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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Synthesis, characterization and reactivity study of the complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(H2O)](PF6)2 E cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(NO)](PF6)3 / SÃntese, caracterizaÃÃo e estudo de reatividade dos complexos cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(H2O)](PF6)2 E cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(NO)](PF6)3

Arquimedes Maia de Oliveira 15 April 2009 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho foi realizada a sÃntese e a caracterizaÃÃo dos complexos cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(H2O)](PF6)2 e cis-[Ru(bpy)2(TU)(NO)](PF6)3, onde TU=TiourÃia e bpy= 2,2â-bipiridina, bem como os estudos preliminares relacionados a reatividade do nitrosilo-complexo frente a luz branca e na presenÃa do redutor biolÃgico cisteÃna. O aquo-complexo possui o ligante TiourÃia coordenado ao centro metÃlico via Ãtomo de enxofre, tendo em vista os dados obtidos por espectroscopia vibracional na regiÃo do infravermelho bem como aqueles calculados por DFT. O complexo apresentou um potencial de meia-onda (E1/2) referente ao par redox RuIII/II em 415 mV vs Ag|AgCl e um espectro eletrÃnico dependente do pH devido ao equilÃbrio de deprotonaÃÃo do hidrogÃnio do grupo NH2 da TiourÃia que ocorre com pKa = 10,11. O nitrosilo-complexo, que tambÃm possui o ligante TiourÃia coordenado ao centro metÃlico via Ãtomo de enxofre, apresentou um valor correspondente a frequÃncia de estiramento NO em 1932 cm-1, coerente com o valor do potencial de meia-onda (E1/2) referente ao par redox NO+/0 em 37,5 mV, com o valor obtido para a constante de equilÃbrio relacionada a reaÃÃo de inter-conversÃo nitrosil-complexo/nitro-complexo, K = 1,26 x 1015, e com os valores calculados por DFT para a energia do orbital LUMO e da carga parcial sobre o ligante nitrosil. O nitrosilo-complexo apresentou uma boa reatividade em relaÃÃo à liberaÃÃo de NO0 tanto por reduÃÃo eletroquÃmica quanto por reduÃÃo fotoquÃmica, porÃm o mecanismo em que ocorre esta liberaÃÃo no que se refere à fotoquÃmica se dà de uma forma diferenciada em relaÃÃo a sistemas similares da literatura. O mecanismo de liberaÃÃo do NO0 a partir do nitrosilo-complexo apÃs reaÃÃo com o redutor biolÃgico cisteÃna, tambÃm parece ocorrer de forma diferenciada em relaÃÃo a sistemas similares jà estudados. / In this work, it was carried out the synthesis and characterization of the complexes cis-[Ru(bpy) 2 (TU)(H 2 O)](PF 6 ) 2 and cis - [Ru(bpy) 2 (TU)(NO)](PF 6 ) 3 , where TU = thiourea and bpy = 2,2 ' - bipyridine, and preliminary studies of the photoreactivity of the nitrosyl complex and its reaction with cysteine, a biological reductant agent. The aqua - complex contains the thiourea ligand coordinated to the metal center through the sulfur atom, according to the data obtained by infrared vibrational spectroscopy and reinforced by theoretical study using DFT. The complex showed a half -wave potential (E1/2) for the RuIII/II redox couple at 415 mV vs Ag | AgCl and a p H-dependent electronic spectrum, due to acid - base equilibrium of the proton released from the NH 2 group of thiourea that presents a pKa = 10.11. The nitrosyl complex, which also contains the thiourea ligand coordinated to the metal center through the sulf ur atom, showed NO stretching frequency at 1932 cm - 1 , which is also consistent with the half - wave potential (E 1/2 ) for the NO +/0 redox couple at 37.5 mV. Additionally, it was measured the equilibrium constant for the inter - conversion reaction of nitrosyl to nitro complex at K = 1.26 x 10 15 . These data were further supported by empirical calculations carried out by DFT, where the en ergy of the LUMO orbital and the electronic density on the nitrosyl ligand were in agreement with the previous data. The nitrosyl complex has exhibited efficient release of NO in solution whether upon electrochemical or photochemical reduction. Curiously, the mechanism for the photochemical release of NO was different from other similar complexes. The chemical reduction of the nitrosyl complex with cysteine has efficiently released NO but again it followed a different mechanism from that found in other rel ated systems.
42

Estudo da interaÃÃo da Benzonitrila com Nanoestruturas de Carbono (Nanotubos, Grafeno e Fulereno).

