LUCAS, Francisco Willian de Souza. Detecção Eletroanalítica e Estudo do Mecanismo de Oxidação do Pesticida Dimetomorfe. 2012. 54 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em química)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T19:39:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fwslucas.pdf: 1580068 bytes, checksum: 647901a551ada8eb15811c67fb68d6df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-31T23:02:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fwslucas.pdf: 1580068 bytes, checksum: 647901a551ada8eb15811c67fb68d6df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T23:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fwslucas.pdf: 1580068 bytes, checksum: 647901a551ada8eb15811c67fb68d6df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Dimethomorph (DIM) belongs to the class of morpholinic fungicides, it has systemic action, it is persistent in food matrices and in planting soils where was applied and a possible endocrine interferent, justifying the development of methodologies for detection and quantification of this compound. In the electrochemical study can be seen that the DIM had electrochemical process diffusion-controlled and characterized as quasi-reversible, with electrode potential of approximately 1.28 V vs. Ag/AgCl/Cl-(KCl sat.) electrode and involving two electrons transfer. In the development of electroanalytical methods using the square-wave voltammetry and the boron-doped diamond electrode, it was found that the best experimental and voltammetric conditions were obtained in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 3, as supporting electrolyte, pulse potential frequency of 30 s-1, square-wave amplitude of 50 mV and potential step increment of 2 mV. From these conditions it was possible to develop an analytical method with a linear range from 4.57x10-6 to 3.78x10-4 mol L-1, detection limit of 3.11x10-7 mol L-1, quantification limit of 1.04x10-6 mol L-1, 0.13% of repeatability (n = 10) and 0.92% of reproducibility (n = 5). The evaluation of the interference of the ionic compounds present in the supporting electrolyte and the Mancozebe (MZB), present in DIM co-formulations, in the accuracy and precision of the methodology showed that these species have little influence. The recovery in electrolyte was of 97.25 ± 0.70%, with 95% confidence, and BIAS of 2.74%. The percentage of MZB interference, in different concentrations, was less than |10%|. The application of the proposed methodology for determining of the DIM in fresh grapes and red wine showed a percent recovery equal to 101.0 ± 12.1% and 105.1 ± 10.8% with 95% confidence, respectively, and BIAS less than 6 %. Based on the quantum-chemicals information, we can infer that the site of oxidation of DIM is the non-aromatic double bond. The data obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the conclusion that the electrodic substrate nature does not interfere in the overall mechanism of the DIM electrooxidation reaction, in which is formed the (4-chlorophenyl)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone as major product. / O Dimetomorfe (DIM) pertence à classe dos fungicidas morfolínicos, tem ação sistêmica, é persistente nas matrizes alimentícias e em solos de plantio onde foi aplicado e é um possível interferente endócrino, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de metodologias para detecção e quantificação desse composto. No estudo eletroquímico pode-se observar que DIM apresentou processo eletroquímico controlado por difusão e caracterizado como quasi-reversível, com potencial de eletrodo em torno de 1,28 V vs. eletrodo de Ag/AgCl/Cl-(KCl sat.), referente à transferência de dois elétrons. No desenvolvimento da metodologia eletroanalítica utilizando voltametria de onda quadrada e o eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro, constatou-se que as melhores condições experimentais e voltamétricas foram obtidas em tampão Britton-Robinson pH 3, como eletrólito de suporte, frequência de aplicação dos pulsos de potencial de 30 s-1, amplitude dos pulsos de potencial de 50 mV e incremento de potencial de 2 mV. Partindo dessas condições foi possível desenvolver uma metodologia analítica com faixa linear de 4,57x10-6 a 3,78x10-4 mol L-1, limite de detecção de 3,11x10-7 mol L-1, limite de quantificação de 1,04x10-6 mol L-1, repetibilidade de 0,13% (n = 10) e reprodutibilidade de 0,92% (n = 5). A avaliação da interferência das espécies iônicas presentes no eletrólito de suporte e do Mancozebe (MZB), presente em coformulações de DIM, na exatidão e na precisão da metodologia mostrou que essas espécies exercem pouca influência. A recuperação em eletrólito foi de 97,25 ± 0,70 %, com confiança de 95%, e BIAS de 2,74 %. O percentual de interferência do MZB, em diferentes concentrações, foi menor que |10%|. A aplicação da metodologia proposta na determinação do DIM em uva in natura e em vinho tinto apresentou percentual de recuperação de 101,0 ± 12,1% e 105,1 ± 10,8% com confiança de 95%, respectivamente, e BIAS menor que 6%. Baseando-se nas informações químico-computacionais, pode-se inferir que o sítio de oxidação do DIM é na dupla ligação não aromática. Os dados obtidos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um espectrômetro de massa levaram à conclusão que a natureza do substrato eletródico não interfere no mecanismo global da reação de eletrooxidação do DIM, sendo formado o (4-clorofenil)-(3,4-dimetoxifenil)metanona como produto majoritário.

