In this thesis, I will argue that Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), a United States Supreme Court case originating in Georgia, enabled all women access to abortion, including groups of marginalized women previously denied this right. An examination of the background of Doe uncovers the roles played by Georgia feminists and the medical community. By comparing Doe v. Bolton with the concurrent Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, I will shed light on the history of abortion in America as well as continuing divisions over abortion access in America today.

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 established that the current electric grid was inadequate to serve the United States needs. Congress mandated that the U.S. transition to a more intelligent grid for the future. The Department of Energy was tasked with making this goal a reality. Six years later in 2013, only marginal progress has been made. Outside of smart meter rollouts and pilots programs funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), many issues still need to be addressed in order to realize the U.S. Smart Grid vision. Most of the barriers to progress are not technological; the research and business community are rising to the occasion and meeting the challenge through innovation. However, policy issues present a large barrier to overcome. With issues ranging from vague Smart Grids goals issued by the Department of Energy to a general lack of consumer knowledge about the Smart Grid. This paper seeks to identify the gaps in the current electric grid and policy schema are inadequate and suggest recommendations to encourage and expedite the growth of the U.S. Smart Grid.

This study focuses on stress management of educators, and specifically in the KwaZulu–Natal geographical region. The study consists of four focus areas (which are presented in article format), namely: * The first article identifies the role–players and their functions in delivering quality education to all South Africans. The article identifies the role–players from literature research and discusses their influences on the South African educational environment. A biographical profile of the educators of the KwaZulu–Natal area is compiled in the article by means of empirical research. * The second article employs both theoretical and empirical research to focus on the causes of stress to educators in public schools. In addition to identifying the causes of stress, the article also determines how stress impacts on the work performance of educators in KwaZulu–Natal. * The third article reports on management and leadership qualities of a school, and how guidance can assist in the transformation process. The study further examines the effects of a principal's leadership behaviour on the school's learning culture in KwaZulu–Natal. * This final article is a comparative study. It provides an overview of similarly focussed studies by Jackson (2004), Jackson and Rothman (2006) and Van Wyk (2006) with regard to the causes of stress among educators (but in different application settings namely the North West and Free State provinces). The focus in the final article is to determine if the stressors and its influences in education are generic throughout South Africa, or localised to KwaZulu–Natal. The research design consisted of selecting four districts randomly from the twelve in KwaZulu–Natal. From these districts, a total of 1 500 participants were randomly selected from the total population of 2 123 educators in the four districts. This amounted to a sample of 70.6% of the population). A total of 358 respondents completed the questionnaires resulting in a response rate of 23.3%. The study employed the statistical software programme SPSS 17.0 for Windows to analyse the data. A number of quantitative statistical techniques befitting the doctoral level of research were used to analyse the data. These techniques are: * Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy; * Bartlett's test of sphericity; * Exploratory factor analysis; * Cronbach Alpha's reliability coefficient; and * Pearson's correlation coefficient. The major findings of the study were that: * Three major role–players are identified in the first article, namely the educators, the Department of Education and the learners. To effectively facilitate quality education, management is a crucial component, whilst these role–players are also influenced by the macro environment. * The second article identified causes of stress. These causes account for a favourable 71.6% of the variance explained, and are: organisational support, overload, remuneration, control, job insecurity, job opportunities and growth opportunities. * The third article identified seven factors of importance in management and leadership. These factors explained a favourable 78.6% variance and are: Management and leadership styles, financial security, management and leadership fairness, stressors, empowerment, job security and sense of control over the work environment. * In the final article it is clear that the stressors are generic to South Africa. The majority of stressors have been identified by studies in the Free State, North West and in this study in KwaZulu–Natal. These stressors are organisational support, overload, growth opportunities / task characteristics, rewards and remuneration, and job insecurity. The ultimate recommendation of the study is because stress impacts negatively on the educators and their performance, a national strategy is partly required to improve educator stress as there are a number of common stressors in the three separate studies. Yet, further research is needed to substantiate the prevalence of these factors in all the provinces. A provincial approach is recommended for province specific stressors, while the national strategy could address the common stressors in conjunction with a provincial stress relieve programme. The study culminates in a final perceptual map of stressors, it causes and educator management that could handsomely assist in the drafting of such a national stress strategy for educators. