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<p> This paper applies a cohort survival model to an age-and sex-disagqregated 1985 'base' population of Ancaster. Using a fortran programme, low, high, and 'most probable' projections were made for a 1986 to 2001 time horizon. The migration component was found to be the single most important projection variable. Consequently, only migration was varied between the three sets of projections. In analyzing migration for Ancaster, we identified a persistent trend in net migration over the 1971 to 1985 period. This finding allowed us to apply the 1985 male and female age profiles of net migration to the in-migrants. Thus, this study more accurately quantified net Migration than previous studies. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la désagrégation des systèmes informatiques - une approche novatrice qui devrait gagner en popularité dans le secteur des centres de données. A la différence des systèmes traditionnels en grappes, où les ressources sont fournies par une ou plusieurs machines, dans les systèmes désagrégés les ressources sont fournies par des nœuds discrets, chaque nœud ne fournissant qu'un seul type de ressources (unités centrales de calcul, mémoire, périphériques). Au lieu du terme de machine, le terme de créneau (slot) est utilisé pour décrire une unité de déploiement de charge de travail. L'emplacement est assemblé dynamiquement avant un déploiement de charge de travail par l'orchestrateur système.Dans l'introduction nous abordons le sujet de la désagrégation et en présentons les avantages par rapport aux architectures en grappes. Nous ajoutons également au tableau une couche de virtualisation car il s'agit d'un élément crucial des centres de données. La virtualisation fournit une isolation entre les charges de travail déployées et un partitionnement flexible des ressources. Elle doit cependant être adaptée afin de tirer pleinement parti de la désagrégation. C'est pourquoi les principales contributions de ce travail se concentrent sur la prise en charge de la couche de virtualisation pour la mémoire désagrégée et la mise à disposition des périphériques.La première contribution principale présente les modifications de la pile logicielle liées au redimensionnement flexible de la mémoire d'une machine virtuelle (VM). Elles permettent d'ajuster la quantité de RAM hébergée (c'est à dire utilisée par la charge de travail en cours d'exécution dans une VM) pendant l'exécution avec une granularité d'une section mémoire. Du point de vue du logiciel il est transparent que la RAM proviennent de banques de mémoire locales ou distantes.La deuxième contribution discute des notions de partage de mémoire entre machines virtuelles et de migration des machines virtuelles dans le contexte de la désagrégation. Nous présentons d'abord comment des régions de mémoire désagrégées peuvent être partagées entre des machines virtuelles fonctionnant sur différents nœuds. De plus, nous discutons des différentes variantes de la méthode de sérialisation des accès simultanés. Nous expliquons ensuite que la notion de migration de VM a acquis une double signification avec la désagrégation. En raison de la désagrégation des ressources, une charge de travail est associée au minimum à un nœud de calcul et a un nœud mémoire. Il est donc possible qu'elle puisse être migrée vers des nœuds de calcul différents tout en continuant à utiliser la même mémoire, ou l'inverse. Nous discutons des deux cas et décrivons comment cela peut ouvrir de nouvelles opportunités pour la consolidation des serveurs.La dernière contribution de cette thèse est liée à la virtualisation des périphériques désagrégés. Partant de l'hypothèse que la désagrégation de l'architecture apporte de nombreux effets positifs en général, nous expliquons pourquoi elle n'est pas immédiatement compatible avec la technique d'attachement direct, est pourtant très populaire pour sa performance quasi native. Pour remédier à cette limitation, nous présentons une solution qui adapte le concept d'attachement direct à la désagrégation de l'architecture. Grâce à cette solution, les dispositifs désagrégés peuvent être directement attachés aux machines virtuelles, comme s'ils étaient branchés localement. De plus, l'OS hébergé, pour lequel la configuration de l'infrastructure sous-jacente n'est pas visible, n'est pas lui-même concerné par les modifications introduites. / This dissertation is positioned in the context of the system disaggregation - a novel approach expected to gain popularity in the data center sector. In traditional clustered systems resources are provided by one or multiple machines. Differently to that, in disaggregated systems resources are provided by discrete nodes, each node providing only one type of resources (CPUs, memory and peripherals). Instead of a machine, the term of a slot is used to describe a workload deployment unit. The slot is dynamically assembled before a workload deployment by the unit called system orchestrator.In the introduction of this work, we discuss the subject of disaggregation and present its benefits, compared to clustered architectures. We also add a virtualization layer to the picture as it is a crucial part of data center systems. It provides an isolation between deployed