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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [64]-71).

Nature provides fascinating and complicated molecular structures which offer synthetic organic chemists amazing opportunities for the design of new strategies for natural product synthesis. Among these, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles are of unparalleled importance in natural product, bioorganic, and medicinal chemistry. Pyridine and its derivatives in particular are the most common aza-heterocycles encountered in natural products, medicinal and materials chemistry. Pyridine derivatives also serve as precursors to functionalized piperidines, which are likewise common structural motifs in bioactive and functionalized materials. Thus, developing synthetic methods suitable for the manipulation of pyridine ring systems remains an important objective in synthetic organic chemistry. The functionalization of pyridine derivatives via manipulation at the benzylic position has been investigated. First, the nucleophilicity of the benzylic position of the 4-alkyl pyridine substrates was used to engage in Brønsted acid-catalyzed aldol-like cyclizations with attached carbonyl electrophiles. These conditions afforded substituted pyridines with functionalized lactams. These substrates underwent an unusual dehydration/oxidation reaction when treated with thionyl chloride. In a similar study, 1,2-dialkylimidazoles afforded nucleophilic 2-alkylidene imidazolines upon treatment with an electrophilic activating group such as Boc2O. Positioning a ketone electrophile with in an N1-alkyl side chain results in cyclization at the imidazole 2-position to afford fused ring imidazoles through an aldol-like cyclization reaction. The stereoselective synthesis of a tricyclic analogue of the bis(piperidine) alkaloid xestoproxamine C was also investigated. Dearomatization of a tricyclic pyridine derivative afforded an alkylidene dihydropyridine (anhydrobase) intermediate which was subjected to catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation to install the correct relative stereochemistry about the bis(piperidine) ring system. Other key features of these model studies included development of an efficient ring-closing metathesis procedure to prepare macrocyclic derivatives of 3,4-disusbstituted pyridines, intramolecular cyclizations of alkylidene dihydropyridines to establish pyridine-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines, successful homologation of pyridine-4-carboxaldehydes using formaldehyde dimethyl thioacetal monoxide (FAMSO), and application of B-alkyl Suzuki coupling to assemble substituted pyridines. Lastly, a study was done to assess the feasibility of synthesizing one of the two chiral precursors needed for the asymmetric synthesis of xestoproxamine C via enzyme catalyzed transesterification of symmetric 1,3-diols. This resulted in successful transesterification of a symmetric 1,3-diol substrate with high enantioselectivity.

Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur le développement d’une méthodologie de conversion de chiralité centrale vers axiale pour la formation de 4-arylpyridines atropoisomères, et de son application en synthèse totale. En premier lieu, une méthodologie de synthèse organocatalysée a été optimisée pour la préparation de 1,4-dihydropyridines énantioenrichies et hautement encombrées. Le défi a été, ici, de réussir à trouver le bon compromis entre sélectivité et réactivité afin de générer suffisamment d’encombrement sur la position C4 de la 1,4-dihydropyridine énantioenrichie, et de pouvoir accéder, après conversion du centre stéréogène (C4) en axe de chiralité, à un atropoisomère 4-arylpyridine stable. Une optimisation des conditions opératoires pour l’oxydation de ces 1,4-dihydropyridines énantioenrichies en 4-arylpyridines correspondantes a ensuite été menée et a permis d’atteindre des conversions de chiralité modérées à totales. Sur la base de cette stratégie, la synthèse énantiosélective de la (+)-streptonigrine, produit naturel présentant un motif 4-arylpyridine, a été envisagée selon deux stratégies principales s’appuyant sur des processus organocatalysés. / This work focused on the development of central-to-axial chirality conversion methodology for the synthesis of 4-arylpyridine atropisomers, and its application in total synthesis. In the first place, synthetic methodology was optimised for the synthesis of enantioenriched and hindered 1,4-dihydropyridines. At this point, the challenge was to find the right compromise between selectivity and reactivity to get enantioenriched dihydropyridines with sufficient bulkiness around the C4 position, for formation of stable 4-arylpyridine atropisomers after conversion of the chiral center (C4) to a chiral axis. A detailed screen was performed to find the optimal oxidation conditions leading to moderate to full chirality conversion. Based on this strategy, the total synthesis of (+)-streptonigrin, a natural product containing a 4-arylpyridine framework, was planned following two main pathways using organocatalytic transformations as key steps.