A Geometria Descritiva é uma disciplina abstrata e complexa por sua origem lógica e visual. É de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da imaginação e criatividade espacial, assim como para qualquer estudo que envolva projeto. Os aprendizes apresentam dificuldades ao iniciar o estudo da disciplina, principalmente no entendimento do processo de representação por vistas ortogonais. Devido às características da disciplina, a mesma demanda material didático especializado. A tecnologia atual permite produzir e entregar materiais instrucionais em diversos formatos, inclusive através de simulações de ambientes tridimensionais em tempo real. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um protótipo de ferramenta interativa de ensino, na forma de recurso didático tecnológico, para auxílio no entendimento do processo de representação por vistas ortogonais. O processo de desenvolvimento foi realizado a partir da metodologia ADDIE do design instrucional em conformidade com os princípios de usabilidade do design de interação. O recurso foi implementado a partir da metodologia ágil Scrum da engenharia de software. Como resultado, aponta-se que a utilização do recurso desenvolvido poderia contribuir no entendimento da disciplina de Geometria Descritiva, possibilitando a concretização dos processos da disciplina. / The Descriptive Geometry is an abstract and complex discipline due to its logical and visual source. It is essential for the development of spatial imagination and creativity as well as any study involving project and design. The learners find it difficult to begin the study of the discipline, especially in understanding the process of representation by orthographic views. Because of these discipline characteristics, it needs specialized courseware. The current technology allows to produce and deliver instructional materials in several formats, including real time three-dimensional environment simulation. In this context, the objective of the current research is to develop and to evaluate a prototype of interactive learning tool, shaped in a technological teaching resource for assistance in understanding the representation process by orthogonal views. The development process was done through the ADDIE methodology from instructional design following the usability principles of interaction design. The resource was implemented using Scrum agile methodology of software engineering. The result points out that the usage of the developed resource could contribute to the understanding of Descriptive Geometry discipline, enabling the concretization of discipline’s process.

This work is about the acquaintance with the possibilities and manipulation of CAD program Rhinoceros and its usage in lessons. First of all the work is focused on descriptive geometry and its imagination in space. It is also about the assessment of advantages and disadvantages of chosen program in lessons.

A Geometria Descritiva é uma disciplina abstrata e complexa por sua origem lógica e visual. É de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da imaginação e criatividade espacial, assim como para qualquer estudo que envolva projeto. Os aprendizes apresentam dificuldades ao iniciar o estudo da disciplina, principalmente no entendimento do processo de representação por vistas ortogonais. Devido às características da disciplina, a mesma demanda material didático especializado. A tecnologia atual permite produzir e entregar materiais instrucionais em diversos formatos, inclusive através de simulações de ambientes tridimensionais em tempo real. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um protótipo de ferramenta interativa de ensino, na forma de recurso didático tecnológico, para auxílio no entendimento do processo de representação por vistas ortogonais. O processo de desenvolvimento foi realizado a partir da metodologia ADDIE do design instrucional em conformidade com os princípios de usabilidade do design de interação. O recurso foi implementado a partir da metodologia ágil Scrum da engenharia de software. Como resultado, aponta-se que a utilização do recurso desenvolvido poderia contribuir no entendimento da disciplina de Geometria Descritiva, possibilitando a concretização dos processos da disciplina. / The Descriptive Geometry is an abstract and complex discipline due to its logical and visual source. It is essential for the development of spatial imagination and creativity as well as any study involving project and design. The learners find it difficult to begin the study of the discipline, especially in understanding the process of representation by orthographic views. Because of these discipline characteristics, it needs specialized courseware. The current technology allows to produce and deliver instructional materials in several formats, including real time three-dimensional environment simulation. In this context, the objective of the current research is to develop and to evaluate a prototype of interactive learning tool, shaped in a technological teaching resource for assistance in understanding the representation process by orthogonal views. The development process was done through the ADDIE methodology from instructional design following the usability principles of interaction design. The resource was implemented using Scrum agile methodology of software engineering. The result points out that the usage of the developed resource could contribute to the understanding of Descriptive Geometry discipline, enabling the concretization of discipline’s process.