workloads and a flexible resources partitioning. However, the virtualization layer needs to be adapted in order to take full advantage of disaggregation. Thus, the main contributions of this work are focused on the virtualization layer support for disaggregated memory and devices provisioning.The first main contribution presents the software stack modifications related to flexible resizing of a virtual machine (VM) memory. They allow to adjust the amount of guest (running in a VM) RAM at runtime on a memory section granularity. From the software perspective it is transparent whether they come from local or remote memory banks.As a second main contribution we discuss the notions of inter-VM memory sharing and VM migration in the disaggregation context. We first present how regions of disaggregated memory can be shared between VMs running on different nodes. This sharing is performed in a way that involved guests which are not aware of the fact that they are co-located on the same computing node or not. Additionally, we discuss different flavors of concurrent accesses serialization methods. We then explain how the VM migration term gained a twofold meaning. Because of resources disaggregation, a workload is associated to at least one computing node and one memory node. It is therefore possible that it is migrated to a different computing node and keeps using the same memory, or the opposite. We discuss both cases and describe how this can open new opportunities for server consolidation.The last main contribution of this dissertation is related to disaggregated peripherals virtualization. Starting from the assumption that the architecture disaggregation brings many positive effects in general, we explain why it breaks the passthrough peripheral attachment technique (also known as a direct attachment), which is very popular for its near-native performance. To address this limitation we present a design that adapts the passthrough attachment concept to the architecture disaggregation. By this novel design, disaggregated devices can be directly attached to VMs, as if they were plugged locally. Moreover, all modifications do not involve the guest OS itself, for which the setup of the underlying infrastructure is not visible.

Giving feedback to households about their energy consumption has been seen by many as a necessity in order for households to reduce their energy consumption and lower their carbon footprint. Many studies have been made on how smart meters, that give feedback on the total consumption, are used and their effect on the consumption. However, fewer studies have been done on how disaggregated feedback is understood and acted upon. Smappee is an energy feedback system that monitors the household’s consumption and is able to detect appliances’ consumption with only 3 physical clamps at the incoming current, using non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). NILM differentiate appliances based on their electrical signature which is generated by turning an appliance on and off. The users get the feedback through a smartphone application. This study attempts to answer the question “How do users understand and act upon disaggregated feedback in Smappee?” by doing a qualitative study based on contextual interviews made on 15 users of Smappee. The results of the interviews are then compared with previous studies within the field of smart meters and a conceptual model is being described of how users understand Smappee. The results show that disaggregated feedback in Smappee is perceived as too difficult to acquire. Users thought it was too hard to find which appliances represented in Smappee correspond to which physical appliances in the household. However, the users used the real-time total consumption in order to make an estimation of how much certain appliances consumed. This indicates that users are interested in disaggregated feedback if it is easily accessible. Users have, in general, a good understanding of how Smappee detects appliances. They understand that Smappee is measuring the incoming current and makes assumptions based on the increases and decreases. They did not use the disaggregated feedback, even though they understood how it worked. / Att ge feedback till hushåll om deras energikonsumtion har setts, av många, som en nödvändighet för att hushåll ska kunna reducera sin energikonsumtion och minska sina koldioxidutsläpp. Flera studier har gjorts om hur smarta mätare, som ger feedback om totalkonsumtionen, används och deras effekt på förbrukningen. Men färre studier har gjorts om hur uppdelad feedback förstås och hur användare agerar på detta. Smappee är ett energifeedbacksystem som mäter hushålls konsumtion och är kapabel att detektera apparaters konsumtion med endast 3 klamrar på den inkommande strömmen, genom att använda “non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). NILM skiljer på apparater baserat på deras elektriska signatur som genereras av att sätta på och slå av apparater. Användarna får feedbacken i en Smartphone-applikation. Denna studie försöker besvara frågan: “Hur förstår och agerar användare på uppdelad feedback i Smappee?” genom att genomföra en kvalitativ studie baserad på kontextuella intervjuer genomförda med 15 användare av Smappee. Resultatet från