‘Simul sanctification' is a transformational program for sanctification derived from Karl Barth's radical appropriation of Luther's dictum simul iustus et peccator. Barth's simul establishes the Christological link of the Second Adam with every human being. From this emerges what I contend is a ‘Chalcedonian anthropology' built on a double-duality: the original Chalcedonian formulation gives rise to a second duality revealed within Christ's one human person—the duality of a true, iustus humanity and a corrupt, peccator humanity. In order to appreciate the benefits regarding Barth's Spirit-charged epistemological program for sanctification and conversion, it will be imperative to elucidate the comprehensive nature of Barth's actualism as a way of establishing Barth's view of humanity's dynamic and free iustitia in Christ. Central to assessing the threat of the peccatum determination will be an examination of Barth's theology of the cross, especially in regards to his single subject economy derived from the person of ‘Jesus Christ and him crucified.' Through Barth's assessment of the cross I exposit the similarities and the differences between Chalcedonian Christology and ‘Chalcedonian anthropology;' the latter duality is proven by resurrection revelation to be ultimately provisional in nature. From here I probe Barth's position regarding the annulment of the simul as well as its beginning. By investigating Barth's doctrine of creation I argue that Barth's simul is reflective of the original antithesis between God and nothingness, the darkness under which Christ first placed himself so that humans would know both his solidarity in the darkness and his victory over it. Christians continue to dwell in the overlap of the simul's two mutually exclusive determinations, but by looking through Barth's simul to our true, created and redeemed humanity in Christ we are equipped to interpret our lives and the world around us most hopefully.

It is not the purpose of this dissertation to present a history of Purgatory; rather, it is to show through the history the influence of purgatorial doctrine on the English lay community and the need of that community for this doctrine. Having established the importance this doctrine held for so many in England, with an examination of the chantry institution in England, this study then examines how this doctrine was stripped away from the laity by political and religious reformers during the sixteenth century. Purgatorial belief was adversely affected when chantries were closed in execution of the chantry acts under Henry VIII and Edward VI. These chantries were vital to the laity and not moribund institutions. Purgatorial doctrine greatly influenced the development and concept of the medieval English community. Always seen to be tightly knit, this community had a transgenerational quality, a spiritual and congregational quality, and a quality extending beyond the grave. The Catholic Church was central to this definition of community, distributing apotropaic powers, enhancing the congregational aspects, and brokering the relationship with the dead. The elements of the Roman liturgy were essential to community cohesiveness, as were the material and ritual supports for this liturgy. The need of the community for purgatorial doctrine shaped and popularized this doctrine Next, an analysis of surviving and resurging elements of expiatory rites is explored; ritual, especially that surrounding death, as well as the relationship with the dead, were sorely missed when stripped away through political actions linked to Protestant belief. This deficiency of ritual aspects within the emerging Protestant religion became evident in further years as some of the same customs and rituals that were considered anathema by Protestants slowly crept back into the Protestant liturgy in an attempt to restore the relationship between the living and the dead. Strong evidence of this is provided through sixteenth to nineteenth century death eulogies, surviving rites of expiation, as well as lay essays and popular literature discussing the phenomenon called the Sin-Eater.

L’objet de ce présent travail consiste dans une traduction commentée du Grand commentaire d’Averroès de la Métaphysique d’Aristote à partir du texte arabe établi par le père Maurice Bouyges. Cette traduction concerne principalement les livres Grand Alpha, Petit Alpha ; Gamma ; Epsilon. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’intérêt que nous portons à la transmission de la pensée grecque chez les auteurs musulmans du Moyen Âge, et plus particulièrement à la restitution de la pensée métaphysique d’Aristote chez Averroès. À travers cette traduction, les enjeux sont multiples : traduire le texte arabe de la Métaphysique avec ce qu’il contient et ce qu’il exclut afin de déterminer la nature du texte arabe commenté par Averroès et voir s’il existe une réelle correspondance avec le texte que nous connaissons d’Aristote. En outre, permettre aux hellénistes d’accéder au texte qui a servi de support pour toutes les métaphysiques musulmanes, notamment celle d’al-Kindi, d’al-Fârâbî et d’Avicenne, car c’est le même texte qui a été utilisé par ces derniers, alors que chaque auteur a interprété différemment le contenu doctrinal de ce traité. Et enfin, suivre pas à pas le commentaire d’Averroès afin de déterminer si ce dernier demeure fidèle à Aristote en l’interprétant sans aucune considération extérieure, ou bien si son interprétation s’en éloigne volontairement, rejoignant ainsi le cercle de la plupart des philosophes néoplatoniciens. Quelques résultats de recherche ont été exposés dans les Appendices. Ils concernent essentiellement les différentes variantes que le texte soulève. Tout d’abord, une première étude consacrée à examiner la structure et le contenu de l’ensemble du traité d’Aristote dans sa version arabe. Ensuite, une deuxième étude consacrée à examiner toutes les corruptions relatives aux quatre livres traduits et leur conséquence sur l’unité doctrinale de la pensée d’Aristote. Et enfin, une troisième étude dans laquelle sont examinées les différentes erreurs de traduction et leur conséquence sur le commentaire d’Averroès. / The object of this present work is a commented translation of Averroes’ Great commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics from the Arabic text prepared by father Maurice Bouyges. This translation mainly concerns the books Alpha, little Alpha, Gamma and Epsilon. This work is a part of our interest in the transmission of the Greek knowledge among Muslim authors of the Middle Age, and particularly the restitution of the metaphysical thought of Aristotle in Averroes.Through this translation, the stakes are multiples: translating the Arabic text of the Metaphysics with what it contains and what it excludes in order to determine the nature of the Arabic text commented by Averroes and to see if there is a real correspondence with the text we know of Aristotle. In addition, allowing the Hellenists to access the text that has served as a support for all Muslim metaphysics, including that of al-kindi, al-Fârâbî and Avicenne, as it the same text that was used by the latter, while each author has interpreted the doctrinal content of this treatise differently. And finally, following step by step the commentary of Averroes to determine if the latter remains faithful to Aristotle by interpreting it without any external consideration, or if its interpretation deviates voluntarily, joining the circle of most of Neo-Platonist philosophers.Somme research results are exposed at the end of the translation. They mainly concern the different variants that the text raises. First, a primary study devoted to examine the structure and content of the entire Aristotle treaty in its Arabic version. Then, a second study devoted to examine all the corruptions relative to the four translated books and their consequences to the doctrinal unity of Aristotle’s thought. And finally, a third study in which are examined the various translation errors and their consequences on the commentary of Averroes.

