β-glucans are unavailable carbohydrates and a dietary fiber that cannot be readily metabolized by our own bodies’ enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. They are instead metabolized by our microbiota in the large intestine, were they have multiple health benefits. They help with keeping the microbiota in balance and regulating our immune system. They have also been shown to have cholesterol lowering effects. β-glucans are found in cereals like barley, oat, rye, and wheat but they can also come from other sources like bacterial cell walls and fungi. However, depending on their origin, they have different structures and properties. β-glucans from cereals are linear polymers of β-(1→4)-D-glycopyranosyl units separated by single units of β-(1→3)-D-glycopyranosyl in a mixed linkage. The concentration of β-glucan is highly varied between cereal type as well as cultivar of the same cereal. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a difference in β-glucan content between commercial bread baked using traditional versus modern cereal cultivars. β-glucan was determined using the Megazyme assay kit, a method approved by the American association of cereal chemists (AACC) International. The method uses a highly specific enzymatic breakdown of β-glucan into D-glucose that can then be determined colorimetrically. The results for β-glucan showed high variation between different types of cereals and bread tested, were grains like barley and rye had higher β-glucan content compared to oat and wheat, showing clear health benefits to eating grains like barley and rye, over grains like wheat. The β-glucan content for cereals ranged from 0.30 – 3.66% of dry weight, whereas the different bread had β-glucan ranging from 0.31 – 1.14% of dry weight. There was no significant difference between modern versus traditional cultivars and therefore neither had any greater health benefits from a β-glucan content perspective. The daily consumption of β-glucan needed to show cholesterol lowering effects is 3g, which in this study mean that about 7.5 bread slices (about 300 g) of the highest β-glucan containing bread is needed to be eaten daily to achieve the daily intake goal.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 698415 bytes, checksum: 3cf3e8499014177777415387c6452216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The "human light diet" is a flour rich in fiber. Studies in subjects with metabolic syndrome suggest that consumption of fiber, as a food supplement, can help regulate their determinants. It is characterized by the association of hypertension, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and low blood concentrations of high density lipoprotein. Based on these facts and considering that in the current literature found no studies involving the use of the human diet with the metabolic syndrome, showing its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of diet supplementation with human factors in the metabolic syndrome. The sample consisted of 28 adult women with a confirmed diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, divided into two groups: intervention group for eight weeks supplementation with 30 grams daily human diet (n = 14) and a control group without supplementation (n = 14). At first, patients were interviewed. They were then subjected to an initial anthropometric (waist circumference, height and weight) and blood pressure. Blood test for analysis of biochemical variables was performed at University Hospital Lauro Wanderley-UFPB. A reevaluation of anthropometric, blood pressure and was performed 60 days after intervention. The two-factor ANOVA was used to evaluate the anthropometric data, blood pressure and blood chemistries. We adopted p <0.05 for statistical significance. The final sample consisted of 16 obese adult women, mean age 29.5 ± 7.8 years and body mass index of 106.91 ± 7.48 kg/m2 Comparison between groups post intervention can be observed that body weight, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower in the intervention group. Supplementation with human diet for eight weeks can be a good alternative for people who aim to lose weight and regulate blood pressure. However the treatment of metabolic syndrome in human diet should be encouraged and further studies, controlled epidemiological, performed to assess the benefits and risks of long-term supplementation in individuals with different age groups. / A ração humana light é uma farinha rica em fibras. Estudos realizados em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica sugerem que o consumo de fibras, como suplemento alimentar, pode ajudar a regularizar os seus fatores determinantes. Ela é caracterizada pela associação de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade abdominal, intolerância à glicose, hipertrigliceridemia e baixas concentrações sanguíneas de lipoproteína de alta densidade. Baseado nestes fatos e considerando que na literatura atual não foi encontrado estudos envolvendo o uso da ração humana com a síndrome metabólica, mostrando sua eficácia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da suplementação com ração humana, nos fatores determinantes da síndrome metabólica. A amostra foi composta por 28 mulheres adultas com diagnóstico comprovado de síndrome metabólica, dividas em dois grupos: grupo intervenção com suplementação por oito semanas de 30 gramas diárias de ração humana (n=14) e grupo controle sem suplementação (n=14). Em um primeiro momento, as pacientes responderam a uma entrevista. Em seguida foram submetidas a uma primeira avaliação antropométrica (circunferência da cintura, peso e altura) e pressórica. Exame sanguíneo, para análise das variáveis bioquímicas, foi realizado no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley- UFPB. A reavaliação das variáveis antropométricas, pressóricas e sanguíneas foi realizada 60 dias após intervenção. O teste Anova de dois fatores foi utilizado para avaliar os dados antropométricos, de pressão arterial e bioquímica sanguínea. Foi adotado p<0,05 para nível de significância estatística. A amostra final foi composta por 16 mulheres adultas obesas, com idade média de 29,5 ± 7,8 anos e índice de massa corporal de 35,33 ± 5,57 kg/m2. Na comparação inter-grupos pós intervenção pode-se observar que o peso corporal, a circunferência da cintura e a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica foram significativamente menores no grupo intervenção. A suplementação com ração humana por oito semanas pode ser uma boa alternativa para pessoas que objetivam perder peso e regularizar a pressão arterial. No entanto o tratamento da síndrome metabólica com ração humana deve ser estimulado, como também novos estudos epidemiológicos controlados, realizados para avaliar os benefícios e riscos dessa suplementação em longo prazo em indivíduos com de diferentes faixas etárias.

