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This study was divided into two parts. Study 1 examined the spoken language production of neurologically healthy adults (NHA) in selective and divided attention conditions during a story retell task. NHA participant groups consisted of 21 younger (26–54), 19 older (55–69), and 20 elderly (70–85) adults. Study 2 investigated how the language production of four people with aphasia (PWA) compared to their respective NHA group. All participants retold stories in a silent baseline condition, three background noise conditions (cocktail party, conversation, phone call), and one dual-task condition (tone discrimination). Language production measures (speech rate, disfluent verbalizations, language efficiency, lexical diversity, lexical-phonological errors), tone-discrimination accuracy and response time, and perceived effort and stress were compared across groups and conditions. Results of Study 1 revealed that the language of elderly adults was significantly less efficient and had more disfluent verbalizations than that of both younger and older adults, and the language of older adults was significantly less efficient and had more disfluent verbalizations than that of younger adults. The tone discrimination accuracy and response time of elderly adults was significantly lower than that of younger adults. Older and elderly adults showed greater levels of perceived stress than younger adults. Across groups, lexical diversity decreased and lexical-phonological errors and disfluent verbalizations increased during the dual-task and phone call conditions. Costs to tone discrimination accuracy, response time, perceived effort, and perceived stress were found in the dual-task condition across groups. These findings suggest that some, but not all, measures of spoken language production are impacted by aging, and that selective and divided attention interferes with spoken language production for NHA. Results of Study 2 show that the four PWA were distinguished from their respective NHA adult group for all dependent variables in at least one condition. Percent lexical-phonological errors, percent disfluent verbalizations, and speech rate were the dependent variables that distinguished PWA from NHA the most. However, the language production, tone-discrimination response, perceived effort, and perceived stress of each PWA were unique to the individual. These findings suggest that lexical-phonological errors, percent disfluent verbalizations, and speech rate may be useful measures for discerning individuals with mild aphasia from NHA speakers in a variety of conditions.

Yes / Background: Past research has found cancellation tasks to be reliable markers of cognitive decline in Huntington’s disease (HD). Objective: The aim of this study was to extend previous findings by adopting the use of a dual task paradigm that paired cancellation and auditory tasks. Methods: We compared performance in 14 early stage HD participants and 14 healthy controls. HD participants were further divided into groups with and without cognitive impairment. Results: Results suggested that HD participants were not slower or less accurate compared with controls; however, HD participants showed greater dual task interference in terms of speed. In addition, HD participants with cognitive impairment were slower and less accurate than HD participants with no cognitive impairment, and showed greater dual task interference in terms of speed and accuracy. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dual task measures may be a better measure of cognitive processing in HD compared with more traditional measures. / Supported by the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University.

Les colonnes à cloison et la distillation réactive présentent de nombreux avantages. Si ces deux concepts sont couplés, cela conduit à un procédé intensifié appelé : colonne à cloison réactive. Ce nouveau procédé intensifié constitue le principal objet d’étude de cette thèse. Dans une première partie, une procédure de design d’une colonne à cloison basée sur le modèle FUGK a été proposée. Dans cette procédure les aspects technologiques et hydrodynamiques sont abordés. Ces paramètres de design obtenus sont ensuite utilisés pour réaliser une simulation rigoureuse et une optimisation de cette colonne en utilisant le logiciel ProSim. Afin de tester cette procédure, des mélanges idéaux et non idéaux ont été utilisés. Il a été montré que cette procédure de design aboutit rapidement aux paramètres de pré design qui permettent d’initialiser de manière satisfaisante la simulation rigoureuse. Dans un second temps, un pilote d’une hauteur de 4m a été conçu, monté et testé au laboratoire. Des résultats expérimentaux ont été obtenus qui valident la procédure sur des mélanges non réactifs en termes de profils de composition et de température ainsi que sur les compositions et les débits de sortie du procédé. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, cette procédure a été adaptée à des mélanges réactifs en combinant les approches de R. Thery et al (2005) et celle de Triantafyllou et al (1992). Ces ultimes développements ont été testés sur la production d’acétate de méthyl par estérification du méthanol par l’acide acétique à la fois d’un de vue expérimental et théorique. / Divided wall column and reactive distillation have many advantages. If a divided wall column and a reactive distillation are integrated, they leads to a higher integrated process is a reactive divided wall column. However reactive divided wall column has still a new research area. First of all, the thesis proposed a procedure for design of divided wall column, which based on the FUGK model. Both technological and hydrodynamic aspects in the divided wall column are considered in the procedure. Design parameters are then provided to the rigorous simulation and optimization in the ProSimplus software. In order to test this procedure, both ideal and non-ideal ternary mixtures are chosen to be separated in a divided wall column. The results show that the procedure can determine parameters quickly in the case studies and can give a good initialization for rigorous simulation. Secondly, a pilot plant has been design, built and operated in our laboratory (LGC, Toulouse, France, 2013). The pilot plant will provide necessary experimental evidence to validate the previous procedure. Ternary mixture and four-component mixture of alcohols have been used in our pilot plant in steady state conditions. The results show that the composition of products, composition and temperature profile along the column are in very good agreement with simulation results. Finally, a conceptual design method for reactive divided wall column is presented. The pre-design method of R. Thery et al., (2005) and a modified shortcut method for reactive divided wall column that is based on the classical shortcut adapted to a non-reactive divided wall column by C. Triantafyllou and R. Smith (1992) are applied. To verify, simulation and experiment are considered. The methodology has been illustrated for the synthesis of Methyl Acetate from Methanol and Acetic Acid.