Acrisio Lins de Aguiar 11 February 2008 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho realizamos cÃlculos de primeiros princÃpios da interaÃÃo da benzonitrila (uma tÃpica base de Lewis) com vÃrias nanoestruturas de carbono: Nanotubos de Carbono de Parede Simples, Grafeno e Fulerenos. Utilizamos de algumas modificaÃÃes quÃmicas tais como dopagens e modificaÃÃes estruturais tais como a introduÃÃo de defeitos visando analisar possÃveis modificaÃÃes em nÃvel eletrÃnico nestas estruturas de carbono. Os cÃlculos ab initio sÃo baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade dentro das aproximaÃÃes da densidade local (LDA) e do gradiente da densidade para o termo de troca e correlaÃÃo. Os cÃlculos de energia total, com ou sem polarizaÃÃo de spin, foram realizados utilizando o cÃdigo SIESTA, o qual tÃm se mostrado bastante eficiente nos cÃlculos de primeiros princÃpios. Os cÃlculos mostraram que a benzonitrila interage fracamente com nanotubos de carbono puros. A interaÃÃo à relativamente mais forte via interaÃÃo entre os anÃis aromÃticos ($pi-pi$) do que via o grupo nitrila ($pi$-CN). Este comportamento à praticamente o mesmo quando modificamos os nanotubos de carbono atravÃs de um defeito (retirada de um Ãtomo de carbono) significando que os defeitos nÃo promovem a interaÃÃo com a benzonitrila. Os cÃlculos com grafeno mostraram uma interaÃÃo relativamente mais forte via interaÃÃo $pi-pi$ do que em nanotubos de carbono. CÃlculos com o fulereno C60 puro tambÃm mostraram que a interaÃÃo da benzonitrila à fraca com essas molÃculas. A interaÃÃo torna-se mais intensa no que diz respeito à transferÃncia de carga e grandes modificaÃÃes na estrutura eletrÃnica quando introduzimos um Ãtomo de Ferro nas paredes dos Nanotubos de Carbono e dos Fulerenos. As previsÃes teÃricas sÃo suportadas por experimentos espectroscÃpios realizados em amostram de nanotubos de carbono colocadas em contato com a benzonitrila comfirmando que a benzonitrila nÃo altera significativamente as propriedades dos nanotubos de carbono. Imagens de microscopia eletrÃnica revelam que a benzonitrila interage mais fortemente com partÃculas catalÃticas e com nanopartÃculas de carbono do que propriamente com Nanotubos de Carbono. Experimentos Ãticos (Infravermelho, Raman, AbsorÃÃo e EmissÃo) tambÃm revelam que a benzonitrila pouco interage com Nanotubos de Carbono purificados.
43

Propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e ópticas dos materiais semicondutores \"HgI IND.2\" e \"ZnI IND.2\" e de defeitos em \"HgI IND.2\" / Structural, electronic and optical properties of Hgl2 and Znl2 semiconductors materials and defects in Hgl2

Frederico Ayres de Oliveira Neto 14 July 2005 (has links)
O iodeto de mercúrio em sua fase vermelha, \"alfa\"-\"HgI IND.2, é um material semicondutor que desperta grande interesse tecnológico devido à sua potencial aplicação como detector, a temperatura ambiente, de raios-\"gama\" e X. Sua imediata aplicação como detector de radiação, no entanto, ainda sofre algumas restrições devido às dificuldades de controle sobre a concentração de defeitos pontuais e extensos, durante sua síntese, e sua fácil degradação quando exposto ao ambiente. A presença destes defeitos gera uma redução na mobilidade de portadores de carga, diminuindo a eficiência de detecção. Neste trabalho, realizamos uma investigação teórica das propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e ópticas do \"alfa\"-\"HgI IND.2\" e do \"ZnI IND.\", cuja estrutura cristalina é análoga à do \"alfa\"-\"HgI IND.2\". Estudamos, também, o comportamento de tais propriedades do material contendo vacâncias de Hg e de I para entendermos o papel desempenhado por estes defeitos nas propriedades do material. Na análise dos resultados, sempre que possível, são apresentadas comparações com outros resultados teóricos e com dados experimentais. Nossos cálculos foram efetuados dentro do formalismo do funcional da densidade em combinação com duas diferentes aproximações para o termo de exchange e correlação. Utilizamos o método Augmented Plane Wave plus local orbitals (APW+lo), que é um método de primeiros princípios e inclui todos os elétrons do sistema (all electron). Adicionalmente, foram utilizados esquemas que incluem efeitos relativísticos e polarização de spin. O estudo dos defeitos foi simulado através do esquema da supercélula / Mercuric iodide \"alfa\"-\"HgI IND.2 in its red tetragonal crystalline phase is a semiconducting material of great technological interest due to the potential applications as a detector for y- and X-ray spectroscopy to be operated at room temperatures.
44

