O pelo é uma característica dos mamíferos: na maioria das espécies, juntamente com a pele, a pelagem reveste externamente o corpo, com exceção de algumas regiões bem delimitadas. O pelo do cão e demais mamíferos apresenta formato distinto de acordo com a região do corpo. O estudo da obtenção e caracterização de células-tronco em cães poderá ampliar as possibilidades terapêuticas, mediante a utilização das células indiferenciadas na reparação capilar e lesões da pele e seus anexos. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas amostras de folículo piloso retiradas da região rostral de fetos caninos correspondentes a três fases gestacionais distintas (grupo I= 30 dias de gestação; grupo II= 35 dias de gestação; grupo III= 40 dias de gestação).Estas amostras foram cultivadas em placas de Petri de 75 cm² com 5mL de meio de cultivo DMEM, suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino (SFB) e 1% de antibióticos estreptomicina/penicilina. As células obtidas foram congeladas e descongeladas e utilizados nos procedimentos de, análise da expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco: STRO-1, CD 117, OCT 3/4, CD 90, Nanog, CD- 34, SSEA-4, CD -105, MCP-1, HSP- 47, CD 1 A, VEGFR1, DR4, IL- 1 β, caspase3, Ki- 67, CD -45. A escolha dos anticorpos marcadores de células-tronco foi baseada em estudos que mostraram afinidade e avidez com o folículo piloso. Utilizamos também para a caracterização do folículo piloso, a imunohistoquímica e análise de PCR com o marcador S100 e a imunocitoquímica com os marcadores OCT 3/4, VEGF, STRO-1, CD117 e Nanog. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a linhagem celular do folículo piloso de fetos de cães apresentaram crescimento satisfatório com a utilização do meio DMEM-hight suplementado com 10% de SFB inativado e 1% de antibióticos, sendo mantidas e expandidas em cultivo. O crescimento e a expansão das células-tronco do folículo piloso são peculiares, pois, sua expansão ocorre em torno da haste pilosa, utilizando-a como ancoragem. Os resultados indicaram características de pluripotência nas células-tronco do folículo piloso pela expressão dos marcadores OCT3/4, Nanog, CD105, CD90, SSEA-4, e STRO-1, em todos os grupos analisados. Considerando, a taxa de proliferação, a fase do ciclo celular, distribuição e aspectos de morte celular não foram encontradas diferenças significantes na expressão dos marcadores HSP47, DR4. Para verificar a angiogêneseforam utilizados os marcadores VEGFR1, Ki-67 e caspase-3, sendo expressos em todos os grupos. Na imunohistoquímica e análise de PCR observou-se a expressão da proteína S100, sendo maior nas células do grupo de fetos com 40 dias de gestação- grupo III. Neste estudo, podemos concluir que o conjunto de marcadores expressos nos diferentes grupos de células tronco obtidas das vibrissas de fetos caninos indicaram a expressão de marcadores de pluripotência das células-tronco do folículo piloso / Hair is a characteristic of mammals, since in most species the coat spreads throughout the body, except for some well-defined regions. Mammals in general, including dogs, have different characteristics in their coat according to the region of the body. The study of obtainment and characterization of stem cells from the hair follicle could contribute to new therapeutic possibilities, particularly in the treatment of hair, skin and it appendices injuries. In this study, hair follicle samples were harvestedin the rostral region of canine fetuses, divided into three distinct groups, according to the stage of pregnancy, as follows: Group I = 30 days, Group II = 35 days, Group III = 40 days. These samples were grown in 75 cm² Petri dishes with 5 mL of DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics 1% streptomycin / penicillin. Cells were frozen and thawed and used in procedures for analysis of expression of markers of stem cells: STRO-1, CD 117, OCT 3/4, CD 90, Nanog, CD- 34,SSEA -4,CD- 105, MCP-1, HSP-47, CD 1 A, VEGF-R1, DR4, IL-1 β, caspase-3, Ki-67, CD -45. The choice of antibodies was based on studies that showed affinity and avidity to the hair follicle. In addition, for purposes of characterization of the hair follicle, procedures for immunohistochemistry and PCR analysis with the marker S100 and immunocytochemistry with the markers OCT3/4, VEGF, STRO-1, CD117 e Nanog were used. The results suggested that hair follicle cell line of fetal dogs showed satisfactory growth using the DMEM high medium supplemented with 10% inactivated FBS and 1% antibiotics and could be maintained and expanded in culture. The growth and expansion of stem cells of the hair follicle are unique because they occur around the hair