We compare selected European countries using an economic dependency ratio which emphasizes the role of age-specific levels of production and consumption. Our analysis reveals large differences in the age- and gender-specific level and type of production activities across selected European countries and identifies possible strategies to adjust age-specific economic behaviour to an ageing population. The cross-country differences in economic dependency of children and elderly persons are largely determined by the age at which people enter, respectively exit, the labour market. The ability of the working age population to support children and elderly persons in turn is strongly influenced by the participation of women in paid work. We also provide a measure for the age-specific production and consumption in form of unpaid household work. The inclusion of unpaid household work leads to a decrease of the gender differences in production activities and indicates that the working age population supports children and elderly persons not only through monetary transfers but also through services produced by unpaid work (e.g. childcare, cooking, cleaning. . .). Given the available data, we cannot distinguish the age profile of consumption by gender and have to assume - in case of unpaid work - that each member of the household consumes the same. Hence, our results have to be regarded as a first approximation only. Our paper aims to argue that a reform of the welfare system needs to take into account not only public transfers but also private transfers, in particular the transfers in form of goods and services produced through unpaid household work.

The South African primary rebate is governed by Section 6 of the Income Tax Act (58 of 1962). This primary tax rebate entitles taxpayers to a tax-free income portion up to a certain level depending on the rebate amount (also referred to as the tax threshold). The concept of tax thresholds in a tax system in essence adhere to the first tax canon of Smith (1776:676), which suggests that individuals should pay taxes in proportion to each person’s ability to pay tax. The implication of this tax canon is that individuals who have a limited or no ability to pay tax should only be subject to pay tax in relation to their ability. Therefore, before tax can be levied, an amount for the necessities-of-life must be deducted from the taxpayer’s income (Vivian, 2006:85). The primary rebate system thus gives individuals a tax-free income portion which is supposed to first compensate for an individual’s necessities-of-life expenses or put differently the costs to survive. The main purpose of the present study is to critically analyse and compare the fairness of the primary rebates in South Africa in relation to other countries. To meet the main purpose a comparison was done between South Africa’s primary rebate and related government grant programs to that of Brazil and Australia. It was found that South Africa rebate system creates significant vertical and horizontal unfairness and that it compares poorly to the fairer multiple rebate and government grant systems of Brazil and Australia. Accordingly it was recommended that the unified primary rebate system of South Africa is reviewed and brought in line with the multiple rebate systems implemented in countries such as Brazil and Australia. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

Development of the economic situation in recent years raises number of issues, including defining what are the factors of this development and whether it is possible to affect them. This thesis deals with the demographic factors of economic growth; those are factors associated with general population and factors which may have an impact on the country's economy. The main aim of this work is to precisely identify the demographic factor and analyze their development in the Czech Republic since the early 1990s to the present days. Furthermore, the economic development is analyzed along with the indicators of economic activity in sorting by various demographic factors. Special attention is given to the status of working foreigners within the labor market. To emphasize the specifics of the development of the various sectors of national economy the construction industry was selected as a case example. The analysis of the employment in the construction industry was conducted in regard to demographic and economic indicators. To illustrate the results of the analysis column, line and pie charts were used in addition to the figures in the tables.

We assess empirically the role played by prospective ageing measures as a predictor of income growth in Europe. We show that prospective ageing measures which move beyond chronological age and incorporate changes in life expectancy are able to explain better the recent long-run growth experience of European economies. The improvement in explanatory power of prospective ageing indicators as compared to standard measures based on chronological age is particularly relevant for long-run economic growth horizons. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Background: Research on how rising human capital affects the consequences of population ageing rarely considers the fact that the human capital of the elderly population is composed in a specific way that is shaped by their earlier schooling and work experience. For an elderly population of a fixed size and age-sex composition, this entails that the higher its human capital, the greater the total amount of public pensions to be paid. Objective: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the link between human capital and retiree benefits and its effect on population ageing from a demographic viewpoint. Methods: We construct an old age dependency ratio (OADR), in which each person, whether in the numerator or the denominator, is assigned the number of units corresponding to his/her level of human capital. Based on data for Italy, we study the dynamics of this human-capital-specific OADR with the help of multistate population projections to 2107. Results: Our results show that under specific conditions a constant or moderately growing human capital may aggravate the consequences of population ageing rather than alleviate them. Conclusions: With those findings, the authors would like to stimulate the debate on the search for demographic and/or socio-economic solutions to the challenges posed by population ageing.

