Tradução parcial (com notas e introdução) do Dictionnaire de musique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. / Rousseaus Dictionary of Music: portuguese translation (partial), introduction and notes.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-10T12:46:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ERLY ROSA DA SILVA.pdf: 1163402 bytes, checksum: 03c2e06afb7db663c114f88519229820 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T12:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ERLY ROSA DA SILVA.pdf: 1163402 bytes, checksum: 03c2e06afb7db663c114f88519229820 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-01 / This piece of work has as an objective the comparative bibligraphy study with regard to two Portuguese language dictionaries that are more used: Aurélio and Houaiss. The bibliography of reference are source of the uprising from lexicon units and their semantics attributes. So, it permits to establish one “picture”of the language. From the anlysis ahead of the reference work bibliography that are part of this work, we can notice that the conception of the Portuguese language that each one establish. One language dictionary active involves the linguistic politics from each country, because of its normative function, besides being involved in discussions in the “lusofonia”in the world with the presence or not of the reference work of other countries with Portuguese language. It’s essencial that we discuss these reference work that are so trivial and go way without being noticed. So, in this piece of work, we discuss the relation between language\speech and language\literature to verify the kind of representative shown by Portuguese language that are in the dictionary. The comparative analysis goes from a quantitative study where was raised the kind of piece of work; publishing year used for checking; the countries represented and the Brazilian region. For our study, we based in lexicography theories from Biderman, Barbosa, Meschonnic, Reis and Dubois, among others that were useful for the analysis of the books. It’s possible to verify the source of world built by the language dictionaries and their function in the society. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo comparativo das bibliografias de referências dos dois dicionários de língua portuguesa mais usados: Aurélio e Houaiss. A bibliografia de referência serve de fonte para o levantamento das unidades lexicais e seus atributos semânticos. Ela então permite constituir um “retrato” da língua. A partir da análise das obras que compõem a bibliografia de referência podemos observar a concepção de língua participa ativamente da política lingüística de cada país pela sua função normativa, além de participar do debate da lusofonia no mundo com a presença ou não de obras de outros países de língua portuguesa. É imprescindível discutir tais obras que de tão banais passam despercebidas. Assim, no trabalho, discutimos as relações língua/discurso e língua/literatura para verificar que tipo de representação da língua portuguesa aparece nos dicionários. A análise comparativa parte de um estudo quantitativo onde foram levantados os tipos de obras; o ano das edições usadas para consultada: os países representados: e as regiões brasileiras. Para nosso estudo, fundamentamo-nos nas teorias lexicográficas de Biderman, Barbosa, Meschonnic, Rey e Dubois, entre outros que nos serviram para a análise das obras. É possível verificar a visão de mundo construída pelos dicionários de língua e seu papel na sociedade.

