Fire is one of the main hazards associated with storage tanks containing flammable liquids. These tanks are usually closely spaced and in large groups, so where a petroleum fire occurs, adjacent tanks are susceptible to damage leading to further development of the fire. The structural behaviour such as thermal stability and failure modes of the tanks under such fire scenario are very important to the safety design and assessment of oil depots. However, no previous studies on this problem are known to the best knowledge of the author. This thesis presents a systematic exploration of the potential thermal and structural behaviours of an oil tank when one of its neighbour tanks is on fire. Under such scenario, the oil tanks are found to easily buckle under rather moderate temperature rises. The causes of such buckling failures are the reduced modulus of steel at elevated temperatures, coupled with thermally-induced stresses due to the restraint of thermal expansion. Since the temperatures reached in such structures can be several hundred Centigrade degrees, any restraint to thermal expansion can lead to the development of compressive stresses. The high susceptibility of thin shell structures to elastic buckling under low compressive stresses means that this type of failure can be easily provoked. The main objectives of this thesis were to reveal the thermal distribution patterns developed in an oil tank under the heating from an adjacent tank fire, to understand the underlying mechanism responsible for the buckling of tank structure, and to explore the influences of various thermal and geometrical parameters on the buckling temperature of the tanks. The study began with analytical solutions for stresses and deformations in a partially filled roofless cylindrical tank under an idealised axisymmetrical heating regime involving thermal discontinuity at the liquid level. The results demonstrate that large compressive circumferential membrane stresses occur near the bottom boundary for an empty tank and near the liquid level for a partially-filled tank. Heat transfer analysis was conducted to explore the temperature distribution developed in the tank when the fire reaches a steady state. Parameters and assumptions used in the adopted pool fire model were carefully examined. The results show that a rather non-uniform distribution of temperature is developed in the tank especially around the tank circumference. A simple model was then proposed to describe the temperature distribution based on the numerical heat transfer analysis. The accuracy of the proposed temperature distribution model for predicting the structure behaviour was evaluated by comparing its predictions with those using directly the temperature distribution obtained from the numerical heat transfer analysis. Extensive geometric and material nonlinear analyses were carried out to capture the buckling behaviour of the tank using both the proposed temperature distribution and that from heat transfer analysis. It was found large vertical compressive membrane stresses are induced in the tank, causing buckling. The influence of fire diameter, location, liquid filling level and tank geometry were investigated.

Le travail de recherche présenté concerne l'étude des pulvérisations de produits phytosanitaires. Les études réalisées au début de ma carrière (ma thèse et les travaux qui en ont découlé) concernent le développement, la validation puis le transfert d'un modèle de calcul de la répartition des dépôts au sol, pour des pulvérisateurs à rampe. Ce travail a servi de base à la définition des méthodologies mises en place par la suite.<br />L'étude de la pénétration de la pulvérisation dans la vigne a ensuite été étudié. Un modèle a été développé à l'aide d'outils commerciaux de CFD pour la représentation du flux d'air dans la végétation et le calcul de trajectoires représentatives de gouttes. Le modèle a été paramétré à partir de mesures de vitesses d'air de part et d'autre de la canopée. Le comportement des nuages de gouttes et la proportion de produit retenue par le feuillage a été développé de manière plus détaillée : le modèle s'appuie sur un coefficient d'efficacité obtenu à partir d'autres simulations. Ces simulations ont été conçues de manière à permettre une<br />validation expérimentale. Les mesures de dépôt réalisées en conditions réelles ont ensuite permis de discuter des résultats du modèle global ainsi que des limites de l'approche.<br />Enfin des contaminations atmosphériques pendant les applications ont fait l'objet d'une démarche expérimentale pour mettre en évidence les relations entre les variables météorologiques, les paramètres-machine et les émissions de pesticide. L'analyse par des systèmes d'inférence floue ont débouché sur une proposition d'outil d'expertise. Un modèle dédié a par ailleurs été développé pour simuler les quantités émises ainsi que leur dispersion atmosphérique.

Ce travail se compose de deux parties : la première partie traite de la formation de dépôts épais du composé YBa2Cu3O7-x par la technique électrophorétique (EPD) tandis que la seconde décrit la réalisation de dépôts par la technique de projection plasma. Dans le cadre de la méthode EPD, des suspensions aqueuses et non-aqueuses ont été étudiées. Plus particulièrement, des suspensions à base dacétone en présence ou non diode ont été caractérisées de manière approfondie. A laide de ces résultats, un mécanisme de charge des particules a été proposé. La cinétique de dépôt de lYBa2Cu3O7-x par EPD a également été étudiée. Les dépôts formés ont montré des propriétés supraconductrices sur substrat dAg. Une densité de courant critique Jc (77 K, H=0) de lordre de 103 A/cm² a été obtenue. Finalement, une méthode de texturation sous champ magnétique appliquée à lEPD a été explorée. Pour la technique de projection plasma, différents paramètres opératoires ont été étudiés. Par un traitement thermique adéquat du dépôt sur substrat de Ni, la phase supraconductrice a été obtenue.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Leaf v does not exist therefore pre-paging is misnumbered. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-262). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Leaf v does not exist therefore pre-paging is misnumbered. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-262). Also available on the Internet.