This study investigates electrochemical oxidation of m-cresol on boron-doped diamond electrode using direct current voltammetry (DCV), differential pulse voltametry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In aqueous media in pH range 2.0 - 12.0 m-cresol provides one oxidation peak. The electrode reaction is diffusion-controled. Because of electrode passivation two types of pretreatment were applied for reactivation of electrode surface., i.e. alumina polishing and anodic activation using potential of +2400 mV. Peak heights and potentials are strongly dipending on the type of pretreatment for DCV and DPV - the difference in peak potentials can reach 430 mV. Using optimal conditions for alumina polishing in 0.01 μmol·L-1 NaOH the linear dynamic range is 1.0 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DCV and 0.75 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DPV. And for anodic activation in BR buffer pH 2.0 the linear dynamic range is 0.75 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DCV and DPV. The influence of boron-doping level was investigated using a semiconductive and mettalic-type BDD film. For the latter the sensitivity in DP voltammetry is two times higer and for both types the linear dynamic range is ca 1 - 25 μmol·L-1 . The voltammetric response of m-cresol was further investigated in the presence of cationic surfactants. In the presence of CTAB and CPB the peak current...

This master's thesis contains a study of electrochemical processes of selected bile acids possessing 7 hydroxyl group (cholic, chenodeoxycholic and −muricholic). The measurements were performed on boron−doped diamond electrode in the non-aqueous medium of acetonitrile and perchloric acid (water content 0.55 %) by cyclic voltammetry. It is known that the electrochemical activity of 7 bile acids is increased by a dehydration reaction between perchloric acid and the 7 bile acid. The subject of the study was the stability of the voltammetric response of chemically activated bile acids in the region of negative potentials. It was found that the presence of oxygen in the measured solution is an important factor for obtaining the cathodic signal of 7 bile acids. It probably performs a regenerative function; the product of the electrochemical reduction is re-oxidized in its presence, which leads to an increase in the voltammetric response. At the same time, it is important that the direction of the scan in cyclic voltammetry first proceeds to positive values. A potential of +2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3 in acetonitrile) must be reached for the HO● radicals to be formed. It is these radicals that presumably lead to the formation of the product(s) of bile acids electrochemical oxidation that can be subsequently...

Cholesterol is an irreplaceable sterol found in animal cells, lathosterol is one of its precursors. The first aim of this Thesis is to develop a method for determining cholesterol after liquid- liquid extraction from milk matrices by differential pulse voltammetry on a boron doped diamond electrode in the presence of perchloric acid in acetonitrile where cholesterol provides an irreversible anodic response at the potential between +1300 and +1600 mV depending on the water content. The second aim is a study of the voltammetric behavior of lathosterol on boron doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry mainly in perchloric acid but also sodium perchlorate where lathosterol provides an irreversible anodic response at the potential of about +1650 mV on the boron doped diamond electrode and at the potential of +1350 mV on a glassy carbon electrode. The effect of other acids - sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric - on the response of lathosterol was also investigated. The influence of the water content in the measured solution and the influence of the polarization rate on the response of lathosterol were studied. Furthermore, the calibration dependence of lathosterol was measured using differential pulse voltammetry after optimization of its...