Elucidação de mecanismos de reações de polimerização por metátese de norborneno via catalisadores de rutênio utilizando métodos de química quântica / Elucidation of ring-opening metathesis polymerization mechanisms with norbornene via ruthenium catalysts using quantum chemical methods

Ronaldo Júnior Fernandes 05 October 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de investigar as reações de polimerização por metátese via abertura de anel (ROMP) assistidas pelos catalizadores desenvolvidos pelo grupo do Prof. Dr. Benedito dos Santos de Lima Neto do Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC-USP), usando métodos computacionais de mecânica quântica. Portanto, este projeto foi uma combinação de resultados teóricos e experimentais. No capítulo 1, foi elucidado o mecanismo principal da reação de ROMP de norborneno por meio do iniciador catalítico [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidina)]. O estudo mostrou que a primeira etapa da reação implica numa associação entre o complexo iniciador e o diazoetanoato de etila (EDA), resultando na formação de uma ligação metalcarbeno. Então, essa espécie perde duas moléculas de trifenilfosfina nos passos subsequentes, sendo que a etapa determinante da velocidade da reação está associada com a saída da segunda molécula de PPh3 devido ao sinergismo eletrônico envolvendo este ligante e a molécula de piperidina. Logo após a etapa determinante da velocidade, ocorre a coordenação de uma molécula de norborneno e um similar efeito trans-sinérgico entre este monômero e o ligante piperidina ativa a catálise. No capítulo 2 está descrito o estudo do mecanismo de uma série de complexos de fórmula [RuCl2(PPh3)2(amina)] (amina = pirrolidina, piperidina, azepano, azocano). Estas aminas cíclicas possuem volumes moleculares que aumentam no sentido da pirrolidina ao azocano. A troca dessas aminas afeta substancialmente o comportamento termodinâmico desses complexos através da combinação de efeitos eletrônicos e estéricos. A investigação realizada para os compostos dessa série levou ao mesmo mecanismo elucidado para o complexo contendo piperidina e com os mesmos processos mais relevantes que são as saídas dos ligantes trifenilfosfinas. Notou-se que a formação do isômero PBQ fica comprometida ao passo que a amina no complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(amina)] vai ficando mais volumosa devido ao maior espaço ocupado ao redor do metal na posição apical da pirâmide de base quadrada (PBQ) e que representa uma tensão considerável na estrutura do complexo que tende a se converter, preferencialmente, à geometria bipirâmide trigonal (BpT), como acontece com o complexo iniciador [RuCl2(PPh3)2(azocano)]. Observou-se também que a saída da primeira fosfina é influenciada pelo efeito estérico provocado pela amina. Em contrapartida, a saída da segunda já é um processo regido eletronicamente e é influenciado pela capacidade doadora da amina trans-posicionada ao ligante PPh3 em um dos intermediários que é formado durante a reação. No capítulo 3 está descrita a investigação da reação de ROMP com o complexo iniciador [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidina)] usando as moléculas diazoetanoato de etila (EDA), diazoetanoato de benzila (BDA) e diazoetanoato de terc-butila (TDA) como fontes de carbeno para gerar a espécie in situ [Ru(=CHR)Cl2(PPh3)2(piperidina)]. Curiosamente, a troca dos carbenos também não afetou o mecanismo proposto inicialmente para a série das aminas. Os perfis termodinâmicos traçados para esses diferentes carbenos mostram que o complexo contendo o carbeno etanoato de benzila-1-ilideno (EBI) foi o que mais se diferiu, seguindo uma tendência termodinâmica distinta para a saída dos ligantes trifenilfosfina. Para as demais etapas, os três complexos apresentaram um comportamento bastante similar. O estudo dessa série mostrou-se ser mais intricado do que a série das aminas, pois esses carbenos podem afetar tanto eletrônico quanto estericamente a estrutura dos compostos em diferentes etapas do mecanismo que ainda não foram investigadas minunciosamente. / This work was developed with the purpose of investigating the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with catalysts developed in the research group of Prof. Dr. Benedito dos Santos Lima Neto of the Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos (IQSC-USP) by computational methods of quantum mechanics. Therefore, this project was a combination of theoretical and experimental results. In Chapter 1, the main mechanism of ROMP reaction of norbornene by the initiator complex [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidine)] was elucidated In this investigation, the first reaction step involves an association between the initiator complex and ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), resulting the formation of metalcarbene bond. Then, this species loses two triphenylphosphine ligands in the subsequent steps and the rate reaction is associated with the loss of the second molecule due to the electronic PPh3 synergism involving this ligand and the piperidine molecule. Immediately after the rate reaction step, the coordination of norborneno occurs and a similar trans synergistic effect between the monomer and piperidine ligand actives the catalysis. Chapter 2 describes the study of the mechanism of complexes type [RuCl2(PPh3)2(amine)] (amine = pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane). These cyclic amines have molecular volumes that increase from pyrrolidine towards azocane. The exchange of amines affects substantially the thermodynamic behavior of these complexes by a combination of electronic and steric effects. The four compounds showed the same mechanism elucidated for the complex containing piperidine. It was noted that the formation of the PBQ isomer is avoided while the amine in the complex [RuCl2(PPh 3)2(amine)] becomes more voluminous. It was also observed that the loss of the first phosphine is influenced by the steric effect caused by the amine. In contrast, the loss of the second (phosphine) is already a process electronically-governed, and is influenced by the donor capacity of the amine ligand trans-positioned to PPh3 in one of the intermediate that is formed during the reaction. The Chapter 3 describes the investigation of the ROMP reaction using the initiator complex [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidine)] with the molecules ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), benzyl diazoacetate (BDA) and tert-butyl diazoacetate (TDA) to generate the carbene species [Ru(=CHR)Cl2(PPh3)2(piperidine)] in situ. Interestingly, the exchange of carbenes did not affect the mechanism originally proposed for the series of amines complexes. The complex containing the carbene ethanoate benzyl-1-ylidene (EBI) was what showed the most different thermodynamic profile from the others, following a distinct thermodynamic tendency for the loss of triphenylphosphine ligands. For the remaining steps, the three complexes showed a very similar behavior. The study of this series proved to be more intricate, because these carbenes may affect as much as sterically electronic structure of the compounds at different stages of the mechanism.
45

