Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-106).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93) Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Correctional Officers are responsible for responding to emergency/crisis situations in correctional settings. Research shows that their work is characterized by numerous psychological stressors that vary by degree and intensity, which can lead to compromised job performance and, ultimately, job burnout. Despite the increased attention directed to the problem of occupational stress in first responders among other professions over the past several years, virtually no investigations have focused on correctional officer resilience. The purpose of this study was to: (a) identify whether select positive personal variables (i.e., hope, optimism, social support) are associated with increased resilience, (b) determine the extent to which individual resilience acts as a protective factor against job burnout, (c) ascertain whether resilience serves as a significant mediator between hope, optimism and social support and reduced burnout, and (d) utilize the findings to make suggestions for future interventions and research in this area. By identifying specific individual characteristics that increase resilience and protect correctional officers against job burnout, it is expected that more efficacious approaches can be identified to enhance stress reduction and management.

This thesis involves a dual consideration of the applicability of prediction and follow-up studies to the New Haven Open Borstal program and the adequacy of officially recorded data for the execution of such studies. Follow-up studies would indicate the rate of successful rehabilitation obtained from the New Haven program. The development of prediction tables would facilitate the granting of parole on a more rational basis and would also provide a working prognosis for supervision on parole. An historical, survey of selected American and European prediction and follow-up studies was conducted to indicate their methodology, their increasing utility, and their applicability to the Borstal program in British Columbia, The information available within the files of New Haven and other related agencies was evaluated in order to determine its adequacy for prediction and follow-up studies. Data relating to criminality, vocational and economic status, family relationships, leisure time pursuits, and mental and physical health were considered in relation to the pre-institutional, institutional, parole and post-parole periods. The findings indicated that, while prediction and follow-up studies axe desirable within the New Haven setting, the available data may only be adequate for a specific and limited type of prediction study. The available data would have to be supplemented by information obtained directly from the ex-inmate if more comprehensive studies are to be conducted. A research unit that is an integral part of the correctional system and possesses an intimate knowledge of the total program could best execute these and other prospective studies. Through the initiation of prediction and follow-up studies, New Haven can best maintain its position in the vanguard of penal progress in British Columbia. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Since 1984 in the U.S., electronic monitoring has been gradually incorporated into corrections as a means of verifying offenders' curfew compliance in programs of house arrest or home confinement. Programs of electronically monitored house arrest combine practices of community supervision found in probation, with practices of surveillance and policing found in prisons. Their combination produces a hybrid carceral form. The species of 'intermediate punishment' that is created expands the possibilities of criminal sentencing and classification. These programs have been heralded as humane and cost efficient in managing mainly 'low risk' offenders, and as a potentially effective method of dealing with prison crowding. The recent inauguration of electronic monitoring in a program of house arrest in the province of British Columbia is the first deployment of this new type of penal form in Canada. The present research investigation focuses on this program run by the B.C. Corrections Branch. Prior to a consideration of this program as the site for the present research, a necessary task in the first part of this dissertation is to review the recent literature describing programs of electronically monitored house arrest. This review describes recent electronic monitoring programs in U.S. criminal justice and correctional spheres where virtually all developments have occurred to date. After this literature review, the British Columbia research site is described and a summary of the findings of an exploratory research investigation describing the effects of this sanction on offenders is given. Despite methodological limitations of the research sample some important insights are provided about how this sanction works to control, punish, and discipline offenders. The main research question considered in this empirical investigation - how does this sanction affect offenders and their consociates? - is addressed through subjective reports provided by open-ended interviewing of a cohort of 60 offenders placed on electronically monitored house arrest in the B.C. EMS Pilot Project program. The second part of the dissertation establishes a social analytic basis, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, for critically evaluating the local use of this new correctional option. Part II of the dissertation evaluates the disciplinary and organizational or systemic effects of the deployment of this sanction within the correctional enterprise. A framework for assessing the possibility of achieving the four penal aims of punishment, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation is employed in a re-assessment of the sanction's normalizing effects and disciplinary potential. The picture provided of the achievement of these penal objectives is mixed and indicates that more research is required. Finally, and of more overarching significance, various data sources relating to the local development and implementation of this program in B.C. are examined in order to evaluate the applicability of the hypothesis that penal reforms expand the apparatus of deviancy control, a pattern found among many recent studies of 'community-based alternatives to incarceration'. The discursive rationality accompanying the introduction of such programs suggests that costs for social control will be decreased and implies that correctional staffing can be reduced through greater efficiency. Contrary to these claims, evidence from the EMS program points to systemic expansion rather than contraction, a trend sufficiently visible to warrant further study and confirmation. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the larger significances entailed in the adoption of the new information technology, of which electronic monitoring is one pertinent example. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines in detail the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which allow for the incapacitation of the 'dangerous' offender. Incapacitation has been used as an example of a growing trend in criminal justice towards viewing crime in terms of risk. This risk discourse points to the use of actuarial practices and insurance techniques in this field, with a resultant 'abstraction' of the traditional view of crime as a moral wrong. The technologies of risk assessment are central to the very power of the discourse, it has been argued that these techniques further increase the effectiveness of control and that they are a response to a growing preoccupation in society with security. It is argued that risk is, in a sense, pre-political in that as risk takes hold, overtly political responses to crime become more difficult. Given that incapacitation has been used as an example of crime as risk, this thesis takes the form of a micro-study of the above incapacitatory legislation. It assesses the degree to which this legislation can be seen to be a part of the risk discourse. It is argued that on a general level the legislation does fit within the risk model, seeking to incapacitate 'bad risks'. However, it is argued that as the legislation has been conceived, formulated and employed, it does not make use of the actuarial techniques of risk assessment - seen as so central to 'internal dynamic' of the risk discourse - to a significant extent. Rather, it is argued that the legislation embodies a politically motivated appeal to the idea of risk rather than to risk assessment itself. It is concluded that this use of risk - once shed of its attendant technologies - far from making political responses more difficult, sits well with punitive responses demanded by a government of the right. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

