Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os pontos de vista e o conhecimento sobre depressão de enfermeiros da rede básica de saúde. Os 73 enfermeiros participantes encontram-se na secretaria municipal de saúde e direção regional de saúde, ambos em São José do Rio Preto-SP. Acham-se distribuídos em 28 unidades de saúde. Em se tratando de um estudo psicométrico, foram utilizados quatro instrumentos para a coleta de dados: A- Pontos de vista sobre depressão; B- Conhecimento sobre depressão; C- Inventário de Beck; D- Escala de Zung. Todos foram auto-aplicados. Utilizou-se a análise quantitativa para os dados gerais e a qualitativa para a reflexão sobre os mesmos dados. Nos resultados gerais, a maioria das respostas evidencia acordo com o que se esperava, com médio conhecimento sobre depressão. Entretanto, as análises individuais dessas questões indicam que esses profissionais não estão em contato direto com o paciente, não sabem identificar pacientes deprimidos, não observam estes indicadores nos pacientes por eles atendidos ou não entendem que seja sua tarefa fazer esta identificação. Surgiram reflexões acerca da possível relação entre as ações de saúde mental com a formação profissional do enfermeiro. Desse modo, o ensino da depressão no curso de enfermagem e na educação continuada passam a ter maior importância no desenvolvimento das ações de enfermagem para a saúde mental. Esperamos que esta pesquisa constitua-se em para a assistência, para o ensino e para a pesquisa em enfermagem podendo sensibilizar os enfermeiros sobre a necessidade de uma atuação transformadora de suas práticas. / This research aimed at identifying the viewpoints and knowledge on depression of nurses working in the basic health network. The 73 participant nurses were stationed in the Municipal Health Secretariat and Regional Health Department in São José do Rio Preto-SP. They were distributed in 28 health units. Considering that this was a psychometric study, four instruments were used for data collection: A- Viewpoints on depression; B- Knowledge on depression; C- Beck's Inventory; D- Zung's Scale. All of them were self-applied. Quantitative analysis was used for general data and qualitative analysis was utilized for reflection on the same data. In the general results, most of the answers were in accordance with what was expected, that is, average knowledge on depression was shown. However, the individual analysis of such questions indicated that these professionals are not in direct contact with patients, they do not know how to identify depressed patients, they do not observe these indicators in the patients that they assist or do not understand that it is their task to do so. Reflections appeared on the possible relationship between mental health actions and nurses’ professional education. In this way, including studies about depression in undergraduate and continuing education become more important in the development of nursing actions for mental health. We believe that this research constitutes an important contribution to nursing assistance, teaching and research, since it is able to sensitize nurses as to the need for transforming actions in their practice.

Depression är en komplex sjukdom som orsakar flest förlorade år på grund av nedsatt funktionsförmåga i såväl höginkomst- som låginkomstländer. De vanligaste behandlingsformerna som erbjuds patienter idag ger inte alltid fullgod symptomlindring och patienter efterfrågar komplementära omvårdnadsåtgärder. Sjuksköterskan behöver känna till olika omvårdnadsåtgärder för att kunna tillgodose varje enskild patients önskemål och behov. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vilken påverkan yoga har på depression. En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes och resultatet bygger på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar som behandlar yogautövningens antidepressiva effekt på individer med diagnostiserad depression. De vetenskapliga artiklarnas resultat granskades och en innehållsanalys genomfördes. Yogautövning hade en påverkan på depressiva symptom och litteraturstudiens resultat presenteras under två teman, Yogans lindrande funktion vid depression och Yogans stärkande funktion vid depression. Deltagarna i studierna fick bland annat minskade negativa tankemönster, stressreduktion, förbättrad sömn, förbättrad självkänsla samt möjlighet att bryta isolering. För att stärka den vetenskapliga grunden för yogautövningens antidepressiva effekt behövs fler longitudinella randomiserade kontrollerade studier genomföras inom området. / Depression is a complex disorder causing most years lost due to disability in highincome countries as well as low-income countries. The most common treatments offered patients today does not always provide sufficient relief of symptoms and patients seek for complementary nursing interventions. The registered nurse need to have knowledge about different nursing interventions to provide the care each patient needs and asks for. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect yoga had on depression. A literature review was conducted and the result is based on the results of 11 scientific articles examining the antidepressant effect of yoga for individuals with major depression. The results of the scientific articles were reviewed and a content analysis was conducted. Yoga had an effect on depressive symptoms. The result of the literature review is presented as two themes, The relieving function of yoga and The enhancing function of yoga. The benefits the participants received from yoga was for example reduced ruminations, stress reduction, improved sleep and self-esteem. They could also break the pattern of isolation. Future research should include larger longitudinal randomized controlled studies to strengthen the scientific basis for the antidepressant effect yoga has on depression.