Prédiction des morphologies de nanoparticules métalliques à partir de calculs DFT des interactions surface-ligand / Predicting metallic nanoparticle morphologies from DFT calculations of surface-ligand interactions

Nguyen, Van Bac 30 November 2016 (has links)
Les nanoparticules (NPs) sont des matériaux fonctionnels importants du fait de leur taille nanométrique. Cette réduction en taille, associée à la composition, à l'orientation des surfaces et à la morphologie contribue à l'exaltation de nombreuses propriétés importantes telles que les propriétés électroniques, magnétiques, catalytiques, optiques, etc. Pour contrôler la morphologie des NPs, de nombreux efforts ont été consacrés à comprendre leurs mécanismes de formation et l'origine de leur stabilité. Parmi les nanoparticules métalliques, le cobalt, avec sa structure hexagonale compact (hcp), est particulièrement intéressant pour la possibilité d'obtenir des nanocristaux de forme "naturellement" anisotropique. Par synthèse chimique en milieu liquide, des NPs de différentes morphologies telles que des disques, des plaques, des bâtonnets, des fils et des cubes ont été obtenues en contrôlant le type de précurseur, de l'agent réducteur, des ligands stabilisants, ainsi que la concentration de ces ligands, la température ou la vitesse d'injection des précurseurs. Même si ces conditions de synthèse ont été rationalisées, les mécanismes à l'origine de ces différentes morphologies ne sont pas encore bien connus. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé deux modèles quantitatifs pour la prédiction de la morphologie, l'un est basé sur l'équilibre thermodynamique de l'état final, et l'autre sur un contrôle par l'effet cinétique. Pour appliquer ces modèles, il a été nécessaire de calculer dans un premier temps, avec la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT), les comportements d'adsorption des molécules ligands en fonction du taux de recouvrement sur les facettes de différentes orientations du métal. Pour ce faire, l'adsorption des ligands CH 3 NH 2 , CH 3 COO, C 5 H 11 COO et C 11 H 23 COO a été modélisée sur les différentes surfaces de Co et de Ni. La morphologie des NPs de Co prédite par ces deux modèles a été comparée à celles obtenues expérimentalement et à d'autres résultats théoriques de la littérature. La variété des formes obtenues par le modèle cinétique semblerait mieux correspondre aux NPs synthétisées avec les différentes conditions expérimentales. Ceci confirme que la morphologie des NPs est guidée avant tout par un effet cinétique. / Nanoparticles are one of the most important families of functional materials due to their nanometric size. This size reduction, associated to their composition, surfaces orientation and morphology has contributed to the emergence of new important properties such as electronic, magnetic, catalytic, optic, etc. To control the morphology of NPs, many efforts have been devoted to understand their formation mechanism and the origin of their stability. Among metallic nanoparticles, cobalt, with its hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure, is particularly interesting because of the possibility to grow "naturally" anisotropic shaped nanocrystals. Using chemical synthesis in liquid environment, various morphologies such as disks, plates, rods, wires and cubes have been obtained by controlling the precursor type, the reducing agent, the stabilizing ligands as well as their concentration, the temperature or the rate of precursor injection. Even if these synthesis conditions have been rationalized, few is known concerning the growth mechanisms at the atomic scale. In this work, we have developed two quantitative morphology prediction models, one based on the final thermodynamic equilibrium state, while another is controlled by the kinetics. These models require the knowledge of the adsorption behaviors of stabilizing molecules as a function of surface coverage on preferential facets of NPs. To this end, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on a series of stabilizing molecules (CH3NH2 , CH3COO C5H11OO and C11H23COO) adsorbed on the different Co and Ni surfaces. The shape of the Co NPs obtained by these two models was compared to experimental morphologies and other theoretical results from the literature. The variety of forms predicted by the kinetic model agrees better with the NPs morphologies obtained under the different synthesis conditions. This confirms that the morphology control of NPs is mostly driven by the kinetics.
46