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Dimetomorfe (DIM) pertence à classe dos fungicidas morfolÃnicos, tem aÃÃo sistÃmica, à persistente nas matrizes alimentÃcias e em solos de plantio onde foi aplicado e à um possÃvel interferente endÃcrino, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de metodologias para detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo desse composto. No estudo eletroquÃmico pode-se observar que DIM apresentou processo eletroquÃmico controlado por difusÃo e caracterizado como quasi-reversÃvel, com potencial de eletrodo em torno de 1,28 V vs. eletrodo de Ag/AgCl/Cl-(KCl sat.), referente à transferÃncia de dois elÃtrons. No desenvolvimento da metodologia eletroanalÃtica utilizando voltametria de onda quadrada e o eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro, constatou-se que as melhores condiÃÃes experimentais e voltamÃtricas foram obtidas em tampÃo Britton-Robinson pH 3, como eletrÃlito de suporte, frequÃncia de aplicaÃÃo dos pulsos de potencial de 30 s-1, amplitude dos pulsos de potencial de 50 mV e incremento de potencial de 2 mV. Partindo dessas condiÃÃes foi possÃvel desenvolver uma metodologia analÃtica com faixa linear de 4,57x10-6 a 3,78x10-4 mol L-1, limite de detecÃÃo de 3,11x10-7 mol L-1, limite de quantificaÃÃo de 1,04x10-6 mol L-1, repetibilidade de 0,13% (n = 10) e reprodutibilidade de 0,92% (n = 5). A avaliaÃÃo da interferÃncia das espÃcies iÃnicas presentes no eletrÃlito de suporte e do Mancozebe (MZB), presente em coformulaÃÃes de DIM, na exatidÃo e na precisÃo da metodologia mostrou que essas espÃcies exercem pouca influÃncia. A recuperaÃÃo em eletrÃlito foi de 97,25  0,70 %, com confianÃa de 95%, e BIAS de 2,74 %. O percentual de interferÃncia do MZB, em diferentes concentraÃÃes, foi menor que |10%|. A aplicaÃÃo da metodologia proposta na determinaÃÃo do DIM em uva in natura e em vinho tinto apresentou percentual de recuperaÃÃo de 101,0  12,1% e 105,1  10,8% com confianÃa de 95%, respectivamente, e BIAS menor que 6%. Baseando-se nas informaÃÃes quÃmico-computacionais, pode-se inferir que o sÃtio de oxidaÃÃo do DIM à na dupla ligaÃÃo nÃo aromÃtica. Os dados obtidos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um espectrÃmetro de massa levaram à conclusÃo que a natureza do substrato eletrÃdico nÃo interfere no mecanismo global da reaÃÃo de eletrooxidaÃÃo do DIM, sendo formado o (4-clorofenil)-(3,4-dimetoxifenil)metanona como produto majoritÃrio. / Dimethomorph (DIM) belongs to the class of morpholinic fungicides, it has systemic action, it is persistent in food matrices and in planting soils where was applied and a possible endocrine interferent, justifying the development of methodologies for detection and quantification of this compound. In the electrochemical study can be seen that the DIM had electrochemical process diffusion-controlled and characterized as quasi-reversible, with electrode potential of approximately 1.28 V vs. Ag/AgCl/Cl-(KCl sat.) electrode and involving two electrons transfer. In the development of electroanalytical methods using the square-wave voltammetry and the boron-doped diamond electrode, it was found that the best experimental and voltammetric conditions were obtained in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 3, as supporting electrolyte, pulse potential frequency of 30 s-1, square-wave amplitude of 50 mV and potential step increment of 2 mV. From these conditions it was possible to develop an analytical method with a linear range from 4.57x10-6 to 3.78x10-4 mol L-1, detection limit of 3.11x10-7 mol L-1, quantification limit of 1.04x10-6 mol L-1, 0.13% of repeatability (n = 10) and 0.92% of reproducibility (n = 5). The evaluation of the interference of the ionic compounds present in the supporting electrolyte and the Mancozebe (MZB), present in DIM co-formulations, in the accuracy and precision of the methodology showed that these species have little influence. The recovery in electrolyte was of 97.25  0.70%, with 95% confidence, and BIAS of 2.74%. The percentage of MZB interference, in different concentrations, was less than |10%|. The application of the proposed methodology for determining of the DIM in fresh grapes and red wine showed a percent recovery equal to 101.0  12.1% and 105.1  10.8% with 95% confidence, respectively, and BIAS less than 6 %. Based on the quantum-chemicals information, we can infer that the site of oxidation of DIM is the non-aromatic double bond. The data obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the conclusion that the electrodic substrate nature does not interfere in the overall mechanism of the DIM electrooxidation reaction, in which is formed the (4-chlorophenyl)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone as major product.