Soluble dietary fibers (SDF) are fermented more than insoluble dietary fibers (IDF), but their effect on colonic bacterial community structure and function remains unclear. Thus, bacterial community composition and function in the colon of BALB/c mice (n = 7) fed with a high level (approximately 20%) of typical SDF, oat-derived beta-glucan (G), microcrystalline cellulose (M) as IDF, or their mixture (GM), were compared. Mice in group G showed a lowest average feed intake (p < 0.05) but no change on the average body weight gain (p > 0.05) compared to other groups, which may be associated with the highest concentration of colonic propionate (p < 0.05) in these mice. The bacterial alpha-diversity of group G was significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.01). In group G, the relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly increased, whereas bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). The core bacteria for different treatments showed distinct differences. Bacteroides, Dehalobacterium, and Prevotella, including known acetogens and carbohydrate fermenting organisms, were significantly increased in relative abundance in group G. In contrast, Adlercreutzia, Odoribacter, and Coprococcus were significantly more abundant in group M, whereas Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, and Ruminoccaceae, typical hydrogenotrophs equipped with multiple carbohydrate active enzymes, were remarkably enriched in group GM (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of bacteria from the three classes of Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria (including Enterobacteriaceae) and Deltaproteobacteria, were significantly more abundant in group G, indicating a higher ratio of conditional pathogenic bacteria in mice fed dietary beta-glucan in current study. The predicted colonic microbial function showed an enrichment of "Energy metabolism" and "Carbohydrate metabolism" pathways in mice from group G and M, suggesting that the altered bacterial community in the colon of mice with the two dietary fibers probably resulted in a more efficient degradation of dietary polysaccharides. Our result suggests that the influence of dietary beta-glucan (SDF) on colonic bacterial community of mice was more extensively than MCC (IDF). Co-supplementation of the two fibers may help to increase the bacterial diversity and reduce the conditional pathogens in the colon of mice.

Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T15:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barreto_AndreaCarladaSilva_D.pdf: 3214717 bytes, checksum: 34684df178d36e005a2041195eb86c3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Na busca de novos ingredientes com foco na redução do teor de gordura de produtos cárneos, a fibra alimentar tem demonstrado resultados positivos. Atualmente, fibras estão entre os principais ingredientes presentes em alimentos funcionais, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de novos produtos com apelos benéficos para a saúde. Sob esse aspecto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o efeito da adição de fibras como substitutos de gordura na qualidade global de produtos cárneos emulsionados tipo mortadela. Foram selecionadas fibra de trigo Vitacel® WF200, fibra de aveia Vitacel® HF600 e Raftiline HPX® (inulina), e a metodologia de superfície de resposta foi utilizada para avaliar a influência das fibras na estabilidade da emulsão, análise do perfil de textura, cor e aceitação sensorial. Uma amostra controle (20% de gordura suína e sem fibras) foi realizada para comparação dos resultados obtidos. A inulina contribuiu para o aumento do valor L* e cor. E juntamente com a fibra de aveia, contribuíram para o aumento do valor b*. Houve efeito positivo da fibra de aveia para croma. A adição das fibras, nos níveis estudados, contribuiu para o aumento da firmeza e mastigabilidade e diminuição da elasticidade e coesividade, nas mortadelas com baixo teor de gordura. Em análise sensorial, houve contribuição de todas as fibras utilizadas para a diminuição das notas dadas para sabor, textura e impressão global, na medida em que aumentaram os níveis estudados. Teores de até 5% de inulina e 1% de fibra de aveia não comprometeram o produto nas respostas. Não houve efeito das fibras utilizadas para as respostas de cor para o valor a* e estabilidade da emulsão nas mortadelas com baixo teor de gordura. Posteriormente foi avaliado o efeito da adição da fibra de trigo e da adição parcial da gordura suína em mortadela com teor reduzido de gordura. Tanto a fibra de trigo quanto a gordura suína, nos níveis estudados, contribuíram para a diminuição da coesividade. A fibra de trigo contribuiu para o aumento da firmeza e diminuição das notas dadas para impressão global, ou seja, à medida que sua concentração aumentou, as notas dadas pelos provadores diminuíram. Até 0,58% de adição de fibra de trigo, o produto não ficou comprometido sensorialmente. Para validar os resultados obtidos, duas formulações foram selecionadas junto com a formulação controle, elaboradas em triplicata e avaliadas. Concluiu-se que a formulação com adição de 6% de fibras e 5% de gordura e a formulação com 6,58% de fibras e 1,45% de gordura e a formulação controle (sem fibras e 20% de gordura) não diferiram sensorialmente (a p<0,05), com bons resultados para cor, sabor, textura e impressão global. O mesmo foi observado para os testes de perfil de textura, estabilidade à oxidação lipídica e estabilidade da emulsão. Em termos de vida útil não se observaram diferenças entre estas três formulações. Este trabalho permitiu a elaboração de um produto cárneo emulsionado funcional, prebiótico, fonte de fibras, com teor reduzido de gordura e com boa aceitação sensorial pelos provadores, não diferindo (a p<0,05) da mortadela controle, elaborada sem adição de fibras e 20% de gordura / Abstract: In the search of new ingredients focusing the reduction of fat content in meat products, dietary fiber has shown positive results. Today, fibers are among the main ingredients present in functional foods, contributing to the development of new products with beneficial appeals to health. Within this aspect, the objective of this work was to study the effect of the addition of fibers as fat substitutes in the global quality of emulsified meat products such as Bologna sausage. The following fibers were selected: Vitacel® WF200 wheat fiber, Vitacel® HF600 oat fiber and Raftiline HPX® (inulin), and the response surface methodology was used to evaluate the influence of the fibers on emulsion stability, texture profile analysis, color and sensory acceptance. A control sample (20% pork fat, 0% fiber addition) was prepared and analyzed for comparison. Inulin contributed to increase L* value, and together with oat fiber, contributed to increase b* value. There was a positive effect of oat fiber on chroma. Fiber addition, in the levels studied, contributed to increase firmness and chewiness, and to reduce elasticity and cohesiveness, in the low fat content Bologna sausages. In the sensory analysis, there was a contribution of all the fibers studied towards the reduction of taste, texture and global impression scores, increasing the addition levels used. Levels of up to 5% inulin and 1% oat fiber did not compromise the product in the responses. There was no effect of the fibers used on the responses a* value and emulsion stability. Subsequently, the effect of the addition of wheat fiber and partial addition of pork fat in reduced fat content Bologna sausage was evaluated. Both wheat fiber and pork fat, in the levels studied, contributed to reduce cohesiveness. Wheat fiber contributed to increase firmness and reduce global impression scores, that is, with an increase in its concentration, the scores attributed by the panelists decreased. Up to 0.58% wheat fiber addition, the product was not sensorially compromised. To validate the results obtained, two formulations were selected, together with the control formulation, elaborated in triplicate and evaluated. It was concluded that the formulation with the addition of 6% fibers and 5% fat and the formulation with 6.58% fibers and 1.45% fat and the control formulation (20% fat, 0% fiber addition) did not differ sensorially (p<0.05), and presented good results for color, taste, texture and global impression. The same was observed for texture profile analysis, lipid oxidation stability and emulsion stability. With respect to shelf life, no difference was observed among these three formulations. This work permitted the elaboration of a prebiotic, fiber source, reduced fat content functional emulsified meat product with a good sensory acceptance by the panelists, not differing (p<0.05) from the control Bologna sausage, prepared without fiber addition and 20% fat / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos