The thesis explores the subject of purgatory and its relative value for modern people. It summarises: 1. The manner in which biblical texts used to underpin the doctrine; 2. The history of the doctrine within the Roman Catholic Church and the reaction to it during the Reformation and beyond; and 3. Contemporary formulations of purgatory and purgatory-like ideas. The thesis argues, from several perspectives, that a modern formulation of the doctrine is: 1. Reasonable; 2. Biblically consistent; 3. Meets the criteria of an established Tradition at practice within the Church; and 4. Is capable of assisting people in understanding and appreciating the existential questions of death and the after life. The thesis is approached from the angle of a Legal Counsel presenting an argument for acceptance of the thesis. / SYS THEOLOGY & THEOL ETHICS / MTH (SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY)

This dissertation is an attempt at a contextual interpre­ tation of the Canons of Dordt, by means of an analysis of various models of historical reconstruction. The role of Protestant scholasticism is discussed, as well as the traditional Reformed interpretation of the historical context of the Synod of Dordt, and the liberal and Marxist interpretations. It is argued that the Reformed idea of theocracy provides the best model for understanding the context of the Canons. A philosophical, sociological and historical analysis of this idea, as it is expressed in the Belgic Confession, Article 36, renders the conclusion that it is the self-legitimation of the church that is very problematical in this regard. This self-legitimation is intensified in the Canons. In the historical context this meant that the Canons provided the church and the government with a legitimation of authoritarian rule. This legitimation served to unite various political and economical interests in opposition to peace with Spain. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Sistematiese Teologie)

The tension between the all-sufficient atonement of the cross and a socalled "final" atonement during the pre-Advent judgment, prophecied in Daniel and Revelation., are resolved when the nature of these two moments of atonement are seen in their biblical settings. The death of Messiah is clearly portrayed as the primary fulfilment of the Day of Atonement typology in not only the gospels and in Hebrews, but also in Daniel and Revelation. However, this once-for-all atonement is an infinite act of God that eclipses all time and space. As such it asserts itself dynamically in all the spheres of human experience and history. The pre-Advent judgment is therefore not another, complementary act of atonement, but the cosmic ·manifestation of the atonement of the cross that finally demonstrates and irrevocably confirms the Lordship of Christ over all who retained the faith by which they were justified. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

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No description available.

Notre objet de thèse est l'émergence des activités civilo-militaires en France depuis la fin de la guerre froide. L'ensemble de ces activités vise à coordonner les relations entre les organisations militaires et les acteurs civils sur une zone d'intervention, qu'ils soient locaux (autorités politiques, religieuses et morales, populations, entreprises et associations, administrations, relais d'opinion) ou allogènes (OI, ONG, Agences des Nations Unies, bailleurs de fonds, entreprises, Services ministériels). A partir de l'observation des interactions entre organisations militaires et civiles ayant contribué non seulement à la formalisation du «concept» civilo-militaire mais surtout, à sa matérialisation en une «fonction opérationnelle», et au moyen d'outils sociologiques empruntés à différents courants (sociologie des relations internationales, sociologie militaire et sociologie des organisations), l'enjeu est de comprendre où, avec qui et comment, la coopération civilo-militaire s'est progressivement institutionnalisée au point de devenir aujourd'hui un outil ordinaire de gestion des crises internationales. / The subject of our Ph.D thesis deals with the emergence of the civilian-military activities in France since the end of the Cold War. AlI these activities intend to coordinate the relationship between the rnilitary organizations and the civilian actors whether local (political, religious and moral authorities, populations, companies and associations, administrations, opinion leaders) or foreign (IDs, NGOs, UN Agencies, donors, companies, government's departments). From the observation of the interactions between military and civilian organizations which have not only contributed to the formalization of the civilian-military concept but also to its materialization as an operation al rnilitary function, especially through sociological tools borrowed from different trends (Sociology of International Relations, Sociology of the rnilitary and Sociology of organizations), our goal is to understand where, with who and how, the Civilian Military Cooperation has been progressively institutionalized to become an ordinary instrument of international crisis management.

This dissertation examines the doctrine of the active obedience of Christ. Chapter 1 defines the doctrine, surveys previous literature, offers warrant for the work, and previews the argument of the work. In short, the thesis of this work is that the active obedience of Christ is a biblical doctrine. Chapter 2 presents a historical survey, tracing theologians from the early church up to the present time to see the development of the doctrine. Special attention is given to the Reformation and Post-Reformation eras, during which the doctrine received its primary development. Chapter 3 examines God's original arrangement with Adam. This chapter argues that God established a covenant with Adam, and that had Adam obeyed instead of disobeying, all mankind would have been confirmed in eternal life. Chapter 4 examines human obedience after the Fall. Looking especially at the "do this and live" passages, this chapter argues that God requires perfect obedience from humans in order to gain eternal life. Chapter 5 traces the OT's presentation of the need for a Messiah to come who would represent his people in perfect obedience. This chapter moves through the OT covenants, the wisdom literature, and the prophets. Chapter 6 demonstrates the fulfillment of this movement of thought in the person of Christ. Beginning with the Gospels and moving on to the rest of the NT, this chapter shows that Christ represented his people in perfect obedience throughout the whole course of his earthly mediation. Chapter 7 first offers a systematic formulation of the doctinre. This chapter then answers some of the major objections put to the doctrine of Christ's active obedience, examining the views of opponents both ancient and contemporary. Chapter 8 summarizes the work. This chapter restates the conclusions of the other chapters, and it also suggests some possible avenues for further research. Finally, this chapter addresses the question of the relative importance of the doctrine.

