Synthetic piperazines are chemically-produced compounds that contain a six-member ring with two opposing nitrogen atoms. Several piperazine derivatives, namely 1- benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP), and 1-(3- chlorophenyl)-piperazine (mCPP), have fallen into the “designer drugs” category due to their increasing recreational use as a “legal” alternative to ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). These compounds share similar stimulant and physiological effects with amphetamines which make them desirable to young adults in party-type atmospheres. BZP, a Schedule I drug for its high abuse potential and no accepted medical use, is the only recreationally-abused synthetic piperazine currently federally controlled in the United States. The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a reliable method to identify and quantify eight forensically significant synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS). The method was validated according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicologists (SWGTOX) guidelines for quantitative analysis for both matrices and includes the following analytes: 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-piperazine (FBZP), 4-methyl-1-benzylpiperazine (MBZP), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine (MeOPP), 1-(para-fluorophenyl)-piperazine (pFPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine (mCPP), 2,3-dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP), and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP). All samples were prepared by fortifying 100 µL of certified drug-free whole blood and urine (UTAK Laboratories, Inc., Valencia, CA, U.S.A.) with certified reference standards (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.) of each analyte at desired concentrations and standard additions of 1-benzylpiperazine-d7, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine-d8, and 1(-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine-d4 internal standards (Cerilliant, Round Rock, TX, U.S.A). After pretreatment with 1 mL phosphate buffer, samples underwent solid phase extraction (SPE) on mixed-mode copolymeric columns (Clean Screen®, UCT Inc., Levittown, PA, U.S.A.). Eluents were evaporated to dryness with low heat (65°C) and nitrogen gas. Samples were reconstituted with a 50:50 mixture of methanol and 2mM ammonium formate buffer with 0.2% formic acid before being analyzed by a UFLC (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) and 4000 QTRAP ESIMS/MS (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, U.S.A.) system. Analyses were performed with multiple reaction monitoring scans in positive ionization mode using ions and voltages obtained from a manual compound optimization. Analytes were separated on a reversed phase column (Kinetex® F5, Phenomenex®, Torrance, CA, U.S.A.) with a binary gradient consisting of a 2mM ammonium formate buffer with 0.2% formic acid and methanol with 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate was 0.400 mL/min. Analyst™ (SCIEX) software was used for data collection and MultiQuant™ (SCIEX) software was used for quantitation. The total run time was 11.5 minutes with equilibrations. All calibration curves in both matrices exhibited R2 values > 0.99 using a weighting factor of 1/x. A linear dynamic range of 20-2000 ng/mL was used for all analytes in both matrices, except for BZP in urine which ranged from 50-2000 ng/mL. In blood, the limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL for mCPP and TFMPP and 20 ng/mL for BZP, FBZP, MBZP, MeOPP, pFPP and DCPP. In urine, the limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL for MeOPP, mCPP, TFMPP and DCPP, 20 ng/mL for FBZP, MBZP and pFPP and 50 ng/mL for BZP. When a 200 ng/mL concentration was evaluated, the SPE procedure showed percent recoveries ranging from 80-95% for blood; except for BZP, FBZP, and MeOPP which had recoveries of 60%, 60%, and 105%, respectively. Percent recoveries ranged from 82-94% for urine; except for BZP and FBZP which had recoveries of 66% and 68%, respectively. Bias and precision were assessed at concentrations of 50, 200, and 700 ng/mL. All samples were calculated within ±20% bias and within ±20% coefficient of variation. The highest concentration evaluated that did not produce carryover in subsequent matrix blanks was 5000 ng/mL. Ionization was suppressed for all analytes in both matrices by 45-95%. Matrix effects were present but were determined to be insignificant. Of the drugs evaluated, caffeine, dibenzylpiperazine, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-piperazine (pCPP) produced chromatographic peaks in the method; however, pCPP was the only substance that affected quantitation of an analyte. It increased the peak area of mCPP by almost 50% when present at the same concentration which suggests this method is unable to differentiate between isomeric pairs. This is a sensitive, reliable, and robust method with a wide linear dynamic range to account for the presence of these analytes in both blood and urine. This research will provide for the identification and quantitation of these substances in forensic casework.

This is a sampling of costume and lighting design work for theatre as presented at the University of Iowa.