[pt] O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica na área de Lingüística Aplicada, onde propomos investigar, com o apoio da Prática Exploratória (Allwright & Bailey, 1991) questões relacionadas ao uso do dicionário bilíngüe e à atividade de pré-leitura no aprendizado do léxico desconhecido em aulas de língua estrangeira. A análise buscou embasamento nos pressupostos de Grabe & Stoller, 2002; Coracini, 1995; Carter & McCarthy, 1988; Kleiman, 1989 e Kato, 1985. O corpus é composto por aulas de inglês numa turma de sete alunos adultos de nível básico, de uma grande empresa. Foram gravadas e transcritas quatro aulas com diferentes atividades de leitura, propostas pela professora- pesquisadora. Questionários e entrevistas foram respondidos pelos alunos. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o dicionário bilíngüe é considerado, pelos alunos, de forma diferenciada, sendo representado e usado de maneiras diversas no contexto analisado; a atividade de pré-leitura é vista como complemento importante na sala de aula, ativando o conhecimento lingüístico e de mundo dos alunos, durante o processo de leitura. A reflexão da professorapesquisadora sobre a sua prática pedagógica e discursiva em sala de aula levou-a a confirmar e reformular algumas de suas crenças sobre atividades de leitura, bem como identificar outros fatores que interferem nas aulas, tais como concepções e experiências anteriores dos alunos sobre seu processo de aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira. / [en] The purpose of this study is to present the results of an etnographic research in the area of Applied Linguistics, which investigates, with the support of Exploratory Practice (Allwright & Bailey, 1991), issues related to the use of bilingual dictionaries and pre-reading activities in the acquisition of unknown vocabulary in a foreign language. The theoretical background for the analysis was based on Grabe & Stoller, 2002; Coracini, 1995; Carter & McCarthy, 1988; Kleiman, 1989 and Kato, 1985. The corpus includes English as a foreign language lessons in a class of seven basic level adult students from a big company in Rio de Janeiro. Four lessons with different reading activities and proposed by the teacherresearcher were recorded and trascribed. Questionnaires and interviews were answered by the students. The results of this research show that the bilingual dictionary is used and considered, by the students, in different ways in this context; the pre- reading activity is considered as an important complement in the language classroom, activating students´ linguistic and world knowledge, during the reading process. The teacher-researcher´s reflection about her pedagogic and discursive practice in the classroom led her to confirm and to reformulate some of her beliefs towards reading activities, as well as to identify other factors that influence her classes, such as students´ individual conceptions and their previous experiences in relation to the foreign language learning process.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la résolution de problèmes inverses non linéaires exploitant un a priori de parcimonie ; plus particulièrement, des problèmes où les données se modélisent comme la combinaison linéaire d'un faible nombre de fonctions non linéaires en un paramètre dit de " localisation " (par exemple la fréquence en analyse spectrale ou le décalage temporel en déconvolution impulsionnelle). Ces problèmes se reformulent classiquement en un problème d'approximation parcimonieuse linéaire (APL) en évaluant les fonctions non linéaires sur une grille de discrétisation arbitrairement fine du paramètre de localisation, formant ainsi un " dictionnaire discret ". Cependant, une telle approche se heurte à deux difficultés majeures. D'une part, le dictionnaire provenant d'une telle discrétisation est fortement corrélé et met en échec les méthodes de résolution sous-optimales classiques comme la pénalisation L1 ou les algorithmes gloutons. D'autre part, l'estimation du paramètre de localisation, appartenant nécessairement à la grille de discrétisation, se fait de manière discrète, ce qui entraîne une erreur de modélisation. Dans ce travail nous proposons des solutions pour faire face à ces deux enjeux, d'une part via la prise en compte de la parcimonie de façon exacte en introduisant un ensemble de variables binaires, et d'autre part via la résolution " optimale " de tels problèmes sur " dictionnaire continu " permettant l'estimation continue du paramètre de localisation. Deux axes de recherches ont été suivis, et l'utilisation des algorithmes proposés est illustrée sur des problèmes de type déconvolution impulsionnelle et analyse spectrale de signaux irrégulièrement échantillonnés. Le premier axe de ce travail exploite le principe " d'interpolation de dictionnaire ", consistant en une linéarisation du dictionnaire continu pour obtenir un problème d'APL sous contraintes. L'introduction des variables binaires nous permet de reformuler ce problème sous forme de " programmation mixte en nombres entiers " (Mixed Integer Programming - MIP) et ainsi de modéliser de façon exacte la parcimonie sous la forme de la " pseudo-norme L0 ". Différents types d'interpolation de dictionnaires et de relaxation des contraintes sont étudiés afin de résoudre de façon optimale le problème grâce à des algorithmes classiques de type MIP. Le second axe se place dans le cadre probabiliste Bayésien, où les variables binaires nous permettent de modéliser la parcimonie en exploitant un modèle de type Bernoulli-Gaussien. Ce modèle est étendu (modèle BGE) pour la prise en compte de la variable de localisation continue. L'estimation des paramètres est alors effectuée à partir d'échantillons tirés avec des algorithmes de type Monte Carlo par Chaîne de Markov. Plus précisément, nous montrons que la marginalisation des amplitudes permet une accélération de l'algorithme de Gibbs dans le cas supervisé (hyperparamètres du modèle connu). De plus, nous proposons de bénéficier d'une telle marginalisation dans le cas non supervisé via une approche de type " Partially Collapsed Gibbs Sampler. " Enfin, nous avons adapté le modèle BGE et les algorithmes associés à un problème d'actualité en astrophysique : la détection d'exoplanètes par la méthode des vitesses radiales. Son efficacité sera illustrée sur des données simulées ainsi que sur des données réelles. / This thesis deals with solutions of nonlinear inverse problems using a sparsity prior; more specifically when the data can be modelled as a linear combination of a few functions, which depend non-linearly on a "location" parameter, i.e. frequencies for spectral analysis or time-delay for spike train deconvolution. These problems are generally reformulated as linear sparse approximation problems, thanks to an evaluation of the nonlinear functions at location parameters discretised on a thin grid, building a "discrete dictionary". However, such an approach has two major drawbacks. On the one hand, the discrete dictionary is highly correlated; classical sub-optimal methods such as L1- penalisation or greedy algorithms can then fail. On the other hand, the estimated location parameter, which belongs to the discretisation grid, is necessarily discrete and that leads to model errors. To deal with these issues, we propose in this work an exact sparsity model, thanks to the introduction of binary variables, and an optimal solution of the problem with a "continuous dictionary" allowing a continuous estimation of the location parameter. We focus on two research axes, which we illustrate with problems such as spike train deconvolution and spectral analysis of unevenly sampled data. The first axis focusses on the "dictionary interpolation" principle, which consists in a linearisation of the continuous dictionary in order to get a constrained linear sparse approximation problem. The introduction of binary variables allows us to reformulate this problem as a "Mixed Integer Program" (MIP) and to exactly model the sparsity thanks to the "pseudo-norm L0". We study different kinds of dictionary interpolation and constraints relaxation, in order to solve the problem optimally thanks to MIP classical algorithms. For the second axis, in a Bayesian framework, the binary variables are supposed random with a Bernoulli distribution and we model the sparsity through a Bernoulli-Gaussian prior. This model is extended to take into account continuous location parameters (BGE model). We then estimate the parameters from samples drawn using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. In particular, we show that marginalising the amplitudes allows us to improve the sampling of a Gibbs algorithm in a supervised case (when the model's hyperparameters are known). In an unsupervised case, we propose to take advantage of such a marginalisation through a "Partially Collapsed Gibbs Sampler." Finally, we adapt the BGE model and associated samplers to a topical science case in Astrophysics: the detection of exoplanets from radial velocity measurements. The efficiency of our method will be illustrated with simulated data, as well as actual astrophysical data.