nÃo hà / Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) an isomer of Carvacrol. Present as large colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. It is a monoterpene essential oil extracted from various herbs, and the main component of the essential oil of rosemary-pepper (Lippia sidoides), constituting approximately 48% of its composition. This paper presents the behavioral actions of thymol in animal models of anxiety, depression, seizures and sedation, such as elevated plus maze (EPM), open field, rota rod, forced swim, tail suspension, seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol and pentobarbital-induced sleep time. Thymol was administered orally in male mice at doses of 25mg/kg and 50mg / kg. The results showed that thymol at both doses studied did cause muscula relaxament activits change locomotor activity on the test rota rod nor the number of crossings in the open field test, but reducedThe grooming was reduced with the administration of thymol in the open field test. At both doses studied LCE thymol increased all parameters observed suggesting a possible anxiolytic effect. Flumazenil, an antagonist of GABA / benzodiazepine, reversed this effect. In the test of sleep time induced by pentobarbital thymol not alter the latency but increased sleep duration. Although this test is sensitive to CNS depressant agents but is not specific for compounds which would interfere with the biotransformation of pentobarbital. In the test of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, thymol increased latency of seizure at the dose of 50mg/kg, however was not able to change the mortality of animals. Thymol showed antidepressant effect in the forced swim test and the tail suspension. This effect was reversed by pretreatment of animals with PCPA (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor), Prazosin and Yohimbine (adrenoreceptor antagonists), SCH23390 and Sulpiride (dopamine receptor antagonists). These results suggest that thymol shows anxiolytic effects probably associated with the GABAergic system and antidepressant effects associated with the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic without causing sedation. / O Timol (2-isopropil-5-metil-fenol) um isÃmero do Carvacrol. Apresenta-se como cristal incolor grandes ou pà cristalino branco. à um monoterpeno extraÃdo do Ãleo essencial de diversas plantas aromÃticas, sendo o componente principal do Ãleo essencial do alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides), constituindo aproximadamente 48% da sua composiÃÃo. Este trabalho avaliou as aÃÃes comportamentais do timol em modelos animais de ansiedade, depressÃo, convulsÃo e sedaÃÃo, tais como labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), campo aberto, rota rod, nado forÃado, suspensÃo da cauda, convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol e tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital. Timol foi administrado por via oral, em camundongos machos, em doses Ãnicas de 25mg/Kg ou 50 mg/Kg. Os resultados mostraram que o timol nas duas doses estudadas, nÃo causou efeito relaxante muscular no teste do rota Rod nem alterou o nÃmero de cruzamentos no teste do campo aberto, mas reduziu o grooming. No LCE ambas as doses estudadas do timol aumentaram todos os parÃmetros observados sugerindo um possÃvel efeito ansiolÃtico. O flumazenil, um antagonista dos receptores GABAA/BenzodiazepÃnico, reverteu este efeito. No teste do tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital o timol nÃo alterou a latÃncia, mas aumentou a duraÃÃo do sono. Entretanto este teste embora sendo sensÃvel para agentes depressores do SNC nÃo à especÃfico pois compostos que possam interferir com a biotransformaÃÃo do pentobarbital. No teste da convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol, timol aumentou a latÃncia da convulsÃo na dose de 50mg/Kg, no entanto nÃo foi capaz de alterar a latÃncia de morte e a mortalidade dos animais. Timol apresentou efeito antidepressivo no teste do nado forÃado e da suspensÃo da cauda. Este efeito foi revertido pelo prÃ-tratamento dos animais com PCPA (um inibidor da sÃntese de serotonina), Prazosina e Ioimbina (antagonistas dos receptores adrenÃrgicos), SCH23390 e Sulpirida (antagonistas dos receptores dopaminÃrgicos). Estes resultados sugerem que o timol apresenta efeitos ansiolÃticos provavelmente relacionados com o sistema GABAÃrgico e efeitos antidepressivos associados aos sistemas serotonÃrgico, noradrenÃrgico e dopaminÃrgico sem causar sedaÃÃo.