The presented thesis is an analysis of American foreign policy thinking applying comprehensive analysis of three presidential administrations. The analysis is embedded in the historical context of the Suez Crisis, and provides a picture of the change in US foreign policy after the Suez Crisis comparing the three foreign policy doctrines related to this particular period of history - D. D. Eisenhower, J. F. Kennedy and L. John Johnson. The foreign policy doctrine represents a particular expression, image of foreign policy of a given state. The American political system is known by several historically and politically significant foreign policy doctrines. The thesis describes how the US foreign policy is created and what leads to the process of formulation of the presedential doctrines. An important element in the background of the analysis is the Cold War itself. Besides the theoretical definition, the work also provides the complex features of the administrations of the three presidents submited to analysis. Part of the characteristic is the analysis of individual foreign policy doctrines that points out the difference among administrations derived from the historical moment of the Suez crisis. The results of the comparison will draw conclusions on the similarity as well as possible differences...

Boston personalism has generally been recognized as a philosophic system based upon a metaphysical idealism. What is less known, however, is that the founder of this school of thought and some of the major contributors to the early development of this tradition were committed members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The purpose of this study is to examine the contributions made by the early Boston personalists to the cause of theological liberalism in the Methodist Church. It will be shown that personalist philosophers and theologians at Boston University ushered in and consolidated the liberal era in Methodist theology. Further, it will be argued that the religious demands of the philosophy of personalism eventually led some members of the tradition from theological liberalism to modernism and the beginnings of a religious pluralism. In other words, the thesis of this study is that the early Boston personalists were theological innovators in the Methodist Church, leading the denomination from its nineteenth-century evangelical pietism to the modernism and pluralism that was part of mid-twentieth century American Protestantism. The focus of this study will therefore be on the first two generations of personalists at Boston University: the founder of the personalist tradition, Borden Parker Bowne, and two of his most prominent students, Albert Cornelius Knudson and Edgar Sheffield Brightman. One chapter is devoted to each of figure, focused upon the impact of their personalist philosophy and methodology on their theology and philosophy of religion, and their influence on American Methodist theology. The period this study, which commences from the time of Bowne's appointment to the Department of Philosophy at Boston University in 1876 to the death of both Knudson and Brightman in 1953, reveals how Methodism grappled with the theological implications raised by the complexities of modernity and the emerging sciences. Attention will be focused on how the philosophical method of the personalists dictated their movement from pietism toward liberalism and onto modernism and pluralism. As such, this study demonstrates the integral role played by the Boston personalist tradition in theological development during the liberal era of American Methodism.

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This diploma thesis embraces the development of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) emphasizing the Alliance's capability to adequately adapt and react to the rapidly growing number of security challenges in our globalized world. Using the historical turning points and the experiences gained during the various conflicts the dissertation's focus is on the future of NATO in the "era of unpeace" where it is required to "defend against known unknowns" (Jankowski and Stepniewski (ed.) 2021). The first chapter of the thesis consists of an overview of the four main stages of the Alliance's development. The first phase (1949-1990) is the Cold War period, when the member states' emphasis was to build a strong collective defence strategy but at the same time, they established a liberal democratic system and accepted common values from the institutional point of view. The new members have adopted these governance standards and institutions, proved the effective assertion of the liberal institutionalism doctrine but never gave up military realism. The second stage (1990-2001) was represented by emerging new security challenges due to the fact that the bipolar world order had came to an end and the Alliance reacted to this by spreading the "security umbrella" with crisis management policies and...

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The several versions and revisions of the Bible in existence precipitate questions concerning the reliability of many Biblical texts. Each of these versions has an amount of variation from the others, yet all were done my men of accepted scholarship.Joseph Smith also made a Bible revision, or as he termed it, a "translation," using a King James Version printed in 1828 as the basis. This amended King James Version, although not fully completed, has been published under the title of the Inspired Version of the Holy Scriptures, by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.This thesis is the result of a study to determine the extent and the significance of many of the textual differences that exist between the four gospels of the King James Version and the corresponding books of the Inspired Version. Comparison was made between a King James Version printed in 1824 (since it was the nearest that the writer could obtain to that used by Joseph Smith) and an Inspired Version printed in 1927.