intervjuerna är sedan jämförda med tidigare studier inom området smarta mätare och en konceptuell model beskrivs om hur användare förstår sig på Smappee. Resultatet visar att uppdelad feedback i Smappee uppfattas för svår att använda. Användarna upplevde att det var för svårt att finna vilken apparat i Smappee som korresponderar till en viss fysisk apparat i hushållet. Dock använde användarna realtidskonsumtionen för att skapa en uppskattning om hur mycket vissa apparater konsumerade. Detta indikerar att användarna hade ett intresse i uppdelad feedback om det var tillgängligt på ett lättare sätt. Användare har, i allmänhet, en god förståelse om hur Smappee detekterar apparater. De förstår att Smappee mäter inkommande ström och gör antaganden baserat på ökningar och minskningar. De använde inte uppdelad feedback även om de förstod hur det fungerade.

The traditional block-based interface used in flash-based Solid State Drives (SSDs) imposes limitations on performance and endurance due to write amplification and garbage collection overheads. In response to these challenges, the NVMe Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) devices introduces a novel storage interface organized into zones, optimizing garbage collection and reducing write amplification. This research delves into the exploration and profiling of ZNS device characteristics, aiming to enhance user comprehension and utilization. Additionally, the study investigates the integration of ZNS devices into disaggregated storage frameworks to improve resource utilization, proposing server-side management features to simplify client operations and minimize overhead. By offering insights for future development and optimization of ZNS-based storage solutions, this work contributes to advancing storage technology and addressing the shortcomings of traditional block-based interfaces. Through extensive experimentation and analysis, this study sheds light on the optimal configurations and deployment strategies for ZNS-based storage solutions. / Master of Science / Traditional storage drives, like those found in computers and data centers, face challenges that limit their performance and durability. These challenges stem from the way data is stored and managed within these drives, resulting in inefficiencies known as write amplification and garbage collection overheads. To address these issues, a new type of storage device called NVMe Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) has been developed. ZNS devices organize data in a smarter way, grouping it into specific areas called zones. This organization helps to reduce inefficiencies and improve performance. This research explores the characteristics of ZNS devices and how they can be used more effectively. By better understanding and using these devices, we can improve the way data is stored and accessed, leading to faster and more reliable storage solutions. Additionally, this research looks at how ZNS devices can be integrated into larger storage systems to make better use of available resources. Ultimately, this work contributes to advancing storage technology and overcoming the limitations of traditional storage interfaces. We aim to uncover the best ways to deploy and optimize ZNS-based storage solutions for a variety of applications.

This thesis presents the development of techniques which enable appliance recognition in an Advanced Electricity Meter (AEM) to aid individuals reduce their domestic electricity consumption. The key aspect is to provide immediate and disaggregated information, down to appliance level, from a single point of measurement. Three sets of features including the short term time domain, time dependent finite state machine behaviour and time of day are identified by monitoring step changes in the power consumption of the home. Associated with each feature set is a membership which depicts the amount to which that feature set is representative of a particular appliance. These memberships are combined in a novel framework to effectively identify individual appliance state changes and hence appliance energy consumption. An innovative mechanism is developed for generating short term time domain memberships. Hierarchical and nearest neighbour clustering is used to train the AEM by generating appliance prototypes which contain an indication of typical parameters. From these prototypes probabilistic fuzzy memberships and possibilistic fuzzy typicalities are calculated for new data points which correspond to appliance state changes. These values are combined in a weighted geometric mean to produce novel memberships which are determined to be appropriate for the domestic model. A voltage independent feature space in the short term time domain is developed based on a model of the appliance’s electrical interface. The components within that interface are calculated and these, along with an indication of the appropriate model, form a novel feature set which is used to represent appliances. The techniques developed are verified with real data and are 99.8% accurate in a laboratory based classification in the short term time domain. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the ability of the AEM to accurately track the energy consumption of individual appliances.