Objective: To determine the association between body image dissatisfaction (BID) and depressive symptoms in adolescents from a school in Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed through a census of 875 high-school students, aged 13 to 17 years, from a school in Lima. Participants completed a survey containing the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data regarding demographics, alcohol and tobacco use, self-esteem, and family history of depression were also obtained. To identify associated factors, Poisson regression with robust variance was used. Prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Of the 875 adolescents, 55.8% were male. The mean age was 14.161.5 years. Depressive symptoms were observed in 19.9% of participants. An association between BID and depressive symptoms was found. Alcohol and tobacco use were also associated with the outcome of interest. Conclusions: Teens who had BID were 3.7 times more likely to report depressive symptoms. Additionally, those who used tobacco or alcohol were 1.5 and 1.4 times more likely to have depressive symptoms, respectively. Further studies targeting other populations and using longitudinal designs are recommended.

The research question “What does it mean for a woman to be diagnosed with postnatal depression?” indicates three main overlapping areas of investigation: women, including issues of gender, discourses around womanhood and the roles and expectations being a woman carries; diagnosis, which is the categorising of experiences deemed to be outside of what is considered normal and includes discourses around mental health and mental illness; and mothers, including expectations of mothers and motherhood. All of these areas interlink and are arguably socially and culturally specific. There is also an underlying concept of identity as a woman, a mother and a mentally ill person, both separately and as an intersection of the three. It is therefore an important area of investigation within counselling psychology, a discipline that concerns itself with subjective experience and is therefore well placed to interrogate the process of medicalised diagnoses. The social and cultural influence also suggests Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory as the appropriate method as it uses ideas of social constructionism. In this study semistructured interviews were carried out with eight women who believed they had been given a diagnosis of postnatal depression. They were asked about the circumstances leading up to their diagnosis and what they felt the impact was. These interviews were transcribed and analysed using a Grounded Theory methodology (Charmaz, e.g. 2006). A theory of how women view their experience of being diagnosed with postnatal depression, as well as how social factors influence the way the women make sense of this experience, is proposed. This theory takes the form of a process in which women described a dissonance between their expectations of motherhood and their lived experience. They understood this as a lack in themselves and as a result hid their struggles to a point at which they felt they could no longer avoid seeking professional help. The subsequent diagnosis of postnatal depression led to an opening of a dialogue around the difficulties they were experiencing as well as options of possible treatments. The implications of this process are discussed.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Timothy D. Keane / According to the National Alliance on Mental illness, 18.5% of adults in the U.S. experience mental illness each year. Many recent studies suggest that the natural environment can beneficially impact the mental health of an individual. Research on healing gardens suggests that if an individual with depression has a higher aesthetic preference for a landscape, the individual will see a positive increase in mood and perhaps a decrease in depressive symptoms. An environmental preference study was conducted to understand if an aesthetically preferred landscape has an impact on the mood of an individual. Participants were recruited from two universities and included students and non-students. A total of 120 participants were given the option of online or in-person participation. Prior to viewing landscape images, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Environmental Preference Questionnaire (EPQ). Before and after viewing each image, the participants indicated their mood using a Visual Analog Scale and their aesthetic preference using a Likert-type Scale. This study showed a positive increase in mood, dependent upon aesthetic preference across all participants, however, an overall lower mood for individuals with higher depressional tendencies.