<p>Projektet Connect hos Sandvik system development efterfrågar en applikation för att lösa rapporteringen av sina datakonverteringar mellan olika system. Systemet som data konverteras till är PeopleSoft, som är ett av Oracels databassystem. Applikationen skapas med hjälp av diverse verktyg som finns integrerade i PeopleSofts egna verktygspaket PeopleTools, där PeopeCode som är PeopleSofts egna programmeringsspråk inkluderas. Applikationen genererar en rapport innehållande tre delrapporter, varav en delrapport på fel och avvikelser som skett under en konvertering, en delrapport där data innan och delrapport med relevant data gällande en konvertering.</p>

This goal of this thesis is to present an overview of thedesigner’s situation in Swedish companies in relation toenvironmental work in the product development process. Theoverall aim is to describe the designer’s situation andhis/her potential to minimize the environmental impact ofproducts. Awareness of the environmental problems has led to a newapproach to product development, and today EcoDesign is beingintegrated in many Swedish companies. However, if products areto be improved from an environmental aspect, it is not onlynecessary to integrate the issue in the product developmentprocess, but designers themselves must also be given thepossibility of actually designing environmentally friendlyproducts. This makes the designer a key actor in EcoDesign. There are different levels of support for designers duringthe various stages of product development. The most commonenvironmental work within Swedish companies is to perform LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) or to introduce an environmentalmanagement system (EMS), most commonly ISO 14000. In order tooptimize a product from an environmental view, it is necessarynot only to know how the product affects the environment butalso how to evaluate different solutions and concepts. In orderto do this, LCA can be a support but it does not lead to thefinding of new solutions or concepts. There is control of theproduct’s content and restrictions on substances thatcannot be used. The focus of the product’s environmentalimpact is not only in the manufacturing and use phase but alsoin the end-of-life phase. This focus is due to a new type oflegislation, the producer responsibility law. The overall aimof this regulation is to increase reuse and recycling. To makethis economically possible, the present efforts to adaptproducts to recycling must be vastly increased. Finally, in order to integrate the environmental issue inthe everyday work of designers it is necessary to have thefollowing conditions:     Environmental expertise available     An evaluation tool in order to confirm and choosealternatives     Education and information for designers to spreadknowledge and to motivate them     Constant stress on the importance of environmentaladaptation     Documentation routines and guidelines connected to theproduct development process to ensure that the issue isconsidered at every step Integrating the issue in the product development process canclearly make significant environmental product improvements.For all companies, however, the overall aim is to make as muchmoney as possible, and it is evident that any major productchanges also have to lead to an increased customer benefit. Ifsignificant product changes are necessary for environmentalimprovements, further driving forces, such as governmentalregulations, may be needed in order to develop suchproducts. <b>Keywords:</b>EcoDesign, designers, environmental productdevelopment, design for environment.

Jewelry designers might not be as customer-centered as Kotler recommend. Additionally, they are not constantly seeking to grow and make the most profit out of satisfying consumer needs better than competitors. However, it is imperative even for an individual designer to examine what the customers want and demand as well as think of a plan to satisfy this demand. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to create a guideline for a marketing plan for a beginning jewelry designers using jewelry designer Anniina Dunder as an example. A qualitative method was chosen for this study in form of interviews and observation. Moreover, secondary data was collected in order to gain a wider and clearer picture of the subject. Based on this study an individual actor has every possibility to reach the desired level of profit in the jewelry market in Helsinki by designing and producing jewelry. Reaching this level of profit requires activeness, customer-centered view and productivity from the designer. Consequently, individual designers should start paying more attention to potential customers’ needs and wants even when designing collection jewelry and be constantly aware of changes in these wants in order to satisfy customers even in the future.

The objectives of this paper are twofold: to identify engineering designers utilization of Design for Environment (DfE) methods and tools, and to investigate what basic design-related requirements a DfE method or tool should fulfill in order to become actively used in industry among engineering designers. Most of the requirements for designers are related to their aims of fulfilling product performance and minimizing development time. There are four major requirements that a DfE method or tool, as well as a common method or tool, must exhibit. First, it must be easy to adopt and implement; second, it must facilitate designers to fulfill specified requirements on the presumptive product. Third, it must reduce the risk that important elements in the product development phase are forgotten. The two latter requirements relate to a method or tool's degree of appropriateness, but also to the fourth requirement, which is considered here the most important: that the use of the method or tool must reduce the total calendar time (from start to end) to solve the task. The conclusion is that DfE methods and tools must be designed to better comply with its main users - in this case the designers

