The goal of this research is to develop a robust, continuum-based approach for a three-dimensional, Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of layered geomaterials. There are two main approaches to the numerical modeling of layered geomaterials; discrete or discontinuous techniques and an equivalent continuum concept. In the discontinuous methodology, joints are explicitly simulated. Naturally, discrete techniques provide a more accurate description of discontinuous materials. However, they are complex and necessitate care in modeling of the interface. Also, in many applications, the definition of the input model becomes impractical as the number of joints becomes large. In order to overcome the difficulties associated with discrete techniques, a continuum-based approach has become popular in some application areas. When using a continuum model, a discrete material is replaced by a homogenized continuous material, also known as an 'equivalent continuum'. This leads to a discretization that is independent of both the orientation and spacing of layer boundaries. However, if the layer thickness (i.e., internal length scale of the problem) is large, the classical continuum approach which neglects the effect of internal characteristic length can introduce large errors into the solution. In this research, a full 3D FEM formulation for the elasto-plastic modeling of layered geomaterials is proposed within the framework of Cosserat theory. The effect of the bending stiffness of the layers is incorporated in the matrix of elastic properties. Also, a multi-surface plasticity model, which allows for plastic deformation of both the interfaces between the layers and intact material, is introduced. The model is verified against analytical solutions, discrete numerical models, and experimental data. It is shown that the FEM Cosserat formulation can achieve the same level of accuracy as discontinuous models in predicting the displacements of a layered material with a periodic microstructure. Furthermore, the method is capable of reproducing the strength behaviour of materials with one or more sets of joints. Finally, due to the incorporation of layer thickness into the constitutive model, the FEM Cosserat formulation is capable of capturing complicated failure mechanisms such as the buckling of individual layers of material which occur in stratified media.

The goal of this research is to develop a robust, continuum-based approach for a three-dimensional, Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of layered geomaterials. There are two main approaches to the numerical modeling of layered geomaterials; discrete or discontinuous techniques and an equivalent continuum concept. In the discontinuous methodology, joints are explicitly simulated. Naturally, discrete techniques provide a more accurate description of discontinuous materials. However, they are complex and necessitate care in modeling of the interface. Also, in many applications, the definition of the input model becomes impractical as the number of joints becomes large. In order to overcome the difficulties associated with discrete techniques, a continuum-based approach has become popular in some application areas. When using a continuum model, a discrete material is replaced by a homogenized continuous material, also known as an 'equivalent continuum'. This leads to a discretization that is independent of both the orientation and spacing of layer boundaries. However, if the layer thickness (i.e., internal length scale of the problem) is large, the classical continuum approach which neglects the effect of internal characteristic length can introduce large errors into the solution. In this research, a full 3D FEM formulation for the elasto-plastic modeling of layered geomaterials is proposed within the framework of Cosserat theory. The effect of the bending stiffness of the layers is incorporated in the matrix of elastic properties. Also, a multi-surface plasticity model, which allows for plastic deformation of both the interfaces between the layers and intact material, is introduced. The model is verified against analytical solutions, discrete numerical models, and experimental data. It is shown that the FEM Cosserat formulation can achieve the same level of accuracy as discontinuous models in predicting the displacements of a layered material with a periodic microstructure. Furthermore, the method is capable of reproducing the strength behaviour of materials with one or more sets of joints. Finally, due to the incorporation of layer thickness into the constitutive model, the FEM Cosserat formulation is capable of capturing complicated failure mechanisms such as the buckling of individual layers of material which occur in stratified media.

The purpose of this work is split into two categories, the first was to analyse the application of real-time Physics Engine software libraries for use in calculating a geological numerical model. Second was the analysis of the applicability of glyph and implicit surface based visualization techniques to explore fault systems produced by the model. The current state of the art in Physics Engines was explored by redeveloping a Discrete Element Model to be calculated using NVIDIA's PhysX engine. Analyses regarding the suitability of the engine in terms of numerical accuracy and developmental capabilities is given, as well as the definition of a specialised and bespoke parallelisation technique. The use of various glyph based visualizations is explored to define a new standardised taxonomy for geological data and the MetaBall visualization technique was applied to reveal three dimensional fault structures as an implicit surface. Qualitative analysis was undertaken in the form of a user study, comprising of interviews with expert geologists. The processing pipeline used by many Physics Engines was found to be comparable to the design of Discrete Element Model software, however, aspects of their design, such as integration accuracy, limitation to single precision floating point and imposed limits on the scale of n-body problem means their suitability is restricted to specific modelling cases. Glyph and implicit surface based visualization have been shown to be an effective way to present a geological Discrete Element Model, with the majority of experts interviewed able to perceive the fault structures that it contained. Development of a new engine, or modification of one that exists in accordance with the findings of this thesis would result in a library extremely well suited to the problem of rigid-body simulation for the sciences.

No description available.

According to Swedish guidelines for high speed railways on embankment, the total settlement is limited to 20 mm over a track length of 10 m during the construction service life. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the deformation in the subgrade (unbound layer) in a slab track, since there are very few studies related to high speed railways on high earth structure, discussing particularly the unbound layer. This thesis examined the unbound layer consisting of granular material by using the discrete element method (DEM) software PFC. There was a focus on the material compaction and deformations due to traffic loading. DEM has the benefit to be able to model deformation with due consideration of processes at microscale level. Two different particle shapes were tested: balls and clumps. The results showed that the settlements were small, possibly associated to the well compacted material and the simplifications in the model, such as the shape of the particles, absence of particle breakage and the applied traffic load. The clump simulations resulted in less settlements and permanent strains compared to the ball simulations. The higher the embankment the more settlements but less strains were produced for all the three simulations. One interesting parameter to study for the balls simulation was the friction between the particles. Increased friction contributed to less settlement. The maximum height of the embankment was limited to around 3,2 m due to time restraints. Simulations for higher embankments are needed to be performed in order to better understand the effect of the embankment height on settlements.

The successive struggle of Perge Antique City to resist against aging is clearly signified by Hellenistic Towers Ruins, parts of which still reaches up to 20 m high. Being a most reflecting example located at Anatolia, it clearly signifies its construction period and function compared to other examples that constitutes the same features. However, There exist a certain requirement of detailed and wide ranging conservation study for finding remedy to cope with risk of further collapse, which is originated from the slender geometry of Towers Remains. Therefore, the need of a survey on the structural behaviour of towers with non-linear analytical modelling techniques is fulfilled in this study. Preliminary analytical modelling (linear-elastic, macro models) was performed by using SAP2000 while, following detailed discrete stone element modelling examinations were performed with ANSYS-Ls DYNA, ABAQUS Software. Verification for simulations were made with results related with ambient vibration dynamic testing performed at Eastern Tower and Closed-form, simple calculations. In the light of results bound to structural behaviour investigation on reconstitution, stability performance of today&#039 / s ruins was examined against seismic activities. Four different strengthening methods were considered and their contributions to stability were compared in order to reach at the most appropriate intervention scheme obeying contemporary restoration criteria. The study formed a significant sub branch work of a restoration project of which charge was undertaken by SAYKA Restoration, Architecture Ltd. Co. Being a part of multi-disciplinary teamwork, structural investigation research was concluded to an optimum solution, which foreseen &ldquo / minimum intervention to the building&rdquo / assuring performance under seismic loading of large earthquakes.

No description available.