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Business Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study focuses on stress management of educators, and specifically in the KwaZulu–Natal geographical region. The study consists of four focus areas (which are presented in article format), namely: * The first article identifies the role–players and their functions in delivering quality education to all South Africans. The article identifies the role–players from literature research and discusses their influences on the South African educational environment. A biographical profile of the educators of the KwaZulu–Natal area is compiled in the article by means of empirical research. * The second article employs both theoretical and empirical research to focus on the causes of stress to educators in public schools. In addition to identifying the causes of stress, the article also determines how stress impacts on the work performance of educators in KwaZulu–Natal. * The third article reports on management and leadership qualities of a school, and how guidance can assist in the transformation process. The study further examines the effects of a principal's leadership behaviour on the school's learning culture in KwaZulu–Natal. * This final article is a comparative study. It provides an overview of similarly focussed studies by Jackson (2004), Jackson and Rothman (2006) and Van Wyk (2006) with regard to the causes of stress among educators (but in different application settings namely the North West and Free State provinces). The focus in the final article is to determine if the stressors and its influences in education are generic throughout South Africa, or localised to KwaZulu–Natal. The research design consisted of selecting four districts randomly from the twelve in KwaZulu–Natal. From these districts, a total of 1 500 participants were randomly selected from the total population of 2 123 educators in the four districts. This amounted to a sample of 70.6% of the population). A total of 358 respondents completed the questionnaires resulting in a response rate of 23.3%. The study employed the statistical software programme SPSS 17.0 for Windows to analyse the data. A number of quantitative statistical techniques befitting the doctoral level of research were used to analyse the data. These techniques are: * Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy; * Bartlett's test of sphericity; * Exploratory factor analysis; * Cronbach Alpha's reliability coefficient; and * Pearson's correlation coefficient. The major findings of the study were that: * Three major role–players are identified in the first article, namely the educators, the Department of Education and the learners. To effectively facilitate quality education, management is a crucial component, whilst these role–players are also influenced by the macro environment. * The second article identified causes of stress. These causes account for a favourable 71.6% of the variance explained, and are: organisational support, overload, remuneration, control, job insecurity, job opportunities and growth opportunities. * The third article identified seven factors of importance in management and leadership. These factors explained a favourable 78.6% variance and are: Management and leadership styles, financial security, management and leadership fairness, stressors, empowerment, job security and sense of control over the work environment. * In the final article it is clear that the stressors are generic to South Africa. The majority of stressors have been identified by studies in the Free State, North West and in this study in KwaZulu–Natal. These stressors are organisational support, overload, growth opportunities / task characteristics, rewards and remuneration, and job insecurity. The ultimate recommendation of the study is because stress impacts negatively on the educators and their performance, a national strategy is partly required to improve educator stress as there are a number of common stressors in the three separate studies. Yet, further research is needed to substantiate the prevalence of these factors in all the provinces. A provincial approach is recommended for province specific stressors, while the national strategy could address the common stressors in conjunction with a provincial stress relieve programme. The study culminates in a final perceptual map of stressors, it causes and educator management that could handsomely assist in the drafting of such a national stress strategy for educators. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Business Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