Lithium (Li+) is the major drug presently prescribed in the treatment of manic depression. Its site of action within the central nervous system is unknown although it has been known for several years to have profound effects upon inositol (poly)phosphate metabolism. The basis of the work presented here is to investigate the effects of Li+ upon the accumulation of labelled and unlabelled inositol (poly)phosphates in muscarinic cholinergically stimulated rat cerebral cortical slices and cultured cell lines. Its effects on the accumulation of CMP-phosphatidic acid (CMP-PA), a precursor to (poly)phosphoinositide lipid resynthesis and upon the inhibition of inositol monophosphatase activity are also described. It has been shown that the presence of Li+ leads to reduced accumulation of, not only Ins(l,3,4,5)P4 but also of Ins(l,4,5)P3, the molecule responsible for the release of intracellular Ca2+. The labelled Ins(l,4,5)P3 and Ins(l,3,4)P3 which accumulate under these conditions were separated in the absence of mg++ using an enzymic preparation from rat cerebral homogenate. This technique allows an effective and accurate separation which circumventss the use of h.p.l.c. It has also been demonstrated that both [3H] InsP1 and [14C]CMP-PA increase with similar EC50 values in the presence of increasing Li+ concentrations and also with increasing time in the presence of Li+. Furthermore, work has indicated that the preincubation of rat cerebral cortical slices with myo-inositol can, at least partially, reverse the accumulation of labelled CMP-PA. However, if the myo-inositol is added subsequent to the Li+ block being established, incomplete reversal is only observed in the presence of very high concentrations of inositol. In addition, similar experiments were conducted to observe the effects of myo-inositol upon the Li+-induced reduced accumulation of both Ins(l,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 as measured by radio-receptor assay. Whilst the presence of 10mM myo-inositol prolonged the lag phase routinely observed between 5 and 10 mins, it could not prevent the fall in accumulation from occurring. Scyllo-inositol, a naturally occurring isomer of myo-inositol, was found to be completely ineffective in reducing the accumulation of [14C]CMP-PA. In other experiments, the effects of Li+ upon the carbachol-stimulated inositol (poly)phosphate fractions were examined in CHO cells transfected with an M1 muscarinic receptor subtype and also in SH-SY5Y cells and the results compared to those obtained in rat cerebral cortical slices. Finally, an assessment of inhibition of the inositol monophosphatase activity was made in a variety of cell free systems. This inhibition was caused using either Li+ or polyclonal antibodies raised to purified inositol monophosphatase. In conclusion, the results obtained verify the profound effects which Li+ can have upon inositol (poly)phosphate metabolism and suggest that whilst the primary intracellular target of Li+ may indeed be the inositol monophosphatase it may also be causing other subtle alterations to the cell functioning. These possibilities and their implications are discussed.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is highly prevalent and has a significant impact on stroke patients’ recovery. The systematic review aimed to build on previous review evidence to investigate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on reducing depression levels post-stroke. Multiple electronic databases were searched using a combination of keywords related to depression, stroke and psychosocial interventions. Randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of psychosocial interventions on depression levels for adult stroke patients were included. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using criteria developed by the authors. Sixteen studies were included, four of which found a significant benefit of psychosocial interventions over control conditions on mood. While the results suggest some psychosocial interventions may be effective in reducing depression post-stroke; confidence in these findings is limited due to methodological limitations within studies. The review identified a number of methodological limitations across all included studies which may explain why previous research has not found any benefit of psychosocial interventions for PSD. Therefore, the evidence base is currently insufficient and further research which utilises a robust methodology is needed before any reliable conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for PSD. The empirical study aimed to explore participants’ experiences of an Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) assessment and formulation post-stroke to investigate the acceptability of using this model with patients experiencing PSD and indicate if more detailed quantitative research is justified. Ten participants with post-stroke depression (PSD) received two assessment appointments with a Clinical Psychologist, generating an IPT formulation of their difficulties. Participants subsequently took part in a semi-structured interview about their experience of this process. The results of these interviews were transcribed and analysed using Framework Analysis. Participants were seen to link their difficulties post-stroke to three of the four IPT interpersonal focus areas; interpersonal disputes, role transitions and grief loss. Overall, participants found an IPT assessment and formulation to be acceptable and identified benefits of the sessions including: altering their viewpoint, increasing acceptance of impaired functioning, reducing frustration, increasing positive feelings and leading to improvements in their social support. IPT may therefore be a suitable intervention for PSD and further robust, quantitative research is justifiable. Results suggest acceptance and an altered viewpoint are common following an IPT assessment and formulation; therefore future IPT research should measure changes in these variables alongside mood and behaviour.

M.A. (Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / This is a study which has involved the treatment of individuals, manifesting with depressed symptoms, using homoeopathic medication. Each patient was first seen by a clinical psychologist who made her own diagnosis of the patient's depressed condition. Each patient then attended a three hour initial case-taking session where the researcher gathered much information about that patient's life story. The researcher was interested in all physical, emotional and mental symptoms that patients were experiencing. Thus, the approach was a holistic one, i.e. where all aspects of the individual are seen as a totality. The case-taking was then followed by analysis of the patient's case using homoeopathic tools of a repertory and materia medica to find that remedy which matched that patient's totality, their similimum. This remedy was prescribed and a patient's progress noted through follow-up sessions. where prescriptions may have been altered. The treatment lasted six months. Thereafter, the same clinical psychologist, again saw the patients individually and made her diagnosis of every patient's condition. This study was an attempt to remain true to the principles of classical homoeopathy. Thus, the researcher did not categorise patients with suitable depressive terms and their treatment was totally specific for each patient. The aim was to show that treatment should be individualised, which is the basis of homoeopathy, irrespective of the illness being treated. It was also an attempt to provide an alternative treatment which was neither non toxic nor suppressive to the human body.