The three-spot wrasse (Halichoeres trimaculatus) is distributed in and around the coral reefs and shallow rocky areas in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific regions. This species displays a distinct diurnal behavior, burrowing under the sand at dusk and emerging out of the sand at dawn, which appears to be synchronized to the photoperiod. In this thesis, the hypothesis tested was that this unique life-style subjected the animal to daily hypoxia exposure while under the sand at night. The measurements of oxygen concentration in the sand around the fish at night confirmed a complete lack of oxygen. The study had three specific objectives: i) obtain a tissue-specific temporal profile of the hypoxia-related molecular and biochemical responses in wrasse over a 24 h diurnal cycle, ii) determine the responses that were unique to sand dwelling and iii) determine if the responses seen at night in the sand are similar to an anoxic response in this species. Wrasse were maintained in a flow-through seawater aquaria (29 ±1°C), with sand at the bottom for the fish to hide, and kept under natural photoperiod. The fish were sampled at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 21:00, 24:00, 3:00, and 6:00 clock time and plasma and tissue (brain, liver, gill, heart and muscle) were collected to determine the molecular and biochemical responses over a 24 h period. Fish were also sampled from aquaria without sand at night to determine the responses that were specific to hiding in the sand, while fish exposed to nitrogen gas bubbling for 6 and 12 h served as the anoxic group. A partial cDNA sequence of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and neuroglobin (two genes that are hypoxia-responsive) were cloned and sequenced from the liver and brain, respectively, and their expression was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. HIF-1α mRNA abundance was higher in the brain compared to the liver and the gills, while a clear pattern of diurnal change in tissue HIF-1α and brain neuroglobin gene expressions was not observed at night relative to the fish during the day. However, wrasse brain showed a significant reduction in glycogen content at night under the sand and this corresponded with a higher hexokinase activity and increased glucose level suggesting enhanced glycolytic capacity. The plasma glucose and lactate levels were significantly lower at night, while in sand, relative to the day. The lower plasma glucose at night corresponded with a significant drop in liver gluconeogenic capacity (reduction in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a key gluconeogenic enzyme, activity), while the lower lactate levels support a lack of activity along with the absence of glycogen breakdown in the muscle. Overall, there was a reduction in the metabolic capacity in the gills, heart, liver and muscle, but not the brain, supporting a tissue-specific metabolic reorganization as an adaptive strategy to cope with sand-dwelling in the wrasse. The molecular and biochemical responses seen in the wrasse at night in the sand was dissimilar to that seen in fish exposed to anoxia, leading to the conclusion that this species is not experiencing a complete lack of oxygen while under the sand. Also, the lack of muscle movement associated with sand dwelling at night limits anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, thereby eliminating lactate accumulation that was evident in fish exposed to anoxia. Taken together, wrasse showed a tissue-specific difference in metabolic capacity at night while hiding under the sand. While the mechanism involved in this tissue-specific energy repartitioning at night is unclear, one hypothesis involves selective increase in blood flow to the brain, while limiting peripheral circulation, as a means to maintain oxygen and glucose delivery to this critical tissue while the fish is hiding under the sand. The higher metabolic capacity of the brain, but not other tissues, at night under the sand suggests that maintaining the brain function is essential for the diurnal life-style in this animal.

No description available.

Depressioner återkommer ofta och varje ny depressionsepisod ökar risken för en ny beroende på en allt större känslighet för inre och yttre triggers. Mindfulnessbased Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) har utarbetats av Z. Segal, M. Williams och J. Teasdale som en gruppbaserad behandlingmodell för att förebygga återinsjuknande kombinerar mindfulnesstekniker och kognitiv terapi (KBT) för depression. I en studie publicerad 2000 visade sig MBCT signifikant halvera återinsjuknandet jämfört med sedvanlig behandling. Resultatet har upprepats och ett flertal studier har undersökt effekter av MBCT. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att undersöka vilka effekter som de olika studierna tagit fasta på och vilka effekter som setts inom de olika aspekterna i Christine Padeskys femfaktorsmodell, tanke-känsla-fysiologi-beteende och i relation till sammanhang mot bakgrund av den ständiga interaktion som råder mellan dessa1. Resultatet visar positiva resultat inom alla aspekter men att de kognitiva och känslomässiga aspekterna är de mest välstuderade medan fysiologiska effekter som trots den stora betydelse kroppen har i MBCT-träningen är mindre studerat. Det framgår att fortsatt och mer forskning behövs om verksamma mekanismer, kausalsamband  och processer. 1  Femfaktormodell refererar till ”five aspects of life ” modellen enligt Christine Padesky. Se sid.15.