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T12:15:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:56:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Dependendo da sua origem, o mel pode ter uma mistura de diferentes componentes, principalmente carboidratos, que conferem sabor adocicado ao produto. A concentração mineral é baixa, e depende do ambiente onde o mel é produzido, sendo afetada pela composição do solo, pela geologia e pelas condições geográficas locais. Por ser resultado de um processo de bioacumulação, o mel pode ser utilizado para obter informações a respeito do ambiente em que as abelhas produtoras vivem. O presente trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para extração e quantificação de Cu, Pb, Cd e Zn em mel com eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro, por voltametria de pulso diferencial. A metodologia foi otimizada por meio de planejamento de experimentos, com obtenção de modelos de previsão, após um estudo detalhado a cerca da ativação da superfície do eletrodo. O uso de ferramentas estatísticas, como Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Variância e superfícies de resposta auxiliaram na obtenção de condições ótimas de análise para os metais com o eletrodo proposto. Para análise de Cu, Pb e Cd utilizou-se o potencial de deposição de -0,95 V vs Ag|AgCl por 240 segundos, em ácido clorídrico 0,1 molL-1. A análise de Zn foi realizada em tampão acetato 0,5 molL-1 com um potencial de deposição de -1,5 V vs Ag|AgCl por 240 segundos. Por se tratar de uma matriz heterogênea e rica em matéria orgânica, um tratamento de digestão da amostra foi necessário. A mineralização do mel em chapa de aquecimento foi o procedimento mais adequado para tratamento da amostra. O método otimizado apresentou seletividade, boa sensibilidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. A concentração dos analitos encontrados variaram entre 0,242 e 1,378 mgL-1 para o Cu; 0,129 e 0,918 mgL-1 para o Pb e 0,819 e 2,492 mgL-1 para o Zn. O Cd não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras. As medidas obtidas foram comparadas com eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com filme de mercúrio e espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite, e os resultados encontrados não diferiram estatisticamente, sendo analisados por Análise de Variância. / Depending on the origin, honey can be a mixture of different components, mainly carbohydrates, which give a sweet taste to the product. The mineral concentration is low and depends on the environment where the honey is produced, being affected by soil composition, geology and by the respective geographical locations. Being the result of a process of bioaccumulation, honey can be used to collect information about of environment in which bees live. This study developed a methodology for the extraction and quantification of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in honey with boron-doped diamond electrode, by differential pulse voltammetry. The methodology was optimized through design of experiments, obtaining prediction models, after a detailed study concerning the activation of the electrode surface. The use of statistical tools such as Principal Components Analysis, Analysis of variance and response surfaces assisted in obtaining optimum conditions for the analysis of metals with such electrode. For analysis of Cu, Pb and Cd was used the deposition potential of -0.95 V vs Ag|AgCl for 240 seconds, hydrochloric acid 0.1 molL-1. Zn analysis was performed in acetate buffer 0.5 mol L-1 with a deposition potential of -1.5 V vs Ag|AgCl for 240 seconds. Because it is a heterogeneous matrix, rich in organic matter, treatment of digestion of the sample was necessary. The mineralization of honey on heating plate was the most appropriate for treatment of the sample. The optimized method showed selectivity, good sensitivity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The concentration of analytes ranged between 0.242 and 1.378 mgL-1 for Cu, 0.129 and 0.918 mgL-1 for Pb and 0.819 and 2.492 mgL-1 for Zn. The Cd was not detected in any sample. The measurements obtained were compared with glassy carbon electrode modified with mercury film and atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace, and the results did not differ statistically, by Analysis of variance.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T19:19:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T14:04:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:04:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A utilização dos eletrodos à base de carbono já está bem descrita para alguns materiais, entretanto o desenvolvimento tecnológico vem trazendo ao mercado novos materiais como o eletrodo de filme de diamante dopado com boro (DDB). Este material possui diversas propriedades que o tornam excelentes em aplicações eletroanalíticas, dentre elas na determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio. A determinação de H2O2 pode ser realizada por diferentes técnicas, incluindo a amperometria, a espectrofotometria e a quimiluminescência. Neste contexto o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma célula eletroquímica para adaptar o eletrodo de DDB e também uma metodologia envolvendo análise por injeção em fluxo para a determinação amperométrica de H2O2 em amostras de gel de clareamento dentário e mel, sob o eletrodo de filme de diamante dopado com boro. Diferentes parâmetros foram avaliados para a obtenção de melhores condições de análise, dentre eles destacam-se o fluxo de eletrólito de 2,8 mL min-1, a alça de amostragem de 175 µL (28,5 