A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

O presente trabalho investiga possibilidades quanto à utilização de dados desagregados, especificamente do Cadastro Nacional de Endereços para Fins Estatísticos (CNEFE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em modelos e análises urbanas. A divulgação do CNEFE representa uma mudança no quadro histórico de escassez de dados a respeito do uso do solo urbano no Brasil. Nesse novo contexto em que a aquisição deste tipo de informação – sem perder de vista suas contingências – deixa de ser uma debilidade em estudos a respeito das cidades brasileiras, apresenta-se nesta dissertação quatro métodos de modelagem e análise sob a perspectiva dos sistemas configuracionais urbanos que lançam mão do CNEFE enquanto insumo. Ao longo de três capítulos com características de artigos, explora-se primeiro a construção de modelos descritivos a partir dos dados; em seguida, busca-se como avaliar a nitidez com que os dois modelos produzidos descrevem o sistema urbano representado; e, por último, discute-se como confrontar os resultados da análise da acessibilidade do sistema urbano com os dados do modelo. Como estudo de caso, utilizou-se a cidade de Ijuí, RS. / This work investigates possibilities regarding the use of disaggregated data, specifically from the National Addressing Record for Statistical Purposes (CNEFE) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in urban modelling and analysis. The release of CNEFE represents a change in the historic scenario of land use data shortage in Brazil. Within this new context, in which the acquisition of this kind of information is no longer a weakness for research on Brazilian cities, this dissertation presents four methods for the construction of urban models and analyses under the perspective of urban configurational systems. Along three paper-like chapters, we first explore the construction of descriptive models with the mentioned data; then, we evaluate how sharply the produced models can describe the represented system; and, at last, we discuss how to confront the results of the accessibility analysis with the data. As a case study, we used the city of Ijuí, in Southern Brazil.

O presente trabalho investiga possibilidades quanto à utilização de dados desagregados, especificamente do Cadastro Nacional de Endereços para Fins Estatísticos (CNEFE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em modelos e análises urbanas. A divulgação do CNEFE representa uma mudança no quadro histórico de escassez de dados a respeito do uso do solo urbano no Brasil. Nesse novo contexto em que a aquisição deste tipo de informação – sem perder de vista suas contingências – deixa de ser uma debilidade em estudos a respeito das cidades brasileiras, apresenta-se nesta dissertação quatro métodos de modelagem e análise sob a perspectiva dos sistemas configuracionais urbanos que lançam mão do CNEFE enquanto insumo. Ao longo de três capítulos com características de artigos, explora-se primeiro a construção de modelos descritivos a partir dos dados; em seguida, busca-se como avaliar a nitidez com que os dois modelos produzidos descrevem o sistema urbano representado; e, por último, discute-se como confrontar os resultados da análise da acessibilidade do sistema urbano com os dados do modelo. Como estudo de caso, utilizou-se a cidade de Ijuí, RS. / This work investigates possibilities regarding the use of disaggregated data, specifically from the National Addressing Record for Statistical Purposes (CNEFE) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in urban modelling and analysis. The release of CNEFE represents a change in the historic scenario of land use data shortage in Brazil. Within this new context, in which the acquisition of this kind of information is no longer a weakness for research on Brazilian cities, this dissertation presents four methods for the construction of urban models and analyses under the perspective of urban configurational systems. Along three paper-like chapters, we first explore the construction of descriptive models with the mentioned data; then, we evaluate how sharply the produced models can describe the represented system; and, at last, we discuss how to confront the results of the accessibility analysis with the data. As a case study, we used the city of Ijuí, in Southern Brazil.