In 1851 a group of wealthy, Protestant New York City businessmen and professionals, previously involved in the paternalistic Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, successfully petitioned the State legislature to incorporate a new organization, the New York Juvenile Asylum. The Asylum was to care for, train and morally uplift a mixed group of the City's poor children. While those who had committed serious crimes were generally sent to the House of Refuge on Randall's Island, the Asylum received those guilty of a range of lesser offences such as truancy, vagrancy, and disobedience to their parents, as well as those whose parents were unable, unwilling or (in the eyes of the court) morally unfit to take care of them. During the late nineteenth century, the New York Juvenile Asylum was the largest institution of its kind in New York. In 19 05 the Asylum was moved to Dobbs Ferry, New York, twenty miles from its New York City site. There, it was laid out according to the popular "cottage" plan of the day. Optimism surrounded the move, reflecting a more generalized Progressive social reform spirit. In 1920 a new name, Children's Village, was legally adopted. Between 1905 and 1930, the focus of this study, the institution underwent a number of structural and ideological changes, some dictated by the requirements of institutional survival, some because of changes in the ideas of a larger child-caring community beyond the institution, and some as responses to structural changes in the outside society. Three eras of child-care thought are observable at Children's Village during the period. The nineteenth century moral uplift model gave way to an educational model with the move to Dobbs Ferry. Foundations of the present therapeutic model (today the Village is called "A Center for Treatment, Research, Training and Prevention of Emotional Problems of Children") were laid in the late 20's. While none of these models is mutually exclusive, each had a period of ascendancy in the program philosophy. Each model had implications for the admission and subsequent classification of children, for the forms of control which were exercised by the institution over the children, and for the relationships between staff and inmates. The institution men claimed that these changes represented objective progress in their ability to help poor children and meet social needs. As the actual running of the institution is examined, questions are raised as to the validity of the claims. The cottage system, for instance, hailed as encouraging a more familial atmosphere, in fact was used for purposes of classification, racial segregation, and inter-cottage competition in pursuit of order and discipline. A further gulf between the rhetoric and the reality appears when the directors' claims that they were running a preparatory school for the poor are juxtaposed with the fact that neither parent nor child had any control over the latter's entering or leaving. Likewise, the name change from the disciplinary "Correctional Cottage" to "Psychopathic Cottage", part of a major reorientation in the 30's, does not seem to have been accompanied by a change in function. As the changes in program model took place, the staff became increasingly professionalized. This was reflected both in the increasing concern for training, and in the increasing specialization of staff function. Again, contrary to the claims of the institution men, it is not clear that increasing professionalization represented simply a developing ability to help children on the basis of scientific understanding. It is clear, however, from the changes in schooling, from psychological testing and record-keeping, from the work of the mental hygiene clinic, that more and more sophisticated instruments of control over the inmates were put into place during the period, enabling the institution men to dispense with many aspects of military-type drill. This study adds a significant case to what is becoming a substantial body of historical literature on institutions for juveniles. Conclusions drawn from the N.Y.J.A./Children's Village, an institution which was prominent without being unique, become new pieces of a larger puzzle. If the piecing together is to progress, each historian must attempt, on the basis of his/her own evidence, to offer a theoretical framework for the whole. It is in that spirit that the larger conclusions from this study are offered. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

A phenomenological study was conducted to identify the factors associated with job retention among teachers in secure residential treatment centers in Tennessee. Central to this investigation was the exploration of how residential teachers perceive they are supported in their position, how teachers in residential settings perceive the culture of the facility, and what factors are associated with teacher retention in secure residential settings. Through a series of fifteen interviews, common themes emerged from the coding that provided insight into these questions. Teachers who had worked in residential settings for more than five years seemed to have very strong internal belief systems that drove them and were rewarded by the successes of their students, despite what else might be occurring at the facility. Success for the teachers did not always seem to depend administrative support, but they relied heavily on their peers for support. Administrators may be able to improve teacher retention by focusing on these factors, as well as ensuring that education is a valued component of the residential program and that teachers are compensated on a level equal to their peers in public education. Suggestions for future research include quantitative studies to examine the differences between for profit and non-profit programs, differences in retention that depend on the size of the program, and an analysis of retention as it correlates to teacher compensation.