cm), o percurso analítico de 25 cm (59 µL) para o gel e 5 cm (31 µL) para o mel e o potencial aplicado de 0,6 V. O método proposto apresentou resultados adequados em termos de precisão (DPR < 10 %), a exatidão foi confirmada, para a análise dos geis, através de estudos de adição e recuperação com resultados entre 74 e 107 %. O mesmo foi comparado ao método espectrofotométrico já existente e apresentou uma excelente concordância, com o mínimo de perda de exatidão ou precisão, com o benefício de uma expressiva diminuição no uso de enzima no caso da análise de mel (90 % a menos) e totalmente eliminado o uso nas amostras de gel, tornando o método mais barato que o espectrofotométrico. O método foi então aplicado à análise de amostras de gel de clareamento do mercado local e amostras de mel adquiridas em diferentes cidades da região. Com relação aos resultados obtidos os geis de clareamento apresentaram um valor médio de concentração de 2,39 % m/m, os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 1,06 e 3,54 µmol L-1, respectivamente. Para o mel foram obtidos valores de concentração médios de 25,8 µg g-1, os limite de detecção e quantificação foram 0,78 e 2,59 µg g-1 respectivamente. / The use of carbon based electrodes is well described for some materials, however technological development has brought to market new materials such as boron doped diamond film electrode. This material has several properties that make it excellent for electroanalytical applications, among them the determination of hydrogen peroxide. The determination of H2O2 can be accomplished by various techniques, including amperometry, spectrophotometry and chemiluminescence. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop an electrochemical cell and a methodology based on an amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in whitening gel and honey samples under the boron doped diamond electrode using flow injection analysis. Different parameters were evaluated to obtain the best conditions of analysis , among them the flow of electrolyte of 2.8 mL min- 1 , the loop sampling 175 µL (28.5 cm) , the analytical length of 159 µL (25 cm) to the gel and 31 µL (5 cm) to honey and an applied potential of 0.6 V. The proposed method was suitable in terms of precision (RSD < 10 %) results, the accuracy was confirmed in the analysis of the gels through the addition and recovery studies with results between 74 and 107 %. The proposed method was compared to the spectrophotometric method established and showed an excellent agreement, without loss of accuracy or precision, but with the benefit of a significant reduction in the use of enzyme in honey analysis (90 % less) and not use of enzymes for the analysis of whitening gel, making it cheaper than the spectrophotometric method. The method was then applied to the analysis of tooth whitening gels and honey samples of the local market acquired in different cities of the region. Regarding the results of whitening gels showed a medium concentration value of 2.39 % m/m, the limits of detection and quantification were 1.06 and 3.54 μmol L-1 respectively. For honey samples, a mean concentration value of 25.8 μg g-1 were obtained, the detection and quantification limits were 0.78 and 2.59 μg g-1 respectively.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-09T15:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T14:15:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As estrobilurinas sintéticas são fungicidas produzidos e comercializados no mundo todo, estando entre os mais vendidos por sua eficiência contra diferentes fungos. Por razões de segurança de saúde pública, a ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) classifica as estrobilurinas sintéticas como produtos altamente ou medianamente tóxicos. Por isso, a legislação tem sido cada vez mais restritiva com relação aos agrotóxicos de modo geral, incluindo as estrobilurinas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de sete estrobilurinas por HPLC com detecção simultânea ultravioleta (UV) e eletroquímica/amperométrica (DE), além da sua aplicação na análise de amostras de feijão. O detector eletroquímico foi acoplado de modo “homemade” ao HPLC. O método de separação para as sete estrobilurinas por HPLC empregando coluna de fase reversa C 18 foi otimizado a partir do estudo de parâmetros como a composição da fase móvel e modo de eluição, avaliando-se, entre outros, a resolução e simetria dos picos. Para a detecção UV foi selecionado adequadamente o comprimento de onda, enquanto na detecção amperométrica o potencial de eletrólise, utilizando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro (DDB) como eletrodo de trabalho. A detecção UV foi realizada em 200 nm e a amperométrica aplicando-se um potencial de 1,9 V. Foi otimizado um método de extração para as estrobilurinas, o qual foi adequado, seletivo e eficiente na remoção de interferentes. Na avaliação da exatidão do método obteve-se valores de recuperações para as estrobilurinas entre 61,6 % a 98,8 % com desvios padrões menores que 10,0 %. Os limites de detecção do método foram 0,02 mg kg-1 para todas as estrobilurinas, e os limites de quantificação variaram de 0,06 a 0,07 mg kg1, obtidos por