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Nesta tese foi empregada a iodociclofuncionalização de β-enamino ésteres para obtenção de análogos conformacionalmente restritos do ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) e de 4-aril-1,4-di-hidropiridinas (DHP\'s). Foram preparados ciclopentanos trissubstituídos a partir de b-enamino ésteres cíclicos, com o objetivo de investigar o mecanismo desta reação. Utilizando ESI(+)-MS/MS, foi possível identificar e caracterizar os intermediários bicíclicos catiônicos, confirmando que a reação se processa através de uma SN2 intramolecular. A biorredução do grupo acetila existente nos ciclopentanos, utilizando raízes de Daucus carota e células íntegras de Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320 e Rhizopus oryzae CCT 4964, forneceu novos análogos oticamente ativos do GABA, com excelente enantiosseletividade. Também foram preparados iodo-β-enamino ésteres cíclicos de seis membros, contendo um grupo arila na posição 4 do anel tetra-hidropiridínico, cuja desidroiodação forneceu os respectivos derivados 1,4-di-hidropiridínicos. / This thesis presents a study of iodo-cyclization of β-enamino esters in order to obtain conformationally restricted analogues of γ-amino butiric acid (GABA) and of 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHP\'s). Trisubstituted cyclopentanes were obtained from iodo-β-enamino esters and the mechanism of their formation was proposed and corroborated by (+)-ESI-MS/MS through the interception and structural characterization of the key bicyclic iminium ion intermediates. Optically active GABA analogues have been prepared in high enantiomeric excesses (up to >99%) by bioreduction of the keto group in cyclopentane derivatives using whole fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320, Rhizopus oryzae CCT 4964 and Daucus carota root. 4-aryl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives were synthesized by iodo-cyclization of a-alkenyl-b-enamino esters and 4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were obtained after base-promoted dehydroiodination of the corresponding cyclic iodo-b-enamino esters.

Thèse de doctorat : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Nesta tese foi empregada a iodociclofuncionalização de β-enamino ésteres para obtenção de análogos conformacionalmente restritos do ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) e de 4-aril-1,4-di-hidropiridinas (DHP\'s). Foram preparados ciclopentanos trissubstituídos a partir de b-enamino ésteres cíclicos, com o objetivo de investigar o mecanismo desta reação. Utilizando ESI(+)-MS/MS, foi possível identificar e caracterizar os intermediários bicíclicos catiônicos, confirmando que a reação se processa através de uma SN2 intramolecular. A biorredução do grupo acetila existente nos ciclopentanos, utilizando raízes de Daucus carota e células íntegras de Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320 e Rhizopus oryzae CCT 4964, forneceu novos análogos oticamente ativos do GABA, com excelente enantiosseletividade. Também foram preparados iodo-β-enamino ésteres cíclicos de seis membros, contendo um grupo arila na posição 4 do anel tetra-hidropiridínico, cuja desidroiodação forneceu os respectivos derivados 1,4-di-hidropiridínicos. / This thesis presents a study of iodo-cyclization of β-enamino esters in order to obtain conformationally restricted analogues of γ-amino butiric acid (GABA) and of 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHP\'s). Trisubstituted cyclopentanes were obtained from iodo-β-enamino esters and the mechanism of their formation was proposed and corroborated by (+)-ESI-MS/MS through the interception and structural characterization of the key bicyclic iminium ion intermediates. Optically active GABA analogues have been prepared in high enantiomeric excesses (up to >99%) by bioreduction of the keto group in cyclopentane derivatives using whole fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320, Rhizopus oryzae CCT 4964 and Daucus carota root. 4-aryl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives were synthesized by iodo-cyclization of a-alkenyl-b-enamino esters and 4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were obtained after base-promoted dehydroiodination of the corresponding cyclic iodo-b-enamino esters.