No Brasil, tanto o agronegócio quanto a fabricação de celulose trazem resultados relevantes para a economia. Sob uma perspectiva de sustentabilidade, as indústrias beneficiadoras de materiais vegetais geram grande volume de resíduos, os quais podem servir de fonte de celulose, configurando-se numa alternativa atraente para gerar lucros e diminuir impactos ambientais negativos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é realizar um estudo exploratório de extração de celulose a partir de resíduo do processo produtivo de empresa beneficiadora de material vegetal, sob perspectiva das dimensões ambiental e econômica da sustentabilidade. O estudo foi desdobrado em cinco etapas: i) identificação na literatura das diretrizes para os processos produtivos sustentáveis, por meio das abordagens que tratam da sustentabilidade; ii) identificação dos processos industriais de extração de celulose e suas características operacionais; iii) definição da empresa para realização do estudo, a sazonalidade e o volume disponível dos resíduos vegetais provenientes do processo de beneficiamento de vegetais; iv) adaptação do processo industrial de extração de celulose para uso com resíduos vegetais e atendimento às restrições da fábrica definida para o estudo e v) realização de testes de extração com o uso de projeto de experimentos para posterior caracterização da polpa de celulose obtida do resíduo. Neste último, foi empregado um Projeto Fatorial Composto de Segunda Ordem (PSCO) com Metodologia de Superfície Resposta (MSR) para analisar a influência dos fatores controláveis sobre as variáveis de resposta. Os fatores controláveis foram definidos de acordo com dados da literatura específica e foram analisadas as variáveis de resposta que caracterizam polpa de celulose, aplicáveis a fins sanitários, como Número Kappa, capacidade de absorção, velocidade de absorção e densidade. Resultados indicaram que limitações quanto ao uso de altas temperaturas no processo de extração é um fator relevante, para atingir maiores teores de deslignificação. Os estudos mostraram a influência do uso de aditivo de processo, antraquinona, carga alcalina e tempo de polpeamento, bem como, tratamento de hidrólise ácida no resíduo na qualidade da polpa. / Agribusiness and pulp production bring both relevant results to the Brazilian economy. In a sustainable perspective, the wastes of Industries that benefit vegetable materials may serve as pulp’s source, configuring itself as an attractive alternative for profit generation and reduction of negative environmental impacts. The aim in this dissertation is to carry out an exploratory study of pulp extraction from the waste of productive process of a firm which processes vegetal material, under the perspective of environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability. The study was unfolded in five steps: i) identification, in literature, the guidelines for sustainable productive processes, through approaches that embrace sustainability; ii) identification of industrial processes of pulp extraction and respective operational features; iii) definition of an industrial unit to perform the study, as well as the seasonality and the availability of vegetal wastes coming from the vegetable process; iv) adaptation of the industrial process of pulp extraction for using with vegetable wastes, and attendance to constraints of the current process in the industrial unit chosen for the study; and v) the performance of extraction tests using a project of experiments for further characterization of the cellulose pulp resulting from the waste. It was employed a Factorial composite second-order design in a Surface Response Methodology (SRM) in order to analyze the influence of the controlled variables over the response variables. Variables of the extraction process were defined according with the specific literature’s data, and response variables, adequate to the cellulose pulp characterization as Kappa Number, capability, absortion speed and apparent density were analyzed. Results indicate that constraints related to the high temperature used in the equipment available for extraction is a relevant factor in the process for obtaining higher contents of delignification. Studies show the influence of using additive process, anthraquinone, load time and alkaline pulping, as well as treatment of hydrolysis in the waste of pulp quality. The remarkable difference in the quality of vegetable waste after hydrolysis treatment indicates that a pretreatment stage of such waste is interesting, since the fiber is resistant and requires high alkali and addictive charges.

Devido à crescente utilização de componentes eletrônicos nos veículos automotores, as exigências mecânicas nesses itens estão cada vez maiores. Nos primeiros veículos a eletrônica embarcada era inexistente, em meados do século passado, passou a ser pequena e utilizada somente para funções de funcionamento e pouco importantes para a segurança, e caso ocorresse alguma falha não havia risco de vida. Nos automóveis desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas, os componentes eletrônicos estão sendo utilizados em aplicações como controle de injeção de combustível, sistemas de tração e freios, direções elétricas e acionamento de air bags, que estão diretamente relacionadas à segurança. Os requisitos de qualidade desses itens elevaram-se consideravelmente exigindo operação em temperaturas extremas e grandes acelerações. O processo de união mais eficiente para satisfazer aos requisitos mecânicos ainda é o de soldagem, mas há dificuldade em realizar as uniões sem danificar o componente ou prejudicar as propriedades elétricas em peças finas, da ordem de décimos de milímetros na espessura, com diferentes camadas de revestimento. Este trabalho analisa o processo de soldagem em capacitores, utilizando uma fonte de soldagem por resistência do tipo inversora, estudando os parâmetros de operação necessários para realizar a união de uma chapa de aço com 0,6 mm de espessura recoberta com três camadas de diferentes materiais: cobre, níquel e superfície externa de ouro. Este componente deve ser soldado a uma peça de alumínio. A influência da corrente de soldagem, pressão dos eletrodos, tempo de aplicação da corrente e tempo de retenção sobre a qualidade da união, avaliada pela resistência à tração alcançada e capacidade de realizar a união sem dano aos componentes ou ocorrência de falhas na superfície, foi analisada utilizando projeto de experimentos (DOE). Os resultados experimentais comprovam a eficiência do processo para utilização