detecção UV e DE. Os métodos de detecção UV e DE também foram comparados estatisticamente, o que mostrou não haver diferenças significativas entre os resultados reportados por estes em um nível de 95 % de confiança. Foram analisadas sete amostras de feijão de diferentes tipos e procedência, todavia não foram detectadas nenhuma das estrobilurinas estudadas neste trabalho. / Synthetic strobilurins fungicides are produced and marketed all over the world, being among the best selling ones due to their efficiency against several fungi. For public health security reasons, ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) classifies synthetic strobilurins as highly or moderately toxic. Therefore, legislation has been increasingly stricter regarding pesticides in general, including strobilurins. This study aimed to develop an analytical method for the determination of seven strobilurins using HPLC with simultaneous ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical/amperometric (DE) detections, in addition to its application for the analysis of bean samples. The electrochemical detector was coupled to the HPLC in a homemade way. The separation method for the seven strobilurins by HPLC employing C18 reversed phase column was optimized from the study of such parameters as the composition of the mobile phase and the elution mode, evaluating, among others, peak resolution and symmetry. For UV detection the wavelength was suitably selected, while for the amperometric detection the potential electrolysis was chosen, using a boron-doped diamond electrode (DDB) as the working electrode. UV detection was performed at 200 nm and amperometric detection at 1.9 V. An extraction method was optimized for the strobilurins, which was adequate, selective and efficient in removing interfering substances. In the accuracy evaluation of the method, the recovery values obtained for strobilurins were between 61.6% and 98.8%, with standard deviations lower than 10.0%. The detection limits of the method were 0.02 mg kg -1 for all the strobilurins, and the quantification limits ranged from 0.06 to 0.07 mg kg-1, obtained by UV and DE detection. UV and DE detection methods were statistically compared, which showed no significant differences between the results reported by them at a 95% confidence level. Seven samples of bean of different types and origins were analyzed, but none of the strobilurins studied in this work were detected.

Electrochemical oxidation of acyclovir at glassy-carbone electrode and boron-doped diamond electrode gives one pH-dependent oxidation signal; the corresponding electrode reaction is controlled by diffusion. It is followed by a second indistinctive signal in the pH range 2,0 - 9,0. Further, optimization of conditions was carried out for determination of acyclovir using DC and DP voltammetry. The calibration dependence on GC electrode in B−R buffer (pH = 6,0) is linear only in the concentration range from 2 to 10 μmol∙l−1 for DCV with limit of detection 0,38 μmol∙l−1; for DPV it is not linear. BDD electrode has to be activated to prevent its passivation. Anodic activation at +2,4 V for 15 s with simultaneous stirring of solution results in relative standard deviation of 0,9% for acyclovir concentration of 1∙10−4 mol∙l−1. Using DCV and DPV methods linear concentration dependences were obtained in 0,1 mol∙l-1 nitric acid and in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. The lowest limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD = 0,47 μmol∙l−1 a LOQ = 1,55 μmol∙l−1) and linear range from 0,6 to 100 μmol∙l−1 was reached in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. Further, standard addition method was used to quantify acyclovir in Zovirax tablets. Satisfactory recoveries of 101,1 ± 2,3 % using DCV and 98,8 ± 2,2 % using DPV at BDD (compared with the...

In this doctoral thesis, a novel method for the determination of primary bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid is presented. Bile acids play various vital roles in the mammalian body. Moreover, their determination is extremely helpful in liver and biliary disease diagnosis and management. These saturated organic compounds lack strong chromophores and fluorophores in their structure, and thus are usually hard to detect in spectroscopy. For this reason, either instrumentally advanced but expensive methods, such as mass spectrometry, or less reliable enzymatic methods are commonly employed in bile acids quantitation. Hence, the demand for simple and reliable methods for their determination is strong. Bile acids are also known to be virtually inert for direct electrochemical oxidation. Herein, a simple method for their chemical activation for electrochemical oxidation on bare electrode materials was developed, optimized and applied to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid determination. The activation is based on a dehydration reaction of a primary bile acid with 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 in acetonitrile (water content 0.55%) that introduces double bond(s) into the originally fully saturated steroid core. This naturally increases the electron density in the structure, and thus allows electrochemical...