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The success of performance in basketball may rely on both optimal body composition and nutrient intake. To our knowledge this is the first study to examine dietary intake adequacy and season-long effects on body composition and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal changes in body composition (BC), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ), while also examining the dietary intake adequacy of NCAA DI male basketball players. BC, RMR and RQ were assessed during pre-season, in-season, and post-season (September, December, and March), while dietary assessment was collected in September and February. Results of this study indicated that players consumed inadequate amounts of energy (ppp< 0.0001) relative to the recommendations for exercising individuals during the October baseline period. However, following analysis and consultations, athletes increased intake and received adequate amounts of energy and protein during follow-up, yet carbohydrate (p=0.0025) was still significantly lower. Results also revealed that there was a decrease in percent body fat (%BF) during season, an increase in Lean Body Mass from preseason to postseason, a peak in RMR during season and an increase in RQ post season. These findings indicate that significant metabolic and body composition changes occur in players over the season and suggest nutritional strategies employed concomitantly may be beneficial.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disease worldwide (Mahan & Escott-Stump, 2004). Iron deficiency anemia is of major concern especially in women of child bearing age and those who follow a vegetarian diet. The objective of this study was to compare the nutrient and hematological values related to iron status in female university students following a vegetarian versus following a nonvegetarian diet. This study took a cross sectional analysis of 39 female students at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly State University) in San Luis Obispo, CA. Of the participants 19 were following a vegetarian diet and 20 were following a nonvegetarian diet. To participate, individuals had to be female, current Cal Poly students, and between the ages of 18 and 22 years old. Those taking vitamin or mineral supplements, medications (including oral contraceptives), smokers, and pregnant women were excluded. Characteristic, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected through interview, nutrient intake was accessed by averaging three day food records, and hematological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis used nonparametric techniques including the Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon statistical test for demographics and baseline characteristics, the Spearman Rank Correlation analysis and Fisher’s Exact statistical test for associations between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Results found no significant difference in iron intake between vegetarians and nonvegetarians, however nonvegetarians had higher mean intakes of iron at 16.82 (SD 6.36) mg/day compared to vegetarians at 14.84 (SD 7.10) mg/day (p=0.482). A similar percentage of vegetarians at 66.7% (n=8) compared to nonvegetarians at 65% (n=13) were under the Recommended Daily Allowance (18 mg per day for females 19 to 30 years of age) for mean iron consumption. There were slightly more nonvegetarians at 10% (n=2) compared to vegetarians at 8.3% (n=1) under the Estimated Average Requirement (8.1 mg/day for females 19 to 30 years of age) for mean iron intake. No significant difference was found for serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and total iron binding capacity between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Finding revealed serum ferritin, the most common iron status indicator, was lower for vegetarians at 23.16 (SD15.54) ng/mL compared to nonvegetarians at 27.75 (SD 18.01) ng/mL (p=0.47). When looking at the stages of iron balance, there was greater percentage of vegetarians with hematological results (serum iron <40 µg/dL, total iron binging capacity of >410 µg/dL, transferrin saturation <15%, and serum ferritin <10 ng/mL) indicating iron deficiency anemia or stage IV negative iron balance compared to nonvegetarians. There was no significant correlation between iron intake and serum ferritin, however results showed a positive association (r=0.28, p=0.09). In conclusion, vegetarian participants are believed to be at higher risk of developing negative iron balance compared to nonvegetarians due to lower iron consumption and lower serum ferritin concentrations. Female university students following a vegetarian diet should be educated on iron deficiency anemia and prevention of iron depletion.

The purpose of this inquiry was to develop substantive theory that describes the social process that influences the eating behavior of hospitalized older adults. Undernutrition or the inadequate intake of dietary nutrients necessary to maintain health, contributes to negative health outcomes such as increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized older adults. Inadequate dietary intake is a risk factor for undernutrition. Despite the availability of vast resources within the hospital environment, hospitalized older adults have inadequate dietary intake. Undernutrition has been studied from a dietary intake perspective; however, why dietary intake remains inadequate is unknown. Inquiry of eating behavior and the social process that influences eating behavior will provide insight into why dietary intake remains inadequate. The Quality Health Outcomes Model was the conceptual framework that guided this inquiry. A qualitative, grounded theory methodology was used to investigate this phenomenon. Participants included acutely ill, hospitalized older adults and their healthcare providers. Field work included observation, interview, and document review to better understand the actions, interactions and perceptions of participants as to the process that influenced hospitalized older adult eating behavior. Datum was compared, coded, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. The Theory of Compromised Eating Behavior was developed and describes the process of compromise older adults experience related to eating behavior while hospitalized. The Theory has four stages: self-indication, joint-action, negotiation, and action. Hospitalized older adults choose to compromise their health should they eat inadequately or alternatively compromise their acculturated foodways should they eat adequately. Additionally, healthcare providers compromise their beliefs when older adult patients do not eat adequately. Older adults are at risk for negative health outcomes due to inadequate dietary intake while hospitalized. The meaning of hospital food and mealtimes differs from traditional food and mealtimes for the older adult, resulting in compromise. Intervention which enhances the meaning of food and mealtimes for the older adult during hospitalization may improve dietary intake and nutritional outcomes.

Background: Many older adults with dementia residing in nursing homes or assisted living facilities exhibit behavioral disturbances such as agitation and apathy. In addition they lose their ability to feed themselves and often suffer serious malnutrition as their dietary intake decreases. Music has been linked to decreased agitation in this population and physical activity to music linked to a slower decline in eating ability. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a familiar physical activity to familiar music would reduce apathy and agitation and increase eating ability and dietary intake among institutionalized older adults with dementia. Method: Eighty four older residents with early to late-stage dementia were randomly assigned to a usual activity or to a group that received a 25-minute intervention (seated chair exercises and beach ball toss to music of the 1920’s to 1950’s) offered 30 minutes before the noon meal twice a week for three weeks. Prior to the intervention, research assistants observed and recorded participants’ apathy using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale and agitation using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Trained research assistants (RAs) conducted the intervention, and then escorted participants in both groups to their noon meals. A second group of RAs, blinded to group, observed apathy and agitation as residents began their meals. At the end of the meals, RAs recorded eating ability using the Functional Independence Measure and the percentage of dietary intake for all participants. Digital photos of trays, pre- and post-meal, were also used to document the percentage. Results: Participants, whose mean age was 85.92 and whose Mini Mental Status Exam scores ranged from 0 to 24, resided in two sites: a nursing home with assisted living and a separate assisted living facility. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between groups for apathy (p=.01) and dietary intake (p=.01). There was no significant difference in agitation or eating ability. Discussion: Participation in the intervention was associated with more positive outcomes for apathy and dietary intake. There is evidence that a familiar physical activity to familiar music is an effective approach for institutionalized older adults with dementia.

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