This thesis subjects the old Agricultural Bank Building in Mersin, which is one of the important traditional late 19th and early 20th century buildings of Mersin and which reflects important architectural features of that period. The main scope of this thesis is to prepare a conservation and restoration project for the &ldquo / Old Agricultural Bank Building&rdquo / which will pass the historical, architectural, cultural values of the building to the next generations. The study is composed of six subjects. In the introduction, short description of the building is given stating its significant architectural values. It is continued with the aim of the study, as well as the framework and methodology of the study. The second topic covers the documentation of the building and its nearby environment describing its present state together with the location of the building within Mersin and the general settlement characteristics of the nearby environment. The documentation continues with analysis of the building related to the building elements and materials / construction techniques / structural system / physical problems covering the material deteriorations and structural deformations / and finally evaluation of changes. The third subject comprises research related to the historical background of the building as well as the nearby environment within the historical development of Mersin. It is followed by the fourth topic, which covers comparative study of the physical and architectural features of the building with examples from bank and entrepot/depot buildings as well as other traditional buildings that belong to same period in Mersin. During the fifth subject, which is the restitution stage, evaluation related to the exploration of the previous states of the building is carried out. The study concludes with the last section, which covers the evaluation of collected information up to this phase stating the values, problems, potentials of the building. Finally, it is completed with proposal decisions related to the conservation and restoration of the building.

Nesta tese, nós apresentamos uma compilação de três artigos de otimização aplicados no contexto de transporte urbano de ônibus. O principal objetivo foi estudar e implementar heurísticas com base em Pesquisa Operacional para otimizar problemas de (re)escalonamento de veículos off-line e on-line considerando várias garagens e frota heterogênea. No primeiro artigo, foi proposta uma abordagem heurística para o problema de escalonamento de veículos múltiplas garagens. Acreditamos que as principais contribuições são o método de geração de colunas para grandes instâncias e as técnicas de redução do espaço de estados para acelerar as soluções. No segundo artigo, adicionamos complexidade ao considerar a frota heterogênea, denotada como multiple depot vehicle type scheduling problem (MDVTSP). Embora a importância e a aplicabilidade do MDVTSP, formulações matemáticas e métodos de solução para isso ainda sejam relativamente inexplorados. A principal contribuição desse trabalho foi o método de geração de colunas para o problema com frota heterogênea, já que nenhuma outra proposta na literatura foi identificada no momento pelos autores. Na terceira parte desta tese, no entanto, nos concentramos no reescalonamento em tempo real para o caso de quebras definitivas de veículos. A principal contribuição é a abordagem eficiente do reescalonamento sob uma quebra. A abordagem com redução de espaço de estados, solução inicial e método de geração de colunas possibilitou uma ação realmente em tempo real. Em menos de cinco minutos, reescalonando todas as viagens restantes. / In this dissetation we presented a three articles compilation in urban bus transportation optimization. The main objective was to study and implement heuristic solutions method based on Operations Research to optimizing offline and online vehicle (re)scheduling problems considering multiple depots and heterogeneous fleet. In the first paper, a fast heuristic approach to deal with the multiple depot vehicle scheduling problem was proposed. We think the main contributions are the column generation framework for large instances and the state-space reduction techniques for accelerating the solutions. In the second paper, we added complexity when considering the heterogeneous fleet, denoted as "the multiple-depot vehicle-type scheduling problem" (MDVTSP). Although the MDVTSP importance and applicability, mathematical formulations and solution methods for it are still relatively unexplored. We think the main contribution is the column generation framework for instances with heterogeneous fleet since no other proposal in the literature has been identified at moment by the authors. In the third part of this dissertation, however, we focused on the real-time schedule recovery for the case of serious vehicle failures. Such vehicle breakdowns require that the remaining passengers from the disabled vehicle, and those expected to become part of the trip, to be picked up. In addition, since the disabled vehicle may have future trips assigned to it, the given schedule may be deteriorated to the extent where the fleet plan may need to be adjusted in real-time depending on the current state of what is certainly a dynamic system. Usually, without the help of a rescheduling algorithm, the dispatcher either cancels the trips that are initially scheduled to be implemented by the disabled vehicle (when there are upcoming future trips planned that could soon serve the expected demand for the canceled trips), or simply dispatches an available vehicle from a depot. In both cases, there may be considerable delays introduced. This manual approach may result in a poor solution. The implementation of new technologies (e.g., automatic vehicle locators, the global positioning system, geographical information systems, and wireless communication) in public transit systems makes it possible to implement real-time vehicle rescheduling algorithms at low cost. The main contribution is the efficient approach to rescheduling under a disruption. The approach with integrated state-space reduction, initial solution, and column generation framework enable a really real-time action. In less than five minutes rescheduling all trips remaining.

Nesta tese, nós apresentamos uma compilação de três artigos de otimização aplicados no contexto de transporte urbano de ônibus. O principal objetivo foi estudar e implementar heurísticas com base em Pesquisa Operacional para otimizar problemas de (re)escalonamento de veículos off-line e on-line considerando várias garagens e frota heterogênea. No primeiro artigo, foi proposta uma abordagem heurística para o problema de escalonamento de veículos múltiplas garagens. Acreditamos que as principais contribuições são o método de geração de colunas para grandes instâncias e as técnicas de redução do espaço de estados para acelerar as soluções. No segundo artigo, adicionamos complexidade ao considerar a frota heterogênea, denotada como multiple depot vehicle type scheduling problem (MDVTSP). Embora a importância e a aplicabilidade do MDVTSP, formulações matemáticas e métodos de solução para isso ainda sejam relativamente inexplorados. A principal contribuição desse trabalho foi o método de geração de colunas para o problema com frota heterogênea, já que nenhuma outra proposta na literatura foi identificada no momento pelos autores. Na terceira parte desta tese, no entanto, nos concentramos no reescalonamento em tempo real para o caso de quebras definitivas de veículos. A principal contribuição é a abordagem eficiente do reescalonamento sob uma quebra. A abordagem com redução de espaço de estados, solução inicial e método de geração de colunas possibilitou uma ação realmente em tempo real. Em menos de cinco minutos, reescalonando todas as viagens restantes. / In this dissetation we presented a three articles compilation in urban bus transportation optimization. The main objective was to study and implement heuristic solutions method based on Operations Research to optimizing offline and online vehicle (re)scheduling problems considering multiple depots and heterogeneous fleet. In the first paper, a fast heuristic approach to deal with the multiple depot vehicle scheduling problem was proposed. We think the main contributions are the column generation framework for large instances and the state-space reduction techniques for accelerating the solutions. In the second paper, we added complexity when considering the heterogeneous fleet, denoted as "the multiple-depot vehicle-type scheduling problem" (MDVTSP). Although the MDVTSP importance and applicability, mathematical formulations and solution methods for it are still relatively unexplored. We think the main contribution is the column generation framework for instances with heterogeneous fleet since no other proposal in the literature has been identified at moment by the authors. In the third part of this dissertation, however, we focused on the real-time schedule recovery for the case of serious vehicle failures. Such vehicle breakdowns require that the remaining passengers from the disabled vehicle, and those expected to become part of the trip, to be picked up. In addition, since the disabled vehicle may have future trips assigned to it, the given schedule may be deteriorated to the extent where the fleet plan may need to be adjusted in real-time depending on the current state of what is certainly a dynamic system. Usually, without the help of a rescheduling algorithm, the dispatcher either cancels the trips that are initially scheduled to be implemented by the disabled vehicle (when there are upcoming future trips planned that could soon serve the expected demand for the canceled trips), or simply dispatches an available vehicle from a depot. In both cases, there may be considerable delays introduced. This manual approach may result in a poor solution. The implementation of new technologies (e.g., automatic vehicle locators, the global positioning system, geographical information systems, and wireless communication) in public transit systems makes it possible to implement real-time vehicle rescheduling algorithms at low cost. The main contribution is the efficient approach to rescheduling under a disruption. The approach with integrated state-space reduction, initial solution, and column generation framework enable a really real-time action. In less than five minutes rescheduling all trips remaining.

Orientadores: Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes, Elizabeth João Pavin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvadosSantos_Priscilla_M.pdf: 1821889 bytes, checksum: c110ddab19340961ac150d3b6f057876 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres / Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres / Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women / Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Container terminal capacity is a crucial issue for port and terminal operators nowadays as it is one of the key points for their success and increasing their competitive market position in the maritime industry. Therefore, researchers have tried to find solutions for the over capacity problem that faces many terminal operators. This research suggests dry ports as one of the most suitable solution for this problem through proposing a structured framework to adopt the right policy decisions for Dry Port location and capacity. To achieve the presented framework some areas were addressed in detail to have the full picture clear. The current status of the global container sector was assessed, also, the main capacity problems of container terminals with a view to reviewing the suggested solutions was investigated, hence the need for dry ports. In addition, policies for providing optimal location and capacity decisions for container terminals were identified. A technique that supports assessing container terminal location and capacity policy decisions with particular reference to dry ports were developed. Moreover, a case study on Alexandria International Container Terminal for validating the results was conducted. The current research was facilitated by experts from the maritime transport industry, through the application of the Delphi Technique. Applying such a technique enables collaborating experts to share experience modify statements and re-asking to reach a final exact answer that could be generalized. The consensus achieved will help build knowledge and understanding of potential Dry Ports’ policies of the maritime transport sector. This research seeks to make an original contribution to knowledge by developing a structured framework to identify policy decisions for location and capacity of Dry Ports using a Delphi technique as a support tool for terminal managers and operators, port planners, policy makers, and investors in deciding decisions relevant to Dry Port investment.