本研究係透過實地訪談並搭配以往文獻進行歸納，藉由瞭解企業進行多角化之動機、所採行之策略類型以及所搭配之進入方式，進而探討多角化經營如何影響智慧資本之蓄積及具體管理制度為何，以期對多角化營運之企業在資源之掌握與管理上作一參考。本研究係依據個案分析之結果，提出以下三項結論以回應研究問題，同時根據研究發現陳述相關建議，最後提出研究限制與未來研究之方向。 一、多角化動機會影響策略類型之選擇，且會搭配適合之多角化進入方式。 二、採取不同之多角化策略及進入方式，所重視之智慧資本項目不盡相同；而無論採取何種策略及其進入方式，所共同重視之項目為人力資本之「員工專業技能」、「向心力」，流程資本之「營運流程」、「創新流程」與「組織彈性」，創新資本之「創新投入」，關係資本之「策略夥伴」，共計七項。 三、針對不同的多角化策略及其進入方式下所重視之智慧資本，企業應採取適當之管理制度予以蓄積與維護，使其得以有效發揮效益。 / This research is primary to provide some references on resource control and management for enterprises which are diverdified or will diversify. By realizing the motivation, types of strategy, and the matching modes of entry for diversification by field interviews and based on previous literature, the study discusses how diversification affects the accumulation and pratical management system of intellectual capital. According to the result of case analysis, the research claims three conclusions in response to the research questions. meanwhile, we also propose some relevant suggestions, and state research limitation and direction in future. 1.The motivations would affect the types of strategy for diversification, and enterprises will choose appropriate modes of entry. 2.Within different diversification strategies and matching modes of entry, the emphasized intellectual capital items will be different. This study finds no matter what strategic types and modes of entry adopted, the common emphasized intellectual capital items include employees’ professional competence and centripetal force in human capital, operating process, innovative process, and organizational elasticity in process capital, innovative input in innovation capital, and strategic partnership in relational capital. 3.For different diversification strategies and the matching modes of entry, all enterprises should adopt appropriate management system to accumulate and maintain the important intellectual capitals, so that they could achieve remarkable success.

Antigens play a critical role in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by binding to and stimulating leukemic precursor cells at some point during CLL ontogeny. Nevertheless, much remains unknown and further studies are necessary before an accurate model of antigen-drive can be ascertained. In this context, intraclonal diversification (ID) analysis of immunoglobulin (IG) genes could shed light on whether antigen involvement is restricted to the malignant transformation phase or if the triggering antigen(s) continuously stimulates the CLL clone. Hence, in Paper I we conducted a large-scale analysis of 71 CLL cases and revealed that 28/71 cases carried intraclonally diversified IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ genes. Although most cases showed no or low levels of ID, intense ID was evident within all subset #4 (IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30) cases. Subsequent analysis, in Paper II, of the clonotypic light chains revealed that the outstanding exception again related to subset #4. In such cases, the expressed IGKV2-30 gene was affected by targeted ID, analogous to their partner IGHV4-34 gene. Whilst these results convincingly argued for the role of antigen(s) in the development and evolution of CLL subset #4, this analysis was limited to depicting what was occurring at a single time-point and could not provide insight into the temporal dynamics of the CLL clones. Thus, in Paper III we conducted a longitudinal study of 8 subset #4 cases which enabled us to establish a hierarchical pattern of subclonal evolution. The observed ‘stepwise’ accumulation of mutations strongly supports a role for antigen selection in the pathogenesis of CLL subset #4. In Paper IV we reported a subset of IgG-switched CLL patients with coexisting trisomies of 12 and 19, and propose that the emergence of trisomy 18 in such cases represents a clonal evolution event suggestive of selection due to a clonal advantage. Paper V focused on the IGHV3-21 gene, an adverse prognostic factor in CLL. Since ~60% of IGHV3-21-expressing cases carry stereotyped B cell receptors, recognition of a common antigenic epitope, perhaps of pathogenic significance, is envisaged. Therefore, we investigated IGHV3-21 gene frequency within a Swedish population-based cohort and assessed the impact of stereotypy on clinical outcome. Taken collectively, this thesis provides molecular and genetic evidence for the role of antigen in CLL pathogenesis by convincingly demonstrating that clonal evolution, at least for certain subsets of CLL, is functionally driven rather than a consequence of clonal expansion promoted by nonspecific stimuli.