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由於歷史和神學的複雜原因，自二十世紀後半葉至今的數十年時間里，正教神學經歷了一場十分可觀的復興，使得正教神學在國際學術界得到廣泛重視和熱烈的討論，其中尤為引人注目的是一嚮被視作正教特有的古老教義──成神論。它一經現代學者關注，便迅速發展成為普世教會對話的重要論題，為更多來自西方基督教傳統的神學家所研究。而現時，關於成神論的一個研究熱點就是發掘西方傳統中重要神學家思想中的成神論因素，或是探討其思想與成神論的關係。本研究關注的正是巴特（Karl Barth, 1886-1968）與成神論的關係。 / 現有對於巴特神學與成神論進行比較研究的文獻數量極少，而且存在著一個重要問題，即沒有能夠展現一個在規模上和深度上相當的成神論綜述，作為與巴特神學進行比較的參照。為解決這一問題本文選擇了洛斯基（VladimirLossky, 1903-1958）、茲茲奧拉斯（John Zizioulas）與斯塔尼萊（Dumitru Stăniloae,1903-1993）三位現代正教神學大家為代表，通過他們三人的神學來展現正教成神論的一個較為全面的風貌。 / 在這三位神學家中，洛斯基的神學主要繼承了聖帕拉瑪（St. Palamas,1296-1359）的思想，著力闡發上帝的神聖能力與神聖本質相區分的傳統教義，以此為進路通嚮成神論；茲茲奧拉斯則是以卡帕多西亞教父的論述的"位格"概念為核心，逐漸擺脫了神聖能力與神聖本質相區分的既定格局，發展出一種通過人與上帝的位格相遇而實現的成神論；斯塔尼萊作為一位集大成的正教神學家，在其巨著《正教教義神學》中系統展現了正教神學的全貌，說明了以人論、基督論、拯救論為主要支點的成神論，其實是正教教義神學的終極歸宿和總目標。 / 在考察過三位正教神學家的成神論思想后，轉入巴特的神學。針對與成神論關係密切相關的論題，著重考察巴特的基督論、人論，以及基於這二者的救贖論，並與東正教相對應問題的比較。通過比較最終發現，雖然兩者間在某些論題確實存在著難以抹殺的分歧，但巴特神學以基督論為基礎建構起的人論則與東正教傳統有著顯著的親和力，尤其在對罪觀的闡述上，已然突破了東西傳統之間的壁壘，形成了具有普世意義的教義理論，說明巴特的拯救觀已然超出了傳統西方的救贖論模式，與正教成神論有趨同之勢。 / 最後，在對整個研究做出總結的基礎上，闡明本研究的內在動機和現實意義，即進一步推進漢語學界對東正教神學的了解和認識，進而改善因了解的片面性造成的、在漢語學界仍然存在的對基督宗教的成見。並通過說明東正教神學思想與中國傳統思想的親和性，展現東正教神學研究對於建構漢語神學的積極意義。 / Due to both historical and theological reasons, the Orthodox theological tradition underwent a significant revival during the past several decades. Some themes in the Orthodox tradition drew the attention of international academia. Among them, the ancient doctrine of deification is unquestionable the most attractive one, which quickly became an important topic in the ecumenical dialogue. Nowadays, one of the hot issues concerning the study of deification is the comparison between the Orthodox and Western understandings of theosis or deification. In this thesis, the relation between Karl Barth(1886-1968)'s theology and the Orthodox doctrine of deification will be explored. / There are only a small number of existing studies dedicated to the comparison between Barth and the Orthodox doctrine of deification, and they focused rather exclusively on Christology. In order to give a comprehensive and extensive comparison between Barth and the Orthodox doctrine of deification, this thesis choose three masters of modern Orthodox theology as the reference points for comparison, and they are V. Lossky(1903-1958), John Zizioulas, and D.Stăniloae(1903-1993). / Following St. Palamas(1296-1359), Lossky based his theology of deification on the distinction between divine energy and essence. Zizioulas inherited Cappadocian Fathers' thought, and explained deification in terms of personal encounter. Staniloae articulated a comprehensive Orthodox dogmatic theology with deification as the centre or key of the whole system, and took theological anthropology, Christology, and Soteriology as the three pillars of the doctrine of deification. / After exploring these three orthodox theologians' thought, the discussion will turn to Barth’s theology, especially his Christology, anthropology, and doctrine of salvation. We will find that Barth’s theological anthropology, which is oriented by his Christology, shows certain similarities to the anthropology in Eastern Orthodox theology, and they share similar understanding of unio hypostatica and communicatio idiomatum. Furthermore, Barth’s understanding of sin together with salvation is not only quite far away from the hamartiology prevalent in western theological tradition, which is focused on original sin and its redemption, but also comes closer to the Orthodox theological tradition. Though there are undeniable differences between Barth and Orthodox theology, there are also significant affinities between them on the issue of deification. / To the end of this study, this thesis will discuss the significance of the studies of Orthodox theology for the Chinese academica. It is foreseeable that a careful study of Orthodox theology will clear some of the misunderstandings of or even biases against Christianity prevalent in the Chinese-speaking world. Meanwhile, the studies of Orthodox theology can also contribute a lot to the construction of Sino-Christian Theology due to the similarities between Orthodox theology and traditional Chinese religious-philosophical thought. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 張少博. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-137). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhang Shaobo.