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A cultural belief held that young children lack the ability to experience grief, based on the assumption that children have not yet developed to understand, or to be emotionally affected, by the concept of death. 'Disenfranchised grief', a term first coined in 1989, refers to grief that escapes notice due to emotions not finding expressive outlets. Disenfranchised grief afflicts young children in particular. The aim of this study was to provide guidelines and identify support structures that teachers can use to help a child that is experiencing grief in the Foundation Phase classroom due to loss of a parent, sibling or grandparent. Multiple case studies were utilised to investigate children's experiences with disenfranchised grief within different contexts, and existing support systems for children who suffered the loss of a loved family member. Three Grade 3 learners experiencing grief were purposively selected from a state school to participate in semi-structured individual interviews, drawings activities and verbal narratives. Three themes emerged from the data: experiences of grief, emotional experience and support. The findings indicate that children do experience grief, but need support in giving expression to their emotions, and to process their losses. Recommendation is made to teacher-training institutions to incorporate counselling as part of their teacher-training curriculum. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Early Childhood Education / MEd / Unrestricted

Yes / Death, bereavement, and grief are experiences suffused with conflict and disenfranchisement. Intricately connected is ‘etiquette’ – the sense of ‘should’ ‘must’ ‘right’ ‘wrong’ ‘appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ individuals feel in death and bereavement situations. This paper is the first of two answering the question, ‘where does etiquette arise in death and bereavement situations and what does this ‘look like?’’ The theme The etiquette of communication and conversation is described, highlighting the importance of early communication for resolving conflict, what is considered ‘appropriate’ communication and support, and the social values underpinning these. Data highlighted how the CBT concept of ‘shoulding and musting’ manifests in death and bereavement situations, gave insight into etiquette’s role in disenfranchising grief through shaping conversations, and offered suggestions for bereavement support. Though the term ‘etiquette’ may be misleading out of context, the concept resonated with the bereaved community and provided language to discuss the nuances of their experiences. / Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Informal sector operators in many cities of the global South face extensive harassment, criminalization and restricted access to public spaces despite the important role the sector is playing in urban development. Using Lefebvre’s theory of right to the city the study aimed to investigate how the city of Masvingo has embraced urban informality. The study also examined how informal sector operators in the city of Masvingo have been accessing –urban space and creating opportunities for the informal sector to access such space. The study also examined how the provision of essential services in the city has been extended to the people in the informal sector as a way of granting them their right to urban social and infrastructural services. The research took a survey design where a cross section of Masvingo city, including the city centre, residential areas and industrial areas, was sampled for the study. Methodologically the research used a mixed method approach to data collection and analysis, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. A questionnaire survey constituted the quantitative component of the study and it was administered to the informal sector operators, In-depth interviews and field observations were at the core of the qualitative methods that were used in the research. In-depth interviews were done with key informants in the city and these included officials in the city council, government ministries, and leaders of informal sector associations and civic groups in the city. Field observations were done in areas where the informal activities were carried out to assess the provision of services and the environment in which informal activities were operating. Data collected through interviews and field observations was analysed qualitatively and the SPSS was used for quantitative data analysis. The research found that informal operators in the city of Masvingo are being disenfranchised of their right to the city in various ways. They are not afforded the right to express their lives in the city centre as the city authorities are determined to flush out all informal structures and activities from the city centre in line with their modern city goals. The planning system in the city does not recognise informal activities as approved land user in the city centre and they do not plan for them in new spatial development projects. However, informal activities continue to occupy contested spaces, where they are in direct contravention of existing regulatory framework and this has been used to marginalise them and deny them of their right to the city. Right to the city calls for all urban residents to have access to the city centre and that access to city space should be based on use values rather than exchange values (Lefebvre 1996). Also, informal sector operators based at various sites in the city are generally denied access to essential services such as waste collection, provision of water and sewer services. / 2020-08-31