La prédiction de trajectoire de bloc et la conception de structures de protection sont deux des questions principales de l'ingénierie des chutes de pierres. La prédiction de la trajectoire d'un bloc dépend en grande partie des rebonds de ce bloc tandis que la conception de structures de protection, comme des remblais, est étroitement liée à la force d'impact sur le bloc.En se basant sur ce contexte, la thèse traite aussi bien de l'interaction entre un bloc et un milieu granulaire que des rebonds d'un bloc sur un milieu granulaire, en utilisant une modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets. L'objectif de la thèse est d'identifier et de mesurer les mécanismes qui contrôlent le rebond du bloc et le transfert de charge à l'intérieur du milieu impacté. Le contenu principal comprend trois parties: la modélisation DEM du processus d'impact, le rebond du bloc et le comportement micromécanique du milieu impacté.La loi de contact classique est utilisée pour modéliser le processus d'impact. Elle est mise en œuvre avec une résistance aux roulements pour considérer les effets de forme des particules et est calibrée par des tests triaxiaux quasi-statiques. Le bloc est modélisé par une sphère avec une vitesse d'incident tandis que le milieu est modélisé par un assemblage de particules sphériques poly-dispersées. La modélisation numérique de l'impact est validé en termes de force d'impact, de durée d'impact et de profondeur de pénétration par des expériences de la littérature.Le rebond du bloc et le processus de propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu impacté sont examinés ensemble. La résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est représentée par l'énergie de tension élastique. La résistance du milieu n'est pas constante car l'augmentation d'énergie de tension élastique est suivie par l'augmentation d'énergie cinétique, la dissipation d'énergie et par la diminution du nombre de coordination. L'occurrence du rebond du bloc obtenue avec des simulations 3D montre que trois régimes d'impact existent, ce qui est en accord avec les résultats de citet{Bourrier_2008}. De plus, la comparaison entre les diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond 2D et 3D montre que les positions et les formes des diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond changent en raison de résistances et de dissipations d'énergie différentes. En se basant sur les deux aspects de l'étude, la relation entre le rebond du bloc et la propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu est discutée.Le comportement micromécanique du système impacté est examiné en se focalisant sur les mécanismes des chaînes de force. Le réseau de chaînes de force dans le milieu impacté est caractérisé à partir des tensions entre les particules. L'objectif est d'identifier le rôle des chaînes de force dans la force d'impact sur le bloc et dans la microstructure du milieu. En étudiant la force d'impact sur le bloc avec des impacts sur des échantillons de grains de tailles différentes montre que l'échantillon composé de grands grains a une plus grande force d'impact, des chaînes de force plus longues comparées à l'épaisseur du milieu ainsi qu'un grand pourcentage de chaînes de force avec une longue durée de vie. De plus, l'étude de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des chaînes de force montre que la résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est portée par les particules des chaînes situées entre le bloc et la base du milieu impacté et que la propagation des chaînes de force dans la direction latérale joue un rôle secondaire. Enfin, l'étude des mécanismes du flambage des chaînes de force indique que, provoqués par les mouvements entre les particules de la chaîne, l'augmentation de nombre de flambages est liée à la diminution de la force d'impact sur le bloc ainsi qu'à l'augmentation de l'énergie cinétique et de la dissipation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu. / The prediction of boulder trajectory and the design of protection structures are particularly two main interests of rockfall engineering. The prediction of boulder trajectory largely depends on the bouncing of the boulder, and the design of protection structures, such as embankments, are closely related to the impact force on the boulder.Based on this background, the thesis deals with the interaction between a boulder and a granular medium as well as the bouncing of a boulder on a granular medium, through numerical modelling based on discrete element method. The objective of the thesis is to identify and quantify the mechanisms that governs the bouncing of boulder and the load transfer inside the impacted medium. The main contents include three parts: DEM modelling of the impact process, global bouncing of the boulder and micromechanical behaviour of the impacted medium.The classical contact law implemented with rolling resistance to consider particle shape effects calibrated based on quasi-static triaxial tests is used to model the dynamic impact process. The boulder is modelled as a single sphere with an incident velocity, the medium is modelled as an assembly composed of poly-disperse spherical particles. The numerical impact modelling is validated in terms of impact force, impact duration, penetration depth by experiments from literature.Bouncing of the boulder is investigated together with the energy propagation process inside the impacted medium. The strength of the medium during impact is represented by elastic strain energy, while the strength of the medium is not persistent since the increase of elastic strain energy is followed by the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation, as well as the decrease of the coordination number. Boulder's bouncing occurrence obtained based on 3D simulations shows that three impact regimes exist, which is consistent with the results of citet{Bourrier_2008}. In addition, comparison between 2D and 3D bouncing occurrence diagrams shows that the positions and shapes of bouncing occurrence diagrams shift due to the different strength and energy dissipation properties. Based on the two aspects of investigations, the relation between the bouncing of the boulder and the energy propagation inside the medium is discussed.The micromechanical behaviour of the impacted system is investigated by focusing on force chain mechanisms. The force chain network in the impacted medium is characterized based on particle stress information. The aim is to find the role of force chains in the strength and the microstructure of the medium. Investigations of the impact force on the boulder by impacting samples composed of different grain sizes shows that sample composed of big grains resulting in a larger impact force, longer force chains compared with the medium thickness, and large percentage of long age force chains. In addition, the spatial and temporal distribution of force chains are investigated and the results show that the strength of the medium under impact is built by chain particles located between the boulder and the bottom boundary, and the force chain propagation in the lateral direction of the medium plays a secondary role. Moreover, the investigation of force chain buckling mechanisms indicates that, triggered by the relative movements between the chain particles, the increase of buckling number is related to the decrease of impact force on the boulder as well as the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation inside the medium.