neste tipo de componentes garantindo a qualidade da junta e do componente para o desempenho de sua função. / Due to the increasing use of electronics in vehicles, the mechanical demands on these items are increasing. In the first vehicles onboard electronics was nonexistent in the middle of the last century, came to be used only for small, operating functions and unimportant to safety, and when there was a failure there was life threatening. In cars developed in recent decades, the electronic components are being used in applications such as fuel injection control, drive systems and brakes, directions and drive electric air bags, which are directly related to safety. The quality requirements of these items rose considerably demanding operation at extreme temperatures and high accelerations. The joining process more efficient to meet the mechanical requirements is still welding, but there is difficulty in performing the joints without damaging the component or interfere with the electrical properties of thin pieces, exhibiting tenths of a millimeter in thickness of different coating layers. This study examines the welding process in capacitors, using a inverter resistance welding power source, studying the operation parameters required to perform the joining of a steel plate 0.6 mm thick coated with three layers of different materials: a copper layer, a nickel layer and an external gold layer. This component must be welded to an aluminum plate. The influence of welding current, electrode pressure, time of current application and retention time on the quality of the union, as assessed by tensile resistance and ability to perform achieved union without damage to components or occurrence of any failures, was analyzed using design of experiments (DOE). The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the welding process in such components assuring the quality to perform its function.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência dos parâmetros do processo de soldagem MAG com transferência do metal do tipo Curto-circuito Controlado (CCC) sobre a geometria do cordão de solda. Foi utilizado um dispositivo de soldagem automatizado para realização dos testes de simples deposição sobre um tubo de aço API 5L X65 diâmetro interno 204 mm e espessura 8 mm. Os parâmetros do processo analisados foram a corrente de pico de arco (Ia1), o tempo de atuação desta corrente (ta1), o tempo de atuação da corrente Ia2 (ta2), a velocidade de alimentação do arame (W) e a velocidade de soldagem (v). Tais parâmetros foram ajustados na interface homem-máquina (IHM) de uma fonte de potência microprocessada e do dispositivo de soldagem automatizado. As características geométricas do cordão de solda analisadas foram a largura, a altura do reforço e a penetração. Foi utilizado um Projeto de Experimento Composto de Segunda Ordem para obter a relação entre os parâmetros do processo e as características geométricas do cordão. Os modelos matemáticos obtidos foram considerados adequados, sendo possível determinar estatisticamente o nível de significância de cada um dos parâmetros controláveis – e de suas interações – sobre as respostas analisadas. Foram encontradas sobreposição e falta de fusão lateral em 60% dos corpos de prova avaliados, sendo levantada a hipótese de que a combinação de altos valores da corrente de pico de arco Ia1 com baixos valores do tempo de atuação deste parâmetro – ta1, aliada à utilização de gases de proteção com alta porcentagem de Ar, pode comprometer a eficiência de fusão nas laterais do cordão de solda. Os cordões de solda foram produzidos com quantidade reduzida de salpicos, representando um avanço do processo CCC quando comparado ao processo com transferência do metal por curto-circuito convencional. Os parâmetros controláveis Ia1 e ta1 produziram efeitos muito similares nas respostas de largura e penetração, quando considerados de forma isolada e também quando da interação destes com os demais parâmetros controláveis. A análise dos efeitos das interações principais revelou que Ia1 e ta1 são os parâmetros de maior influência nas respostas da geometria do cordão de solda, porém, com elevada dependência de um ajuste adequado da velocidade de alimentação do arame W para a obtenção de estabilidade do processo. / This work aims to study the influence of MAG welding process parameters with controlled short-circuit (CSC) metal transfer mode on weld bead geometry. The simple deposition weld tests were performed using a micro controlled power supply and an automatized device which enabled achievement of weld beads with standard conditions on API 5L X65 steel pipe whose inner diameter is 204 mm and thickness is 8 mm. The welding process parameters analyzed were the peak arcing current (Ia1), times (ta1) and (ta2), wire feed speed (W) and welding speed (v). Such parameters were set on Human-Machine Interface (HMI) of the micro controlled power supply and automatized welding device. The weld bead geometric features evaluated were width, reinforcement height and penetration depth. A Central Composite Face- Centred Design of Experiment was performed to obtain the relationship between the process parameters and the weld bead geometric features. Statistical analysis allowed development of mathematical models and they were found appropriate to determine the significance level of the process parameters – and their interactions – on output responses analyzed. Overlap and lack of fusion was detected on weld beads side in 60% of all specimens evaluated. The hypothesis formulated states that the origin of these discontinuities is from specific combination of parameters – high values of Ia1 and low values of ta1 together with usage of a shielding gas with high percentage of Ar – which would lead to lower fusion