La spectroscopie Raman pour la lutte contre la contrefaçon et pour la sécurisation de la filière vin / The spectroscopy Raman for the fight against the forgery and for the reassurance of the sector wine

Martin, Coralie 16 March 2015 (has links)
Les enjeux économiques autour du vin sont importants et induisent de nombreuses fraudes. De nombreuses méthodes d'analyse chimique existent mais elles sont souvent destructives et invasives. La spectroscopie Raman est à priori prometteuse et n'a jamais été exploitée à des fins d'analyse, de traçabilité et d'authentification des vins. Le but de cette thèse est d'en évaluer le potentiel à travers l'étude d'un panel de vins et de solutions modèles. Nous avons en particulier, par une approche combinant expérience et simulations DFT, cherché à identifier les familles moléculaires à l'origine de la diffusion Raman et de l'émission de fluorescence induites par laser. / The economic stakes around the wine are important and lead to many frauds. Many methods of chemical analysis exist, but they are often destructive and invasive. Although Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique, it has never been used for analysis, traceability and anthentication of wines. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate its potential through the study of panel of wines and model solutions. It has been tried to identify, by an approach combining experiment and DFT simulations, the molecular families which lead to the Raman scattering and also to the emission of laser-induced fluorescence.
47

Understanding the origin of ³⁵/³⁷ Cl and ¹⁶/¹⁸O isotope effects on ¹⁹⁵Pt and ¹⁰³Rh NMR nuclear shielding in selected Pt(lV) and Rh(lll) Complexes : a DFT study

Davis, John C. January 2013 (has links)
Distinctive fine-structure due to ³⁵Cl/³⁷Cl isotopologue and isotopomer effects is resolved at high magnetic fields for ¹⁹⁵Pt and ¹⁰³Rh NMR signals, resulting in a unique NMR “finger-print”, with which it is possible to uniquely identify all chlorido containing Pt(IV) and Rh(III) complexes. In this study, these isotope shifts are computed from first principles in order to provide a solid theoretical framework for the empirical observations. Use is made of DFT to calculate the ³⁵/³⁷Cl and ¹⁶/¹⁸O induced isotope shifts in the ¹⁹⁵Pt NMR spectra of [Pt³⁵Cl₆]²⁻ and [Pt³⁷Cl₆]²⁻, for the [Pt³⁵Cl n ³⁷Cl₅₋ n(H₂O)]⁻ (n=0-5), cis-Pt³⁵Cln³⁷Cl₍₄₋n₎(H₂O)₂ (n=0-4), and fac-[Pt³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₍₃₋ n₎(H₂O)₃]⁺ (n=0-3) series. The computational protocol is extended to calculate the ³⁵/³⁷Cl and ¹⁶/¹⁸O induced isotope shifts in [Pt³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₍₅₋ n₎(OH)]²⁻ (n=0-5), cis- [Pt³⁵Cln³⁷Cl₍₄₋ n₎(OH)₂]²⁻ (n=0-4), fac-[Pt³⁵Cln³⁷Cl₍₃₋ n₎(OH)₃] ²⁻ (n=0-3), cis- [Pt³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₂₋n(OH)₄]²⁻ (n=0-2) and [Pt³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₍₁₋ n₎(OH)₅]²⁻ (n=0-1). For Rh(III), the ³⁵Cl/³⁷Cl isotope shifts in the ¹⁰³Rh NMR spectra of [Rh³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₅₋ n(H₂O)] ²⁻ (n=0-5), cis-[Rh³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₍₄₋ n₎(H₂O)₂]⁻ (n=0-4), and fac-Rh³⁵Cl n³⁷Cl₍₃₋ n₎(H₂O)₃ (n=0-3) were calculated. The ¹⁹⁵Pt and ¹⁰³Rh NMR chemical shifts computed for these species reproduce the order of magnitude of the observed effect reasonably well, up to ca. 1 ppm. In most cases, general trends are also captured qualitatively, thus providing the first theoretical basis for the origin of subtle isotope shifts in ¹⁹⁵Pt NMR spectra. Neither simple polarizable continuum models nor small, microsolvated complexes lead to improved isotope shifts for the series investigated, however, valuable insight into the degree of solvent interaction was gained. Using the polarized continuum model to calculate shielding/bond-length derivatives together with gas-phase zero-point corrections to estimate shieldings, it was shown that the contraction of the coordination sphere in the hydroxide complexes cause the Pt-Cl bonds to become magnetically equivalent, justifying why their isotopomers aren't resolved. In this study, theoretical modelling of structural effects on NMR parameters extends to the smallest scale, distance changes of a few femtometers upon isotopic substitution.
48

Propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de filmes finos de PbO2, filmes finos de TiO2 e filmes finos de TiO2 dopados com chumbo / Structural and electronic properties of thin films of PbO2, thin films of TiO2 and thin films of TiO2 doped with lead

Azevedo, Douglas Henrique Marcelino de [UNESP] 20 December 2016 (has links)
Submitted by DOUGLAS HENRIQUE MARCELINO DE AZEVEDO null (fums_draculea@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-17T01:42:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Douglas Azevedo.pdf: 6219487 bytes, checksum: 5015fcd83ed83657a80e79409bb2bdd3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-21T19:57:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_dhm_me_ilha.pdf: 6219487 bytes, checksum: 5015fcd83ed83657a80e79409bb2bdd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T19:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_dhm_me_ilha.pdf: 6219487 bytes, checksum: 5015fcd83ed83657a80e79409bb2bdd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a constante busca o avanço tecnológico para satisfazer as necessidades da nossa sociedade, verifica-se uma preocupação da sociedade com menor degradação do meio ambiente. Em função disso, busca-se um melhor aproveitamento dos recursos naturais, o que, por sua vez, requer tecnologia apropriada. Na indústria optoeletrônica, a utilização de materiais com propriedades ópticas e condutoras cresce continuamente, porém esta tecnologia está fortemente baseada em óxido de índio (In2O3), que é um material bastante caro, já que é naturalmente escasso. Apresente pesquisa pretende contribuir com o conhecimento, em nível microscópio, das propriedades que governam a condutividade de óxidos de chumbo e óxidos de titânio dopados visando sua utilização como óxido transparente condutor, já que titânio e chumbo são mais baratos que o índio. Estudou-se propriedades eletrônicas de filmes finos de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) e dióxido de chumbo (PbO2) em sua principal fase cristalográfica, a fase rutila, em função da superfície exposta, Empregou-se cálculos ab initio dentro da teoria do funcional de densidade (DFT) implementada no programa CRYSTAL14. Procurou-se entender os fatores responsáveis pela condutividade desses materiais e formular propostas que contribuam para a transformação desses materiais em óxidos condutores transparentes. / There is a constant search for technological development to satisfy the need of our society, on the other hand there is a growing concern with environmental conservation. However, the better use of natural sources requires appropriate technology for that.In the optoelectronic industry, the use of materials with optical and conductive properties is continuously increasing, but this technology is strongly based on indium oxide (In2O3), which is a very expensive material, since it is naturally scarce. The present research aims to contribute to the knowledge of the properties that govern the conductivity of lead and titanium oxides at the microscopic level in order to enable its use as a transparent oxide conductor. Electronic properties of thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and lead dioxide (PbO2) in the main crystallographic phase (the rutile phase), depending on the exposed surface was investigated. Ab initio calculations with density functional theory (DFT) implemented in the CRYSTAL14 program have been performed. Factors responsible for the conductivity of these materials have been explored aiming to contribute to the transformation of these materials in transparent conductive oxides.
49

Computational analysis of first hyperpolarizability of heterocyclic rigid-rod molecules