Grief is a universal reaction to loss. Losses are often associated to the death of a loved one, however, they may also originate from the end of an intimate partner relationship. Whereas studies have focused on grief after a divorce or on symptomology students endure after a death, this article attends to the understudied college student experience of grief following a breakup. Within emerging adulthood, the loss of a close romantic relationship may be challenging to navigate alongside the daily stressors of college. Stigmatization by means of social cues convey sentiments, such as the need to get over an ex-partner, which in turn can lead to disenfranchised grief where individuals do not feel heard, accepted, or valid in their experience of grief. It was hypothesized that as endorsed closeness of the past relationship increases so does grief intensity, and that as feelings of stigmatization increase also increases grief intensity. Multiple regression models supported the main effects, although the interaction effect between levels of closeness and perceived stigmatization was not supported. Implications and future directions are discussed.

African American students have been suffering from academic failure for years. Various politicians, educators, legislators and government officials have been plagued with finding ways to solve this growing concern. Currently, there is limited research that gives African American high school students the opportunity to converse about the kinds of practices and strategies that will promote their academic progress. Despite past historical devastations like racism, inferior treatment and segregation as well as the dismal statistics that may imply (may be interpreted by some) that Blacks are not as intelligent and as their White counterparts, there are some African American students who are able to articulate their feelings and beliefs about what strategies and practices that help them to maintain success in the classroom. The findings of this study add to the current literature by providing African American high school students the opportunities to communicate their perceptions about the academic process and ways that will promote their achievement. This study utilized a qualitative approach from the perspective of Critical Race Theory; this study took place at one high school in California. Ten participants were interviewed over a period of three months at Rawlings High School (identified by pseudonym). Those interviews were then transcribed, analyzed and categorized by themes. Study findings suggest (1) African American students who are successful in school take full ownership and responsibility for their education; they do not place blame on their teachers or the educational system, (2) Black students want their teachers to have high expectations of them, want teachers to be accessible and available to them, want teachers to be friendly and communicable with them, (3) the research participants know what quality teachers are and note them to be patient, enthusiastic, supportive and who make learning applicable to the real-world, and (4) that most students have never been mistreated by a teacher nor have any bad experiences to share with regard to their race; the few that have encountered acts of discrimination use those experiences to motivate them to be successful.