A tecnologia CAD com suas vantagens incomparáveis ao desenho através dos instrumentos tradicionais provocou a necessidade da reestruturação nos currículos das diversas universidades, no que concerne aos conteúdos programáticos e metodologias utilizadas no ensino de Desenho. Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento e uma análise das abordagens de ensino da Expressão Gráfica adotado pelos diversos cursos de engenharia do nosso país e no exterior. Objetiva o mesmo, contribuir para a modernização do ensino do desenho com a integração da computação gráfica e o uso das novas tecnologias na formação de profissionais para um mercado de trabalho cada dia mais exigente e globalizado. / The CAD technologies, with its incomparable advantages over the traditional drawing instruments has led the contents and the traditional teaching methodologies of Engineering Drawing inadequate, demanding a reformulation of the subject at several universities. This work present a survey and a analysis of the teaching approaches of Engineering Drawing adopted by several engineering courses of Brazil. It aims to contribute to the modernization of the teaching of the drawing by using new technologies in order to prepare the professionals for a more competitive market.

Les dernières décennies ont vu l’émergence de formes architecturales non standard. Les concepteurs se retrouvent généralement démunis face à la complexité géométrique de ces objets, dont la fabrication rime souvent avec complication. De plus, les outils utilisés dissocient forme et fonctionnement structurel,ce qui complexifie le processus de décision pour ingénieurs et architectes. Ce mémoire prend un point de vue fondé sur la notion d’invariance par transformation géométrique et étudie plusieurs strategies de génération de formes naturellement constructibles pour remédier à ces manques. Trois contraintes constructives ont été identifiées et correspondent à trois contributions indépendantes de cette thèse.La répétition des noeuds d’assemblage est étudiée via les transformations par maillages parallèles. Ces dernières sont utilisées pour créer une généralisation des surfaces de révolution. On retrouve par là un paramétrage particulier des surfaces moulures de Monge avec une grande répétition d’éléments, et notamment de noeuds d’assemblage.Les réseaux de cyclides sont ensuite utilisés pour dessiner des formes parametrées par leurs lignes de courbures. Cela permet la couverture par panneaux plans ainsi que l’offset des éléments structurels sans excentricité. L’apport de cette thèse est l’implémentation de plusieurs améliorations, notamment l’introduction de plis à double courbure, un algorithme permettant de généraliser les réseaux de cyclides à des topologies quelconques, et la génération de surfaces généralisant les surfaces canal à partir de deux courbes rail et une courbe profil.Finalement, une méthode innovante inspirée de la géométrie descriptive permettant la génération de formes courbes couvertes par des quadrilatères plans est proposée. La méthode, baptisée méthode marionnette, réduit ce problème à un système linéaire, ce qui permet une manipulation de ces forms constructibles en temps réel. Une étude comparative montre que cette technique peut être utilisée pour paramétrer des problèmes d’optimisation de forme de coques sans perte de performance par rapport aux paramétrages utilisés de façon classique. L’intégration des contraintes de fabrication dans le processus d’optimisation structurelle ouvre de nouvelles possibilités d’applications, comme des résilles gauches et des coques plissées. La pertinence de ces nouvelles solutions est démontrée par de multiples études de cas / The last decades have seen the emergence of non-standard architectural shapes. Designers find often themselves helpless with the geometrical complexity of these objects. Furthermore, the available tools dissociate shape and structural behaviour, which adds another complication. This dissertation takes the point of view based on invariance under geometrical transformations, and studies several strategies for fabrication-aware shape modelling. Three technological constraints have been identified and correspond to three independent contributions of this thesis.The repetition of nodes is studied via transformations by parallelism. They are used to generalise surfaces of revolution. A special parametrisation of moulding surfaces is found with this method. The resulting structure has a high node congruence.Cyclidic nets are then used to model shapes parametrised by their lines of curvature. This guarantees meshing by planar panels and torsion-free beam layout. The contribution of this dissertation is the implementation of several improvements, like doubly-curved creases, a hole-filling strategy that allows the extension of cyclidic nets to complex topologies, and the generation of a generalisation of canal surfaces from two rail curves and one profile curves.Finally, an innovative method inspired by descriptive geometry is proposed to generate doubly-curved shapes covered with planar facets. The method, called marionette technique, reduces the problem to a linear problem, which can be solved in real-time. A comparative study shows that this technique can be used to parametrise shape optimisation of shell structures without loss of performance compared to usual modelling technique. The handling of fabrication constraints in shape optimisation opens new possibilities for its practical application, like gridshells or plated shell structures. The relevance of those solutions is demonstrated through multiple case-studies