Mo, Hao-Jie 10 January 2008 (has links)
The first hyperpolarizability £], which is an important factor in the second-order nonlinear optical effect, of the 5-6-5 heterocyclic rigid-rod chromophores-based derivatives has been systematically investigated in this work, applying the first principle based software CASTEP and the semi-empirical software MOPAC There are four factors chosen for this computational analysis, including the effects of (i) various rigid-rod molecules, (ii) auxiliary ability of various five-member rings, (iii) donor ability, and (iv) conjugation length. Results indicate that the benzobisimidazole (BBI)-based derivatives have larger £] values than those of benzobisthiazole (BBT) and benzobisoxazole (BBO)-based derivatives. The auxiliary donor ability of the pyrrole is larger than that of the thiophene and furan. In general, the £] value of various derivatives studied is parallel to the original donor strength and the trend in the donor is -N(CH3)2 > -NH2 > -OH > -CH3. In addition, the greater the conjugation length in the derivatives is, the higher the £] value. Further, from the analyses on the band-resolved £] values and the orbital density figures, it is found that the major contribution to the enhanced £] comes primarily from an efficient charge transfer from the donor side via the intermediate heterocyclic bridge to the acceptor side. Finally, a comparison between CASTEP and MOPAC reveals that CASTEP is more appropriate and accurate in predicting the optical properties of the heterocyclic-ring-based derivatives.
50