L'industrie mode-habillement, définie par la création et la diffusion de collections, s'appuie sur trois compétences essentielles : le design, la gestion industrielle et la commercialisation. Elle fait appel à deux grands types d'intervenants : les créateurs et les gestionnaires. Des individus aux personnalités, formations et compétences différentes et parfois en opposition. Ces individus doivent non seulement cohabiter mais aussi faire ensemble des choix stratégiques. Certaines entreprises de ce secteur sont même dirigées par une dyade créateur/gestionnaire ayant opté pour une cogestion horizontale, volontaire et permanente qui nécessite de pouvoir unir ces deux identités (Pearce et Conger, 2003). Notre recherche s'intéresse au défi que représente la cogestion créateur/gestionnaire à travers l'étude de la prise de décision (Beach, 1997; Hastie et Dawes, 2000; Weick et Sutcliffe, 2001). Nous empruntons la définition de la prise de décision de Hastie et Dawes (2001) : prendre une décision c'est choisir une action pour atteindre un but ou éviter une situation. Les membres de la dyade doivent parvenir à un équilibre et bénéficier des inévitables divergences de points de vue et querelles, idéalement constructives. Les confrontations d'idées provoquent un questionnement qui doit mener à la collaboration et en arriver à un produit réfléchi et amélioré. Dans ce contexte, notre recherche prend appui sur le modèle de résolution de conflits de Thomas qui propose des solutions pour parvenir à l'entente (1991, 1992).Nos questions de recherche portaient sur le défi de la cogestion créateur/gestionnaire. Nous avons réalisé notre étude au sein de trois entreprises de l'industrie mode-habillement dans le respect des calendriers de collections, pierres angulaires de l'industrie. Notre unité d'analyse a été la prise de décision par la dyade dans le cadre des réunions de merchandising. Pour la comprendre, il nous a paru essentiel de saisir la façon dont la dyade créateur/gestionnaire (niveau de notre analyse) négocie les choix lors des réunions de travail de merchandising (notre unité d'observation) et de connaître le point de vue des intéressés à ce sujet. Suite à cet exercice nous avons réalisé un répertoire exhaustif des quelques 324 prises de décisions observées. Notre analyse démontre que la cogestion est complexe, systémique et qu'elle évolue dans le temps. Elle peut constituer un modèle performant pour les entreprises qui mettent en marché des produits artistiques ou créatifs. Elle démontre que les dyades apprennent à travailler ensemble et qu'elles développent des approches et techniques permettant de prendre les décisions à la satisfaction de chacun des membres tout en gardant à l'esprit l'objectif ultime de l'entreprise (sa pérennité). En ce sens, la première question (La cogestion comme défi : Quelles sont les caractéristiques de cette cogestion?) permet d'exposer la complexité de la cogestion, d'identifier les caractéristiques des créateurs et des gestionnaires de même que le contexte qui circonscrit et définit les conditions dans lesquelles se prennent les décisions. La deuxième question (La cogestion comme système : Quels sont les facteurs influençant les modalités de cette cogestion?) permet d'exposer le système mis en place par les membres des dyades, les modalités d'un choix de gestion si complexe et, la troisième question (La cogestion comme dynamique : Comment évolue cette cogestion?) permet de voir si la cogestion évolue et s'il existe un modèle de prise de décision en cogestion. Ultimement, nous constatons que créateurs et gestionnaires ont besoin l'un de l'autre, la cogestion permet une réflexion et un produit amélioré, mais qu'ils doivent en parallèle conserver une certaine autonomie en vue de bénéficier des querelles constructives momentanées. En somme, on peut comparer le processus de prise de décision en cogestion à un duo de danse qui met en vedette nos créateurs et gestionnaires où chacun occupe tour à tour le rôle principal et celui de soutien. Notre recherche comble un vide dans les écrits sur le management en établissant des facteurs de réussite pour la cogestion horizontale et en confirmant l'intérêt de la cogestion comme modèle efficace de gestion dans les industries culturelles. À cet effet, notre étude démontre que le principal avantage de ce modèle est la bonification de la direction de l'entreprise et de la prise de décision. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : cogestion, dyades créateur-gestionnaire, industrie mode-habillement.