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na síntese de novos catalisadores quirais de transferência de fase, utilizando como matéria prima sais de piridínio derivados de α-aminoálcoois ou de α-aminoácidos quirais. Inicialmente, foram estudadas as reações de redução de tetrafluorboratos de 2,4,6-trimetil- e 2,4,6-trifenilpiridínio N-substituídos, que se mostraram viáveis para a obtenção de 1,2-di-hidropiridinas trifenílicas, mas conduziram a misturas de tetra-hidropiridinas no caso dos sais trimetílicos. As 1,2-di-hidropiridinas derivadas dos sais trifenílicos, em que o substituinte no átomo de nitrogênio era o grupo metila, benzila, 2-carbometoxictila ou 2-(t-butil-dimetilsilanóxi)-propila, foram submetidas a reações de Diels-Alder com anidrido maléico e / ou N-fenilmaleimida. Para as duas últimas l,2-di-hidropiridinas mencionadas, N-substituídas por grupos quirais, foram obtidos, em cada caso, dois adutos diastereoméricos, na proporção 1:1. A reação de N-alquilação dos adutos obtidos não produziu os produtos esperados, mas sim produtos de decomposição que foram atribuídos à ocorrência de reação de retro aza Diels-Alder, facilitada pela presença de uma dupla endocíclica residual. Para contornar este problema, efetuou-se a hidrogenação catalítica da referida dupla ligação, que mostrou ser estereosseletiva. No entanto, tentativas de N-alquilação dos adutos hidrogenados levaram à decomposição das isoquinuclidinas preparadas, como resultado de eliminação de Hofmann dos derivados quaternizados. / In order to synthesize a new chiral phase transfer catalyst we envisaged a synthetic route starting from pyridinium salts bearing a chiral N-substituted derived from α- aminoacids or α-aminoalcohols. As a first step 2,4,6-trimethyl and 2,4,6-triphenyl substituted pyridinium salts were submitted to the reduction with NaBH4. In the first case 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines were obtained as main products. For the 2,4,6-triphenyl devivatives the reduction produts were 1,2-dihydropyridines. The latter compounds were reacted with two different dienophiles yielding, in each case, two diasteromeric adducts in equal proportions. Under N-alkylation conditions, these isoquinuclidenes were decomposed into the retro aza Diels-Alder produts. In order to circunvent such drawback, the Diels-Alder adducts were catalytically hydrogenated. These saturated adducts could not be N-alkylated due to the occurance of Hofmann elimination on the resulting salts.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na síntese de novos catalisadores quirais de transferência de fase, utilizando como matéria prima sais de piridínio derivados de α-aminoálcoois ou de α-aminoácidos quirais. Inicialmente, foram estudadas as reações de redução de tetrafluorboratos de 2,4,6-trimetil- e 2,4,6-trifenilpiridínio N-substituídos, que se mostraram viáveis para a obtenção de 1,2-di-hidropiridinas trifenílicas, mas conduziram a misturas de tetra-hidropiridinas no caso dos sais trimetílicos. As 1,2-di-hidropiridinas derivadas dos sais trifenílicos, em que o substituinte no átomo de nitrogênio era o grupo metila, benzila, 2-carbometoxictila ou 2-(t-butil-dimetilsilanóxi)-propila, foram submetidas a reações de Diels-Alder com anidrido maléico e / ou N-fenilmaleimida. Para as duas últimas l,2-di-hidropiridinas mencionadas, N-substituídas por grupos quirais, foram obtidos, em cada caso, dois adutos diastereoméricos, na proporção 1:1. A reação de N-alquilação dos adutos obtidos não produziu os produtos esperados, mas sim produtos de decomposição que foram atribuídos à ocorrência de reação de retro aza Diels-Alder, facilitada pela presença de uma dupla endocíclica residual. Para contornar este problema, efetuou-se a hidrogenação catalítica da referida dupla ligação, que mostrou ser estereosseletiva. No entanto, tentativas de N-alquilação dos adutos hidrogenados levaram à decomposição das isoquinuclidinas preparadas, como resultado de eliminação de Hofmann dos derivados quaternizados. / In order to synthesize a new chiral phase transfer catalyst we envisaged a synthetic route starting from pyridinium salts bearing a chiral N-substituted derived from α- aminoacids or α-aminoalcohols. As a first step 2,4,6-trimethyl and 2,4,6-triphenyl substituted pyridinium salts were submitted to the reduction with NaBH4. In the first case 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines were obtained as main products. For the 2,4,6-triphenyl devivatives the reduction produts were 1,2-dihydropyridines. The latter compounds were reacted with two different dienophiles yielding, in each case, two diasteromeric adducts in equal proportions. Under N-alkylation conditions, these isoquinuclidenes were decomposed into the retro aza Diels-Alder produts. In order to circunvent such drawback, the Diels-Alder adducts were catalytically hydrogenated. These saturated adducts could not be N-alkylated due to the occurance of Hofmann elimination on the resulting salts.