Theoretical characterisation of metallofullerenes

Campanera Alsina, Josep Maria 21 February 2005 (has links)
INFORME FINAL"Alguns importants descobriments de la ciència són accidentals. Això fou, certament, el cas del ful·lerè C60. Quan ara fa quatre anys, l'any 2000, vaig iniciar el treball d'investigació sobre els metal·loful·lerens m'havien arribat veus de la importància mediàtica d'aquestes noves estructures però no de la intensa història del seu descobriment. Aquesta m'ha fascinat. Sobretot quan l'any 2003 vaig tenir la possibilitat de fer una estada al grup del professor Kroto de la universitat de Sussex (Gran Bretanya). Llavors els textos, sorprenents però inerts, que havia llegit sobre la història del descobriment dels ful·lerens prenien forma en espais coneguts i personatges propers". Aquest és el prefaci de la meva tesi. Segurament aquesta estada a Sussex al grup d'un dels descobridors dels ful·lerens ha estat el moment més entranyable en aquesta carrera científica per l'estudi dels metal·loful·lerens.A partir de la síntesi de la molècula de C60 en quantitats apreciables la química dels ful·lerens en general, i en particular amb metalls de transició, ha experimentat un increment espectacular. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi de l'estructura i la reactivitat de diferents derivats organometàl·lics de ful·lerens o metal·loful·lerens. El treball d'investigació usa les eines de la química computacional (Teoria del funcional de la densitat, DFT) per tal de modelar els metal·loful·lerens més interessants apareguts entre el 1999 i el 2005. Tot i que els metal·loful·lerens presenten una varietat d'estructures formidable, podem classificar-los en tres grans famílies des del punt de vista estructural: un primer grup són els metal·loful·lerens exoèdrics on els metalls es situen fora de la caixa, en un segon grup tenim els metal·loful·lerens heteroèdrics o heteroful·lerens on les caixes de carbonis han estat dopades (certes posicions han estat substituïdes) amb altres elements com ara: N, B, Si, Fe i altres metalls i finalment l'últim grup són els metal·loful·lerens endoèdrics on la derivatització metàl·lica es dóna a l'interior de la caixa. Així l'estudi teòric dels compostos més novedosos i novells de cadascuna de les tres famílies de metal·loful·lerens és el puntal de la present tesi doctoral. Per cadascuna de les famílies hem desgranat l'estructura electrònica i geomètrica, hem descrit el tipus d'enllaç metall-ful·lerè, hem avaluat els factors que intervenen en l'estabilitat relativa dels possibles isòmers, hem també predit la reactivitat davant de reaccions d'addició i finalment els hem caracteritzat des d'un punt de vista físic (càlcul del potencial d'ionització i afinitat electrònica). L'estructura electrònica ens ha permès seleccionar quins metal·loful·lerens endoèdrics seran estables avançant-nos als experimentalistes en la seva cerca de nous complexos. La diversitat de tipologies d'enllaç ha sigut tant gran com famílies de metal·loful·lerens. Hem descrit un enllaç iònic pels metal·loful·lerens endoèdrics, un enllaç covalent en el cas dels metal·loful·lerens heteroèdrics i un enllaç coordinatiu pels metal·loful·lerens exoèdrics. Hem aplicat noves metodologies per l'estudi de l'isomerisme. Les tècniques d'anàlisi multivariant de dades ens han permès esbrinar quins factors són importants per l'estabilitat relativa dels isòmers i a la vegada construir models de predicció per altres isòmers. Així doncs, l'acoblament de la química teòrica i la quimiometria ha estat sens dubte l'aportació més rellevant del present treball d'investigació.Tarragona, 28 de novembre de 2004Josep Maria Campanera AlsinaFINAL REPORT The characterisation of the most novel metallofullerenes up to 2004 has been theoretically and systematically discussed in this study. From the structural point of view, metallofullerenes can be divided into three main groups, all of which have been discussed in this study: endohedral, heterohedral and exohedral metallofullerenes. The main families of compounds studied are Sc3-nMnN@Ck (n = 0-3, M = Y, La; k = 68, 78, 80) (endohedral), CxMn (x = 56, 57, 58, 59; M = Pt, Ir, Os; n = 1, 2) (heterohedral) and (-Ck){M(PH3)2}n (k = 60, 70, 84; M = Pt, Pd, Ni; n = 1, 2, 4, 6) (exohedral). The present study is a step forward in our knowledge of each of these families of compounds, and in particular, in our understanding of the metal-carbon bond, isomerism and reactivity. The DFT method proved to be an excellent computational tool for providing good geometries, for solving the intricacies of the different metal-carbon bonds, for producing experimental data (ionization potentials and electron affinities) and also for making predictions about isomerism stability and reactivity. The principal conclusions drawn about the species studied here are: Different types of structures, different types of metal-carbon bonds. The metal units in each family of compounds are located differently in relation to the fullerene carbon framework: inside the cage, within the carbon framework and outside the cage. The encapsulation of a trimetallic nitride template unit (TNT, Sc3-nMnN; n = 0-3; M = Y, La) inside the carbon cage to produce TNT endohedral metallofullerenes is explained by an ionic pair (cage-metal) model in which the TNT unit formally transfers six electrons to the cage. On the other hand, in heterohedral metallofullerenes, metals establish a covalent metal-carbon bond without causing oxidation to the metal. Finally, the (MPH3)2 metal units situated exohedrally to the fullerene are only coordinated in a  mode to the CC bond. Chemometric tools applied to isomerism studies. The regioisomers of heterohedral metallofullerenes are numerous: for example, the stoichiometry C57Pt2 has 47 distinct regioisomers. Thus, chemometric techniques which can manage considerable amounts of data must be used if we want to understand regioisomerism in heterohedral metallofullerenes. These tools have also been very useful for drawing conclusions from the considerable quantities of data provided by the factors which affect the stability of regioisomers. These tools have been used not only for analysing data but also for predicting the stability of other heterofullerenes.TNT encapsulation stabilizes fullerene isomers that are not available as free fullerenes. TNT endohedral metallofullerenes are formed by the encapsulation of a metallic nitride template inside the following cages: D3-C68:6140, D3h'-C78:5, D5h-C80:6 and Ih-C80:7. Any of these cages have never been detected experimentally.So, endohedral metallofullerenes can make non-classical fullerene isomers available for study. Furthermore, on the basis of the electronic structure we predicted that no other IPR fullerenes between C60 and C84 will be capable of encapsulating a TNT unit, apart from the fullerene isomers that are already known.Stability of the carbon skeleton is the principal factor that determines the regioisomer stability of the heterofullerenes. Metal atoms occupy neighbouring positions in the most stable structures of C57Pt2 and C56Pt2. Metal substitution deforms the carbon framework and partially destroys the fullerene aromaticity. This is the key factor in determining the stability of these disubstituted clusters. Indeed, it is much easier to make a big hole that permits the incorporation of two Pt atoms in the carbon cage than two smaller holes in two opposite sites of the fullerene. Prediction of the exohedral reactivity taking into account the full characterization of the different CC bond types. We first performed a full characterization of all CC bond types of the fullerenes Ih-C60:1, D3-C68:6140, D5h-C70:1, D3h'-C78:5, Ih-C80:7, D2-C84:22 and D2d-C84:23. Each CC bond type is characterized by its topology, length, pyramidalization angle and Mayer bond order. This systematization enabled us to identify which sites were most reactive to a nucleophilic addition to free fullerenes or a [4 + 2] cycloaddition to TNT endohedral metallofullerenes.Tarragona, 8th Novembre 2004Josep Maria Campanera Alsina

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