Ammonia removal is an important problem that Canadian municipalities are encountering in their wastewater treatment systems due to ammonia’s adverse environmental effects and its increasingly stringent discharge standards. Nitrogen compounds are generally removed from wastewater by a combination of nitrification and denitrification. In full nitrification, ammonia is first biologically oxidized to nitrite, which is then oxidized to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. In denitrification, the resulting nitrate has to be first reduced to nitrite in order to be converted to nitrous oxide, then nitric oxide, and finally to nitrogen gas. Since, nitrite is an intermediary compound in both nitrification and denitrification, it may be more efficient to produce a partial nitrification up to nitrite and then denitrification starting from this nitrite. In this research, EnviroPro Designer was used to simulate, optimize and compare process models for both full nitrification and partial nitrification. The Full System model simulates the traditional full nitrification followed by denitrification. Partial System-1 model simulates the partial nitrification process followed by denitrification directly from nitrite. Partial System-1 significantly reduced the ammonia and domestic waste concentrations in the effluent while achieving 1.5 times faster denitrification rates and utilizing 33% less oxygen. Partial System-1 was further optimized to develop a novel nitrogen removal process, Partial System-3, which incorporated an additional third anoxic stage while the aerobic stage in sludge treatment was removed. Partial System-3 successfully reduced the ammonia and nitrite concentrations in the effluent to values well within the current guidelines while consuming 50% less oxygen than the Full System, which reflected favorably on utility savings. It also showed 2 times faster denitrification rates, and displayed superior domestic waste consumption. Furthermore, the capital and operational costs were less than other nitrogen removal systems investigated in this thesis. The novel Partial System-3 appears to be the best option for removal of nitrogen from medium to high strength wastewater, and further experimental research is required to confirm the kinetic and yield constants assumed in the simulations.

<p>This goal of this thesis is to present an overview of thedesigner’s situation in Swedish companies in relation toenvironmental work in the product development process. Theoverall aim is to describe the designer’s situation andhis/her potential to minimize the environmental impact ofproducts.</p><p>Awareness of the environmental problems has led to a newapproach to product development, and today EcoDesign is beingintegrated in many Swedish companies. However, if products areto be improved from an environmental aspect, it is not onlynecessary to integrate the issue in the product developmentprocess, but designers themselves must also be given thepossibility of actually designing environmentally friendlyproducts. This makes the designer a key actor in EcoDesign.</p><p>There are different levels of support for designers duringthe various stages of product development. The most commonenvironmental work within Swedish companies is to perform LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) or to introduce an environmentalmanagement system (EMS), most commonly ISO 14000. In order tooptimize a product from an environmental view, it is necessarynot only to know how the product affects the environment butalso how to evaluate different solutions and concepts. In orderto do this, LCA can be a support but it does not lead to thefinding of new solutions or concepts. There is control of theproduct’s content and restrictions on substances thatcannot be used. The focus of the product’s environmentalimpact is not only in the manufacturing and use phase but alsoin the end-of-life phase. This focus is due to a new type oflegislation, the producer responsibility law. The overall aimof this regulation is to increase reuse and recycling. To makethis economically possible, the present efforts to adaptproducts to recycling must be vastly increased.</p><p>Finally, in order to integrate the environmental issue inthe everyday work of designers it is necessary to have thefollowing conditions:</p><p>    Environmental expertise available</p><p>    An evaluation tool in order to confirm and choosealternatives</p><p>    Education and information for designers to spreadknowledge and to motivate them</p><p>    Constant stress on the importance of environmentaladaptation</p><p>    Documentation routines and guidelines connected to theproduct development process to ensure that the issue isconsidered at every step</p><p>Integrating the issue in the product development process canclearly make significant environmental product improvements.For all companies, however, the overall aim is to make as muchmoney as possible, and it is evident that any major productchanges also have to lead to an increased customer benefit. Ifsignificant product changes are necessary for environmentalimprovements, further driving forces, such as governmentalregulations, may be needed in order to develop suchproducts.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>EcoDesign, designers, environmental productdevelopment, design for environment.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats var att skildra designprocessen i utformningen av ett matbord där ett bimål var att undersöka hur man som frilansare kommunicerar med ledet ovanför: d.v.s. producenterna. Därav detta egna utformade projekt som tar med er på resan från en inspiration till skapandet av en prototyp av en produkt.