efficiency on weld bead side. The weld beads were produced with low spatter rates so it can be considered an improvement of the CSC process if compared with conventional short-circuit metal transfer mode. The peak arcing current Ia1 and time ta1 yielded similar effects on width and penetration depth, and it was valid when that parameters were taken both isolated and on interactions with other welding process parameters. The present study also revealed that Ia1 and ta1 are the most important parameters on influencing weld bead geometry, however, there is also strong dependence on a proper adjustment of wire feed speed W to obtain process stability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2251.pdf: 4074614 bytes, checksum: 558e9207796e0e91b954b15a8045f97f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-08 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The present work aimed to study the process of synthesis of one of the most important ceramic pigments manufactured by the traditional method of oxide mixture: the turquoise blue of vanadium doped zircon. The plan proposed to this work was subdivided in four stages with own and complementary objectives to the general objective of the work, which is to identify the role played by the main involved variable in the reaction of synthesis of the pigment in question. Considering that, the reaction of synthesis of blue pigment V-ZrSiO4 consists basically on the synthesis of the ZrSiO4 from SiO2 and ZrO2, Part I studied the effect of the characteristics of raw materials, the method and conditions of mixture and the conditions of calcinations on the reaction of synthesis of zirconium silicate, witch indicated that the mixture method acts in decisive way in the process in solid state of zircon formation. Part II correlated the effect of the amount of inserted doped in crystalline lattice and its influence in the strong color capacity of obtained products, as well as its stability in aggressive glass ways, that showed to the saturation of the crystal host from 7% of used, beyond the slightly harmful influence of the time and temperature of burning in the observed final color. Parts III and IV aimed to study the viability of using the tools of statistical planning of experiment, in the studied of the variable using traditional analysis in part I e II. The results indicated a total correlation between the methodologies, in which the statistical tools generated results with bigger load of information with minimum number of experiments. / O presente trabalho visa estudar o processo de síntese de um dos mais importantes pigmentos cerâmicos fabricados pelo método tradicional de mistura de óxidos: o azul turquesa de silicato de zircônio dopado com vanádio. O plano de trabalho proposto foi subdividido em quatro etapas, com objetivos próprios e complementares ao objetivo geral deste trabalho, que é identificar o papel desempenhado pelas principais variáveis envolvidas na reação de síntese do pigmento em questão. Considerando que, a reação de síntese do pigmento azul V-ZrSiO4 consiste fundamentalmente na síntese da ZrSiO4 a partir da SiO2 e ZrO2, a Parte I estudou os efeitos das características das matérias-primas, do método e condições de mistura e das condições de calcinação sobre a reação de síntese do silicato de zircônio, na qual indicou que o método de mistura atua de forma decisiva no processo em estado sólido de formação da zirconita. A parte II correlacionou os efeitos do teor de dopante inserido na rede cristalina e sua influência na capacidade pigmentante, bem como sua estabilidade em meios vítreos agressivos, que mostrou a saturação do cristal hospedeiro a partir de 7% de dopante utilizado, além da influência ligeiramente prejudicial do tempo e da temperatura de queima na cor final observada. As partes III e IV visaram a estudar a viabilidade de utilização de ferramentas de planejamento estatístico de experimento, nas variáveis estudadas utilizando-se análise tradicional nas partes I e II. Os resultados indicaram um total comprometimento entre as metodologias, na qual as ferramentas estatísticas geraram resultados com maior carga de informações com número mínimo de experimentos.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T13:28:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJAG.pdf: 1269540 bytes, checksum: 5c8bbc44505b3dfbb6251ce433f1966c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:34:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJAG.pdf: 1269540 bytes, checksum: 5c8bbc44505b3dfbb6251ce433f1966c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:35:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJAG.pdf: 1269540 bytes, checksum: 5c8bbc44505b3dfbb6251ce433f1966c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJAG.pdf: 1269540 bytes, checksum: 5c8bbc44505b3dfbb6251ce433f1966c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aimed to optimize the digestion of solid samples using microwave oven with closed flasks and understand the physicochemical parameters involved in this process. The development of this study was based on EN71 / 3 and CPSC-CH_E1001-08 standards. We performed a fractional factorial design (screening) to identify the significant variables for the process. The variables studied were volume of HNO3, heating program conditions, the addition of analytes and residual. The following responses were used to identify the most important variables: acidity of digested (%), the presence of the remaining solids digestion process (%), and recovery of previously added analytes (Pb and Cr). After identification of significant variables it was possible to set some parameters of the system and a new full factorial design 2³ (Design 1) was performed for 10 different types of samples, and the variables