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This study explores the experiences of people who have lost loved ones due to socially stigmatized deaths. Drawing from eight individual interviews, the author argues that the stigma associated with death due to drug overdose, suicide, substance abuse, or murder can cause traumatic or prolonged grief and can complicate the way the bereaved talk about grief as a part of their healing process. With the mortality rate in the U.S. rising, there is an epidemic of disenfranchised grief affecting millions of bereaved individuals. Using Coordinated Management of Meaning and Communication Privacy Management theories, the author uncovers strategies the traumatically bereaved employ to manage interactions and relationships with others. A qualitative analysis of participant interviews revealed that social stigma, whether experienced or anticipated, affects the way the bereaved communicate and can cause self-silencing. Findings indicate a need for safe, supportive, and non-judgmental spaces for the traumatically bereaved to share their stories.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Ramalho do Carmo.pdf: 927088 bytes, checksum: d999c9075d7132fc048ac22f635d5500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the process of disenfranchised loss there is little or no opportunity for public expression to facilitate the mourning process, with few chances of sharing the grief of the loss openly. The fetal pathologies incompatible with life outside the womb are losses that happen during pregnancy or shortly after birth and it is not considered socially significant because it is as if the mother had no time to develop bond with the baby. This study aimed to examine and understand the process of grief through a case study related to the interruption of a anencephalic fetus pregnancy, identifying characteristics and peculiarities as the issue of religion and the family and social support at this kind of loss. It was conducted at Hospital Municipal de Sabóya Arthur Ribeiro, known as Jabaquara Hospital in Sao Paulo. The participant was a woman who had interrupted the pregnancy of a anencephalic fetus, and was submitted to an interview based on a semi-structured guide. Information was discussed through analysis of its content and the process of mourning was characterized from the peculiarity of the loss by lethal fetal abnormality and interruption of pregnancy. It was observed that the gestation s history characteristics influence the development of the process of mourning. The difficulties of healthcare professionals in dealing with patients in this situation were also observed. There is a gap of support between the diagnosis and the period of hospitalization that leaves the woman without guidance and emotional support in such difficult loss. The symptoms of unrecognized mourning are intensified depending of family s type of support that can be offered and also the religious support for these specific cases of pregnancy s interruption. Finishing this study is the possibility to understand the lacks of assistance to these women, concerning to the disenfranchised loss process. The determinant factors in Brazilian reality concerning to the mourning process include the religious support, the attitude of healthcare professionals from reference services, the family s support and personal structure. Reflect about these topics is an opportunity to think about the quality of care to these women and the continual support to the mourning process / No processo de luto não reconhecido existe pouca ou nenhuma oportunidade de expressão pública para facilitar o processo de luto, com poucas chances de se dividir abertamente o pesar da perda. As patologias fetais incompatíveis com a vida fora do útero são perdas que se concretizam durante a gestação ou logo após o parto, não sendo considerado socialmente significativo, pois é como se a mãe não tivesse tempo de vincular com o bebê. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar e compreender o processo de luto por meio de um estudo de caso relacionado à interrupção da gestação por feto anencéfalo, identificando características e particularidades como a questão da igreja e do apoio familiar e social neste tipo de perda. Foi realizado no Hospital Municipal Arthur Ribeiro de Sabóya, conhecido como Hospital Jabaquara em São Paulo. A participante foi uma mulher que interrompeu a gestação de feto anencéfalo, que se submeteu a uma entrevista partindo de um roteiro semi-estruturado. Por meio da análise de conteúdo as informações foram discutidas e o processo de luto caracterizado a partir da peculiaridade da perda por anomalia fetal letal e interrupção da gravidez. Observouse que as características da história da gestação influenciam no desenvolvimento do processo de luto. A dificuldade dos profissionais de saúde no manejo de pacientes nesta situação também foram observados. Desde o diagnóstico até o período de internação existe uma lacuna na assistência que acaba deixando a mulher sem orientação e suporte emocional frente a uma perda tão difícil de ser elaborada. O luto não reconhecido tem sua sintomatologia intensificada sofrendo influências do tipo de apoio que a família consegue oferecer e também de como se caracteriza o apoio religioso para estes casos de interrupção da gestação. Concluir este estudo é a possibilidade de perceber carências na assistência a essas mulheres, frente ao seu processo de luto não reconhecido. Fatores determinantes da realidade brasileira frente ao processo de luto incluem o apoio da igreja, a postura dos profissionais de saúde dos serviços de referência, o apoio familiar e a estrutura da pessoa. Refletir a respeito destes tópicos é uma possibilidade de se pensar na qualidade da assistência a estas mulheres e da continuidade do apoio frente ao processo de luto

African American men have been incarcerated at unprecedented rates in the United States over the past 30 years. This study explored how African American females experience adverse psychosocial responses to separation from an incarcerated mate. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory (GT) study was to construct a theory to explain their responses to separation and loss. Given the paucity of literature on this topic, helping professionals may not understand this problem or know how to support these women. Disenfranchised grief and the dual process model of bereavement were used as a theoretical lens for this study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 African American women over the age of 18, from the Washington D.C. metropolitan area, and who had incarcerated mates. Systematic data analysis revealed that women in the sample experienced grief similar to losing a loved one through death. They also were found to engage in prolonged states of social isolation, emulating their mate's state of incarceration. As a result of this study, a grounded theory of symbolic imprisonment, grief, and coping (SIG-C) was developed to answer this study's research questions and explain how loss occurs on psychological, social, symbolic, and physical levels. The findings from this study may promote positive social change by informing the human services research community of SIG-C and assisting helping professionals with a basis for context-specific support for affected women to contribute to their well-being during their mate's incarceration.