之間的互動,則是因為選民缺乏監督誘因以及集體行動的協調成本太高,使得雙方呈現出一種高交易成本的關係。然而由於補助金制度的運作下,派系的政治精英往往可以藉由補助計畫申請的方式,來規避對選民的政治承諾,並將地方建設的功勞予以個人化。使地方政治精英能在規避對選民的政治責任時,卻又同時還能獲得選民的高度認同,而維持一種穩定的選民動員能力。 然而在民主轉型期,補助金制度之所以無法控制交易成本,導致派系政治發生變化的主要原因是在於: (1)國民黨需要地方政治精英對中央政權的支持,但本身卻喪失藉由補助款來進行監督的功能,導致雙方呈現出一種高交易成本的互動模式。 (2)由於補助款制度所存在的制度機制以及反對黨對於地方執政權的競爭日益激烈,導致樁腳因為補助管道日益多元化,使得樁腳維持自主性的成本下降。但卻因此弱化了地方政治精英對樁腳進行監督的能力。這使得雙方的合作關係呈現出一種不穩定的高交易成本狀態。 (3)最後在選民與地方派系的互動上,由於反對黨藉由福利政策來直接訴諸選民,使得選民在存有比較利益機會的誘因下,願意耗費成本來對政治人物的承諾進行監督。在縣級行政首長選舉上,選民因為監督誘因的增加以及反對黨出現所帶來訊息成本的降低,對派系領領袖的互動就呈現低交易成本模式。但是在基層小單位選舉上,由於區域樁腳仍然具有多元的申請管道,來利用申請補助計畫的方式來經營選區,導致選民仍缺乏監督的誘因,而繼續維持雙方高交易成本的互動方式。而且由於這種方式容易規避政治責任,並且將政績予以個人化,因此樁腳仍然維持高度的選民動員能力。 由於民主轉型期間,補助金制度無法再維持一個低交易成本環境。使得派系政治中的相關行動者過去穩定的合作關係發生變化。這種改變受害最深的,莫過於想維繫政權生存的國民黨。高交易成本,使得身為委託者的國民黨無法再控制地方派系對政權支持的政治承諾。因此國民黨會憑仗著執政優勢,藉由國家政策工具來降低交易成本,以便維持派系政治的穩定運作。諸如凍省、統籌分配款收回中央等政策,都可以視為在這種情境下所作的考量。但相對的,當民進黨執政,為了維持民進黨縣市首長與選民之間低交易成本的有利競爭環境,也會藉由國家政策的主導,來弱化派系政治的發展。諸如鄉鎮市長官派的宣示、收回小型工程補助款的決議等,都是在自我利益考量下,所得出的結果。因此派系政治在轉變後,未來可能的發展,就在台灣兩大政治勢力自我利益考量的前提中,成為政策腳力的拉鋸戰。然而在可預見四年的民進黨執政日子裡,民進黨在考量自身利益下,應該會朝向弱化派系政治的政策來發展。 最後在政策建議上,基於弱化派系政治的政策立場進行考量。則在長程目標上,就是要提高地方財源自主性,包括中央與地方財源的重新劃分、考慮開放地方在一定程度上的租稅立法權等措施,來落實地方自治、強化責任政治以實現充分政黨競爭的理想。而在短期的制度修正上,則應該恢復補助金制度維持社會公平正義的補助精神,藉由降低計畫型補助與中央部會補助款,以及建立公開透明的補助審核制度等技術性手段,來降低補助制度中,人為政治因素干擾的誘因。

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