Increasing longevity and  falling fertility have increased interest in financing retirement age and have increased the burden of old age in an ageing society. This research is based on data from 41 countries of OECD and BRICS, between 1995 and 2017. By employing the fixed-effect estimation method, this study is to test and compare the relationship between the child and old-age dependency ratios, life expectancy and savings rate of these countries. The two groups of countries represent developed (OECD) and emerging (BRICS) countries with different level of development and states of ageing. The estimation results show that the savings rate of OECD countries can be explained by the old-age and child dependency ratios and life expectancy, but life expectancy has a greater impact on the savings rate. However, although the savings rate in BRICS countries is also positively affected by life expectancy, the impact of child dependency ratio is much greater than life expectancy. But, the effect of old-age dependency ratios on savings is insignificant in BRICS countries.

Description and charting of changes which have been caused by demographic ageing in the Czech society between years 1991 2013 are main aims of this paper. Paper is focused especially on Total Economic Dependency Ratio, Child (Economic) Dependency Ratio, Aged (Economic) Dependency Ratio and Ageing Index and reports about demographic ageing in wide socio-economic view too. Than it tries to show and warn against social and economic consequences of this phenomenon which is present in our society for last few decades. This paper wants to find resolves of changes caused by demographic ageing.

Aging populations in Europe is a fact and it will affect everything from welfare systems and consumption patterns to the wealth of whole countries. The life expectancy has increased at the same time as the birth rate has decreased which has led to the population growth to cease in many countries. This means that a smaller workforce needs to uphold the nation’s production and provide for the part of the population not working. This study aims to examine the interconnection between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU. The question is answered by multiple regressions using panel data from 27 countries in the EU between the years 1960 to 2020. The results show that there is a negative correlation between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU and this result is possibly generalisable. An increase of one unit in the old age dependency ratio causes a decrease in the GDP growth by ca. 0,26-0,32 percentage points. This is an effect of economic significance that will have noticeable consequences for the economies within the EU in the foreseeable future. However, this effect is not statistically significant if time fixed effects are included in the model which makes the connection between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU questionable. / Åldrande befolkningar i Europa är ett faktum och det påverkar allt från välfärdssystem och konsumtionsmönster till hela länders välstånd. Den förväntade livslängden ökar samtidigt som det föds färre barn och befolkningstillväxten har därmed avstannat i många länder. Det gör att ett allt mindre antal förvärvsarbetande måste upprätthålla landets produktion och försörja den del av befolkningen som inte arbetar. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilket samband som finns mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och ekonomisk tillväxt i EU. Frågeställningen besvaras genom ett flertal regressioner som genomförs med paneldata över 27 stycken EU-länder från år 1960-2020. Resultaten visar att det finns ett negativt samband mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och BNP-tillväxt i EU och att detta resultat antagligen också är generaliserbart. En enhetsökning i äldreförsörjningskvoten ger en genomsnittlig minskning av BNP-tillväxten med ca. 0,26-0,32 procentenheter. Det är en effekt av ekonomisk signifikans som kommer ha kännbara effekter för EU-ländernas ekonomier inom en överskådlig framtid. Emellertid blir effekten inte statistiskt signifikant när tidsfixa effekter inkluderas i modellen vilket innebär att sambandet mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och BNP-tillväxt i EU kan ifrågasättas.

Over the past several decades there has been extensive research done in an attempt to determine what demographic characteristics affect economic growth, measured in GDP per capita. Understanding what influences the growth of a country will vastly help policy makers enact policies to lead the country in a positive direction. This research focuses on isolating a new variable, women in the work force. As well as isolating a new variable, this research will modify a preexisting variable that was shown to be significant in order to make the variable more robust and sensitive to recessions. The intent of this thesis is to explore the relationship between several demographic characteristics and their effect on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The first step is to reproduce the work done by Barlow (1994) to ensure that the United States follows similar rules as the countries in his research. Afterwards, we will introduce new variables into the model, comparing the goodness of fit through the methods of R-squared, AIC and BIC. There have been several models developed to answer each of the research questions independently.

臺閔地區65歲以上的老年人口於民國82年底占總人口之7.1%，達到聯合國所界定之「高齡化」水準，至民國94年底老年人口大幅增加為占總人口之9.74%，人口老化的趨勢使得退休後的生活保障更顯重要;年長者生活保障的主要來源是退休金，而我國已於民國94年7月1日由確定給付制轉變為確定提撥制(DC制)。基於醫學的快速成長，以及生活環境水準亦顯著提昇，採用現有的生命表預測未來死亡率可能會有極大的誤差，故本文參考許鳴遠(2006)的Reduction Factor模型，預測台灣未來的高齡人口死亡率，進而推計未來的各年齡人口數，再將改善的死亡率應用在確定提撥制的退休基金，並參考MacDonald and Cairns (2007)，假設退休基金投資在五種不同的投資標的，分別考慮20歲的個人與不同時間點20~55歲的各年齡人口，在不同限制函數下找尋確定提撥制退休基金的最適投資策略，並比較不同限制函數對依賴比造成的影響。