This paper uses a new measure of volatility based on extreme day return occurrences and examines the relative prevailing volatility among worldwide stock markets during 1997-2009. Using several global stock market indexes of countries categorized as an emerging and developed capital markets are utilized. Additionally this study investigates well known anomalies namely Monday effect and January effect. Further using correlation analysis of co movement and extent of integration highlights the opportunities for international diversification among those markets. Evidences during this time period suggest volatility is not the only phenomena of emerging capital markets. Emerging markets offer opportunities of higher returns during volatility. Cross correlation analysis depicts markets have become more integrated during this time frame; still opportunities for higher returns prevail through global portfolio diversification.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-147).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 1983. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 281-290).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Jacobs University Bremen, 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas A & M University, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-129).

Thesis (M.Sc.)(Geography)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

The broad concept of 'biodiversity' can be roughly separated into two related components: trait diversity and species richness. Despite the fact that one or both of these types of biodiversity underlie much of ecology, evolution, and conservation, however, it remains largely unknown how traits and speciation dynamics can interact, particularly at a large scale. My thesis uses modern phylogenetic comparative methods and a new global database of avian morphological traits to quantify and predict the drivers of biodiversity across the world's birds, focusing particularly on the relative roles of ecological and social traits to understanding broad evolutionary patterns. In Chapter 2 I present a survey of avian functional traits, focusing on eight measurements of the beaks, wings, tails, and tarsi of 42,334 individuals representing 10,023 extant and recently extinct species. The global trait distribution of avian communities is consistent with a competition-based model of community assembly, and I find no evidence of environmental filtering at the biome level. The traits exhibited within avian orders tend to become more dissimilar as species richness increases, with the notable exception of the Passeriformes, an order containing around 60% of the total avian species richness but occupying a region of morphospace expected of a clade two orders of magnitude smaller. The Passeriformes also possess remarkable vocal morphology and behavior, and thus I spend the next three chapters of this thesis focused on the role of social processes in avian evolution. In Chapter 3, I use detailed morphological and vocal trait data from the suboscine family Furnariidae to demonstrate that social traits evolve faster and with less regularity than ecological traits. I then in Chapter 4 examine the social and ecological drivers of female song in birds, a widespread trait whose persistence challenges traditional sexual selection theory. I find that the separate drivers of male and female song can be explained by social selection theory, a framework which encompasses all social interactions above and beyond competition for mating opportunities. In Chapter 5 I apply this concept of social selection to macroevolutionary studies, using sex-specific song behaviors to separately investigate the roles of social and sexual selection on speciation and extinction rates. I demonstrate that lineages with male-only song (sexual selection) diversify faster than lineages with both male and female song (social selection). This result suggests that social selection theory may inform the controversial relationship between sexual selection and diversification. Finally, in Chapter 6 I look at the role of dispersal in modulating these speciation and extinction rates. Using data from the wing morphologies of 26,043 individuals from 6,028 species, I test the 'intermediate dispersal hypothesis', hitherto only examined at small scales, across the order Passeriformes, revealing that the highest rates of diversification are indeed found in lineages with an intermediate capacity for flight. When birds that defend year-round territories are considered separately from non-territorial birds, however, the intermediate dispersal hypothesis only holds for territorial birds, demonstrating the importance of considering the ecological context of traits in macroevolutionary studies. Together, my results present evidence that both social and ecological processes facilitate the generation and maintenance of biodiversity in birds.