Bakgrund: Postpartum depressioner (PPD), en förlossningsdepression, drabbar kvinnor i hela världen. En långvarig postpartum depression hos kvinnan kan ha avgörande konsekvenser för utvecklingen av hennes barn och relationen till hennes partner. Många kvinnor lider i tystnad då de inte vet att det finns en förklaring till känslorna de genomgår eller att de skäms för att inte klara av att leva upp till bilden av den ”perfekta mamman”. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser av postpartum depression hos vuxna kvinnor diagnostiserade med PPD. Metod: Sju vetenskapliga artiklar användes för att genomföra denna systematiska litteraturstudier med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Utifrån frågan ”vilka gemensamma upplevelser genomgår kvinnor med PPD”? Framkom sju teman: misslyckande, stress, ensamhet, inre strid, förlust av kontroll, rädsla och skam. Slutsats: Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal inom MHV (Mödrahälsovård) och BHV (Barnahälsovård) kan lättare upptäcka tidiga symtom och tecken hos nyblivna mammor med postpartum depression genom att förstå deras upplevelser av PPD, och därmed förhindra en långvarig depression.

<p>Does social capital, resources embedded in social networks, influence health? My dissertation examines whether social capital directly impacts depression, and how it interplays with other established structural risk factors linked to depression. I analyze unique data from the thematic research project "Social Capital: Its Origins and Consequences," collected in 2004-5 in the United States. I measure social capital through one recently developed network instrument, the position generator. I use structural equation modeling to test the direct, mediating, and moderating effects of social capital on depressive symptoms. I also use the instrumental variable method to verify the causal order in the relationship between social capital and depression. Results show that social capital is associated with the level of depression in four ways. Social capital is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms net of other variables. Part of the effect of social capital on depressive symptoms is indirect through subjective social status. Social capital mediates the associations of age, gender, being black (versus being white), marital status, education, occupation, annual family income, and social integration with depression. Social capital also interacts with gender, being black (versus being white), education, annual family income, and social integration. This research indicates that social capital is an important social antecedent of disease and illness.</p> / Dissertation

This study investigates the impact of self- and other-report cognitive competence, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behaviors on depression using a population sample from the archival data of the Clinical Assessment Scales of the Elderly (CASE). Structural Equation Modeling was used to test predictions of the abovementioned variables. Participants were a matched self-and other-report subset (N=123) of the CASE standardization sample (N=2,000). Structural equation modeling was used to test predictions. The results revealed that age does not predict self-report cognitive competence or other-report cognitive competence. A small covariance (0.42) was found between the errors of self-report cognitive competence and other-report cognitive competence. The data reports self-report depression mediates both self-report anxiety and self-report obsessive compulsive behaviors. Statistically significant large effects were found between self-report cognitive competence and all variables; self-report anxiety (0.72), self-report depression (0.62), and self-report obsessive compulsive behaviors (0.71). Moderate to large effects were found for other-report cognitive competence and all variables; other-report anxiety (.063), other-report depression (0.63), and other-report obsessive compulsive behaviors (0.35). The correlations between the anxiety and depression measures confirm the current literature regarding depression and anxiety. In this study depression has been found to have a mediating effect on both anxiety and obsessive compulsive behaviors in an elderly sample. The inclusion of obsessive compulsive behaviors as a measure of anxiety in this model has empirically demonstrated the variability of the presentation of depression. Psychological self-report measures continue to be the best determinant of a patient’s internal functioning. Research in the area of the presentation of depression in the elderly merits further investigation.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009. / Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Arlington, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-112). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.