Aim of the diploma thesis is to design intake ducting with variable cross-section for 16V diesel engine consisting from divided intake manifold and divided ejector. Cross-section variability is ensured by a swirl flap placed in the divided ejector. Next aim of thesis is to provide drawing documentation for production of samples. For designing was used PTC Creo system and software GeomCaliper. Also was taken account of manufacturing of the parts with sand-casting, especially to guarantee trouble-free taking out of models from the moulds, and taking out of cores from core moulds, and also for machinability of some elements. Introduction of thesis is focused on diesel engine emissions and ways of their reduction.

Multiculturalism or cultural pluralism is a policy, ideal, or reality that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world, especially as they relate to one another in immigrant receiving nations. The word was first used in 1957 to describe Switzerland but first came into common currency in Canada in the late 1960s2. It quickly spread to other English- speaking and western developed countries.Although There is no clear link between the multiculturalism and the term that so called Balkanization, But this research tries to present the similar possibility of Multiculturalism discourse and Balkanization as a geopolitical term. In fact this research believes that   balkanization is The same idea of multiculturalism in practice, when it comes to the idea of state. On the other hand Vijay Parshad in his book Everybody was Kung Fu fighting  says that "I am interested in “how an investigation of kung fu can help us move from a limited multicultural framework into an antiracist, polycultural one.” This is the research and video that has been made about Bruce lee statue in Mostar, the divided city in Bosnia and Herzegovina", as a method of working in hyper- politicized society.

The thesis considers an understudied form of third party peacemaking, namely peacemaking interventions with kin-state involvement. The main research question this thesis seeks to analyse is how local actors, their kin-states and third party peacemakers interact within the context of a peacemaking intervention for power-sharing in deeply divided societies. The literature on third party peacemaking largely neglects the role of kin-states in peacemaking, while in the literature on power-sharing the role of external actors, including kin-states, remains understudied. This thesis aims to address these gaps by investigating the recent peacemaking interventions for power-sharing with kin-state involvement in Cyprus, Bosnia and Northern Ireland. The findings of the case studies are combined and assessed through the use of a five-level analytical framework, which includes the local actors level; the local actors-third party peacemaker level; the local actors-kin-state(s) level; the third party peacemaker-kin-state(s) level; and the kin-states level. The analysis identifies a number of conditions pertinent to each of these levels which affect peacemaking interventions for power-sharing in deeply divided societies with kin-state involvement. There are two main original contributions of this thesis to the above mentioned literatures. First, it proposes a typology of kin-state involvement in peacemaking, which categorises kin-state involvement into four roles: promoter; quasi-mediator; power-broker; and enforcer. Second, through the use of game theoretical analysis, more specifically a nested games approach, it illustrates how the interaction between local actors, their kin-states and third party peacemakers can be modelled in the context of a peacemaking intervention for power-sharing. The empirical and theoretical conclusions of this study indicate that kin-state involvement in third peacemaking interventions is more complex and fluid than widely assumed.

Let k be a perfect field of characteristic p > 2 and K a totally ramified extension of K₀ = Frac W(k) with uniformizer π. Let F ⊆ K be a subfield with ϖ, ring of integers O, and residue field k(F) ⊆ k with |k(F)| = q. Let W(F) = O⊗(W(k(F))) W(k) and consider the ring 𝔖 = W(F)⟦u⟧ with an endomorphism φ that lifts the q-power Frobenius of k on W(F) and satisfies φ(u) ≡ u^q mod ϖ and φ(u) ≡ 0 mod u. In this dissertation, we use O-divided powers to define the analogue of Breuil-Kisin modules over the rings 𝔖 and S, where S is an O-divided power envelope of the surjection 𝔖 ↠ O(K) sending u to π. We prove that these two module categories are equivalent, generalizing the case when F = Q(p) and ϖ - p. As an application of our theory, we generalize the results of Kisin [17] and Cais-Lau [8] to relate the Faltings Dieudonné crystal of a ϖ-divisible O-module, which gives a Breuil module over S in our sense, to the modules of Kisin-Ren, providing a geometric interpretation to the latter.

The effects that cellular (cell) phone conversation may have on pedestrian road-crossing performance is unknown. A series of experiments was conducted using a virtual reality road crossing simulator to examine this issue. The participants were primarily university students aged between 18 and 24 years old, although one study compared a group aged 18 to 24 to a group between 50 and 67 years old. Two experimental situations were used: a gap-choice situation, in which the participants had to choose a gap to cross through; and an infrequency situation, where vehicles were present on only 10% of the trials. Participants were impaired by a simulated phone conversation task when compared to no-conversation task, as evidenced by longer reaction times, slower walking speeds, poorer gap choices, and more cautious behaviours. Most importantly, conversation was related to a decrease in the mean margins of safety, and the participants were hit or nearly hit by vehicles more often when talking. The general performance of the older participants did not differ from that of the younger participants, and both groups were impaired to a similar extent by the conversation task. Participants were found to use irrelevant distance information to inform their gap-choice decisions, a strategy associated with a decrease in safety as the distance between the vehicles increased. It was also found that their use of time-to-arrival information was impaired when engaged in the conversation task. Overall, talking on a cell phone while crossing a road may represent an unnecessary increase in risk; therefore, care should be taken if these two acts are being conducted concurrently.