studied addition of H2O2, addition of analytes and sequential digestion. The responses observed were previously added recoveries of analytes (Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) and presence of the remaining solids digestion process (%). Data of Desing 1 was evaluated using multivariate analysis in order to detect clusters and trends among the strains. A new full factorial design 2³ (Design 2) was performed with selected samples and the following variables investigated: addition of H2O2, addition of analytes and volume of HNO3. The responses observed for Design 2 were recoveries of analytes previously added (Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb), and comparison between the two systems digestion microwave assisted samples. The conclusions are that it is not possible to digest samples with different physicochemical characteristics in the same batch, the proposed system is not recommended for the determination of Cd and Hg and the proposed system can be used in order to perform a screening in samples. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos otimizar o processo de digestão de amostras sólidas utilizando forno de micro-ondas com frascos fechados e entender os parâmetros físico-químicos envolvidos neste processo, sendo as normas EN71/3 e CPSC-CH_E1001-08 utilizadas como parâmetro para o desenvolvimento dos métodos. No início dos trabalhos, foi realizado um planejamento fatorial fracionário (triagem) para identificar as variáveis significativas para o processo. As variáveis estudadas foram volume de HNO3, condições do programa de aquecimento, adição de analitos e tipo de amostra. As respostas utilizadas para identificar as variáveis mais importantes foram: acidez do digerido resultante (%), presença de sólidos remanescentes do processo de digestão (%) e recuperação de analitos previamente adicionados (Pb e Cr). Após a identificação das variáveis significativas foi possível fixar alguns parâmetros do sistema e um novo planejamento fatorial completo 2³ (Planejamento 1) foi realizado para 10 tipos de amostras diferentes, sendo estudadas as seguintes variáveis: adição de H2O2, adição de analitos e digestão sequencial. As respostas observadas foram: recuperações de analitos previamente adicionados (Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb) e presença de sólidos remanescentes do processo digestão (%). Os dados do Planejamento 1 foram estudados utilizando métodos de análise multivariada, sendo possível detectar agrupamentos e tendências entre as amostras testadas. Um novo planejamento fatorial completo 2³ (Planejamento 2) foi realizado com as amostras selecionadas e as variáveis testadas foram adição de H2O2, adição de analitos e volume de HNO3. As respostas observadas para o Planejamento 2 foram: recuperações de analitos previamente adicionados (Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb) e comparação entre dois sistemas de digestão de amostras assistidas por micro-ondas. As conclusões são que não é possível digerir amostras com características físico-químicas diferentes em uma mesma batelada, o sistema proposto não é recomendado para a determinação de Cd e Hg e é possível utilizar o sistema proposto para realizar uma triagem nas amostras.

Submitted by DOUGLAS MIRANDA RODRIGUES null (douglasnet@gmail.com) on 2016-10-20T13:35:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Douglas Miranda Rodrigues.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-26T18:00:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_dm_me_guara.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-26T18:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_dm_me_guara.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Em diversas áreas de trabalho, da Engenharia à Economia, os problemas se apresentam como sendo multiobjetivos, característica que torna complexa a tomada de decisão. Geralmente, estes objetivos são conflitantes e faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de otimização para a obtenção de melhores resultados. Na presente dissertação serão estudados alguns métodos para a resolução destes problemas, com o objetivo de aplicar métodos de aglutinação em problemas de projetos de experimentos com múltiplas respostas. Deste modo, inicialmente foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica sobre os diferentes métodos utilizados para a resolução destes problemas. A partir disto, foi desenvolvida uma nova abordagem, utilizando a Programação por Compromisso (Compromise Programming – CP) e a Programação por Metas (Goal Programming – GP), bem como diferentes algoritmos (Gradiente Reduzido Generalizado – GRG e a metaheurística do software Optquest) que são usualmente adotados, com comparação de resultados e análise. De modo geral, esta nova proposta apresentou resultados melhores em relação à abordagem tradicional (desirability), qualificando este procedimento como uma alternativa na otimização de múltiplas respostas. / In many areas, from Engineering to Economics, problems present themselves as multiobjective, which makes a decision-making process complex. Generally, these are conflicting objectives, and optimization techniques are necessary to achieve better results. This paper applies agglutination methods in classical problems of design of experiments with multiple responses. A bibliometric analysis was made, and a new approach was developed, using Compromise Programming – CP and Goal Programming – GP, as well as two different algorithms (Generalized Reduced Gradient – GRG and Optquest’s software metaheuristics) with results comparison and analysis. The new proposal presented better results when compared to the traditional approach (desirability), qualifying this procedure as an alternative in multiple responses optimization.