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s’inscrivent dans le cadre duprojet PANsafer (Vers un Passage A Niveau plus sûr), lauréat de l’appel ANR-VTT2008. Ce projet est labellisé par les deux pôles de compétitivité i-Trans et Véhiculedu Futur. Le travail de la thèse est mené conjointement par le laboratoire IRTESSETde l’UTBM et le laboratoire LEOST de l’IFSTTAR.L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un système de perception permettantl’interprétation de scénarios dans l’environnement d’un passage à niveau. Il s’agitd’évaluer des situations potentiellement dangereuses par l’analyse spatio-temporelledes objets présents autour du passage à niveau.Pour atteindre cet objectif, le travail est décomposé en trois étapes principales. Lapremière étape est consacrée à la mise en place d’une architecture spatiale des capteursvidéo permettant de couvrir de manière optimale l’environnement du passageà niveau. Cette étape est mise en oeuvre dans le cadre du développement d’unsimulateur d’aide à la sécurité aux passages à niveau en utilisant un système deperception multi-vues. Dans ce cadre, nous avons proposé une méthode d’optimisationpermettant de déterminer automatiquement la position et l’orientation descaméras par rapport à l’environnement à percevoir.La deuxième étape consisteà développer une méthode robuste de suivi d’objets enmouvement à partir d’une séquence d’images. Dans un premier temps, nous avonsproposé une technique permettant la détection et la séparation des objets. Le processusde suivi est ensuite mis en oeuvre par le calcul et la rectification du flotoptique grâce respectivement à un modèle gaussien et un modèle de filtre de Kalman.La dernière étape est destinée à l’analyse des trajectoires 2D reconstruites parl’étape précédente pour l’interprétation de scénarios. Cette analyse commence parune modélisation markovienne des trajectoires 2D. Un système de décision à basede théorie de l’évidence est ensuite proposé pour l’évaluation de scénarios, aprèsavoir modélisé les sources de danger.L’approche proposée a été testée et évaluée avec des données issues de campagnesexpérimentales effectuées sur site réel d’un passage à niveau mis à disposition parRFF. / The main objective of this thesis is to develop a system for monitoringthe close environment of a level crossing. It aims to develop a perception systemallowing the detection and the evaluation of dangerous situations around a levelcrossing.To achieve this goal, the overall problem of this work has been broken down intothree main stages. In the first stage, we propose a method for optimizing automaticallythe location of video sensors in order to cover optimally a level crossingenvironment. This stage addresses the problem of cameras positioning and orientationin order to view optimally monitored scenes.The second stage aims to implement a method for objects tracking within a surveillancezone. It consists first on developing robust algorithms for detecting and separatingmoving objects around level crossing. The second part of this stage consistsin performing object tracking using a Gaussian propagation optical flow based modeland Kalman filtering.On the basis of the previous steps, the last stage is concerned to present a newmodel to evaluate and recognize potential dangerous situations in a level crossingenvironment. This danger evaluation method is built using Hidden Markov Modeland credibility model.Finally, synthetics and real data are used to test the effectiveness and the robustnessof the proposed algorithms and the whole approach by considering various scenarioswithin several situations.This work is developed within the framework of PANsafer project (Towards a saferlevel crossing), supported by the ANR-VTT program (2008) of the French NationalAgency of Research. This project is also labelled by Pôles de compétitivité "i-Trans"and "Véhicule du Futur". All the work, presented in this thesis, has been conductedjointly within IRTES-SET laboratory from UTBM and LEOST laboratory fromIFSTTAR.