Computer Vision researchers are constantly challenged with questions that are motivated by real applications. One of these questions is whether a computer program could distinguish groups of people based on their geographical ancestry, using only frontal images of their faces. The advances in this research area in the last ten years show that the answer to that question is affirmative. Several papers address this problem by applying methods such as Local Binary Patterns (LBP), raw pixel values, Principal or Independent Component Analysis (PCA/ICA), Gabor filters, Biologically Inspired Features (BIF), and more recently, Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). In this work we propose to combine the Bag-of-Visual-Words model with new dictionary learning techniques and a new spatial structure approach for image features. An extensive set of experiments has been performed using two of the largest face image databases available (MORPH-II and FERET), reaching very competitive results for gender and ethnicity recognition, while using a considerable small set of images for training. / Pesquisadores de visão computacional são constantemente desafiados com perguntas motivadas por aplicações reais. Uma dessas questões é se um programa de computador poderia distinguir grupos de pessoas com base em sua ascendência geográfica, usando apenas imagens frontais de seus rostos. Os avanços nesta área de pesquisa nos últimos dez anos mostram que a resposta a essa pergunta é afirmativa. Vários artigos abordam esse problema aplicando métodos como Padrões Binários Locais (LBP), valores de pixels brutos, Análise de Componentes Principais ou Independentes (PCA/ICA), filtros de Gabor, Características Biologicamente Inspiradas (BIF) e, mais recentemente, Redes Neurais Convolucionais (CNN). Neste trabalho propomos combinar o modelo \"bag-of-words\" visual com novas técnicas de aprendizagem por dicionário e uma nova abordagem de estrutura espacial para características da imagem. Um extenso conjunto de experimentos foi realizado usando dois dos maiores bancos de dados de imagens faciais disponíveis (MORPH-II e FERET), alcançando resultados muito competitivos para reconhecimento de gênero e etnia, ao passo que utiliza um conjunto consideravelmente pequeno de imagens para treinamento.

<p>The aim of this Magister Degree Project has been to investigate if can corpora be used to investigate patterns of lexical distribution and/or borrowing from one variety to another. Another aim has been to investigate how well classification of lexical items as either “British” or “American” supported by evidence from corpora of English.</p><p>In order to accomplish these aims sets of lexical items have been examined in two ways: first through dictionary research and “dictionary dating”, and second through the use of such English corpora as the British National Corpus (BNC), the United Kingdom Web Archiving Consortium (ukWaC), and the TIME Corpus of American English. The results of this research suggest that the simplistic labelling of certain items as “American” versus “British” is sometimes misleading, and that corpus investigations on their own, though useful, may not be entirely sufficient in this context.</p>

<p>Video games are very popular among children in the Western world. This study was done in order to investigate if video games had an effect on 49 Swedish students‟ comprehension of English words (grades 7-8). The investigation was based on questionnaire and word test data. The questionnaire aimed to measure with which frequency students were playing video games, and the word test aimed to measure their word comprehension in general. In addition, data from the word test were used to investigate how students explained the words. Depending on their explanations, students were categorized as either using a “video game approach” or a “dictionary approach” in their explanations.</p><p>The results showed a gender difference, both with regard to the frequency of playing and what types of games that were played. Playing video games seemed to increase the students‟ comprehension of English words, though there was no clear connection between the frequency with which students were playing video games and the choice of a dictionary or video game approach as an explanation.</p>

<p>The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine.</p><p>With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined.</p><p>The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.</p>

The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine. With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined. The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.

This dissertation investigates the learning scenarios where a high-dimensional parameter has to be estimated from a given sample of fixed size, often smaller than the dimension of the problem. The first part answers some open questions for the binary classification problem in the framework of active learning. Given a random couple (X,Y) with unknown distribution P, the goal of binary classification is to predict a label Y based on the observation X. Prediction rule is constructed from a sequence of observations sampled from P. The concept of active learning can be informally characterized as follows: on every iteration, the algorithm is allowed to request a label Y for any instance X which it considers to be the most informative. The contribution of this work consists of two parts: first, we provide the minimax lower bounds for the performance of active learning methods. Second, we propose an active learning algorithm which attains nearly optimal rates over a broad class of underlying distributions and is adaptive with respect to the unknown parameters of the problem. The second part of this thesis is related to sparse recovery in the framework of dictionary learning. Let (X,Y) be a random couple with unknown distribution P. Given a collection of functions H, the goal of dictionary learning is to construct a prediction rule for Y given by a linear combination of the elements of H. The problem is sparse if there exists a good prediction rule that depends on a small number of functions from H. We propose an estimator of the unknown optimal prediction rule based on penalized empirical risk minimization algorithm. We show that the proposed estimator is able to take advantage of the possible sparse structure of the problem by providing probabilistic bounds for its performance.