shaft using it as anchorage. Results also indicated pluripotency features in the hair follicle stem cells through the positive expression of Oct3/4, Nanog, CD105, CD90, SSEA-4 and STRO-1, in all groups. Regarding the proliferation rate and cell cycle phase, distribution and cell death aspects, HSP47, DR4 were used. To verify angiogenesis, VEGFR1, Ki67 and Caspase-3 were expressed in all groups. In Immunohistochemistry procedures we observed the expression of S100, and in mRNA on RT-PCR. We concluded in this study that in group III the expression of S100 was higher than in the two other groups. In addition, we found that the pluripotency of the stem cells was indicated by the expression of the markers OCT3/4, Nanog, CD105, CD90, SSEA-4 and STRO-1

Background: The prevalence of dementia has increased in Sweden throughout the years. Every year about 25 000 to 30 000 people become ill with dementia. Dementia can cause secondary symptoms such as anxiety, leading to powerlessness and agitation. Elderly suffering from dementia also have reduced self-esteem and lack of social skills, causing isolation and physical inactivity. The disease cannot be cured but can be alleviated and slowed down using medicines and therapies. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to, through the perspective of elderly with dementia and health care professionals, highlight the health effects that therapy dogs have on people with dementia diagnosis. Method: A literature review was used, and eleven articles were studied, two qualitative and nine quantitative. The study is based on Polit & Beck’s (2016) nine steps model. Result: Studies show significant health effects with dog-assisted therapies in people with dementia. Four themes were identified. These are psychological effects, physical effects, social effects and quality of life. Conclusion: The literature shows that dogs in-care are of great importance to people with dementia and that it should be taken more seriously since the quality of the care is improved. Clinical implications: Dog assisted therapy can offer an alternative treatment to patients with dementia that does not affect their health in a negative way but instead creates wellbeing and increases quality of life for the patients.

Introduktion: Hunden har kallats "människans bästa vän" kanske är den också det. Vårdhunden har blivit vanligare på såväl sjukhus som i kommunal vårdmiljö och kan vara ett icke-farmakologiskt komplement i omvårdnaden för personer med demenssjukdom.Syftet: Att granska vilken inverkan vårdhunden har för personer med demenssjukdom.Metod: Litteraturstudie i 9-steg enligt Polit & Beck (2012) med datainsamling i databaserna PsycINFO, PubMed och CINAHL. Kvalitetsgranskning av artiklarna gjordes enligt Polit & Beck (2012) med granskningsmall för kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. De artiklar som kvarstod i urval 3 var 11till antalet och dessa presenterades i tre teman.Resultat: De teman som framträdde var, Själslig påverkan Relationell påverkan och Kroppslig påverkan.Slutsats: Vårdhund har en relativt kortvarig men signifikant inverkan på livskvaliteten för personer med demenssjukdom, samt i omvårdnaden av dessa. Det behövs ytterligare forskning inom området och den personcentreradevård som möjliggörs genom vårdhundmöten. Detta då icke- farmalogiska alternativ för personer med demenssjukdom är ett åsidosatt om än så viktigt område att bedriva forskning inom.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of low frequency on the vastus lateralis muscle. Eleven, male and female, dogs of variable age were randomly placed in 3 groups: I (control), II (NMES post immobilization), and III (NMES before and post immobilization). The right femoral-tibial-patellar joint of the animals in groups I, II, and III was immobilized for 30 days by the percutaneous transfixation type II method. The dogs from group II were placed on eletrotherapy 3 times weekly for 90 days, during (30 days) and post immobilization (60 days). The dogs from group II were initiated on NMES post-removal of the temporary rigid immobilization. The parameters evaluated consisted of: measurement of thigh circumference, joint motion using a goniometer, gait analysis, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and morphometry of the longitudinal muscle fibers collected by vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. The gait analysis was performed daily by the same observer for 90 days. The circumference of the thigh, joint motion, and muscle biopsy were performed on days 0, 30, 60 and 90 post-surgery. The blood samples for CK and AST were collected before and immediately after 6, 24 and 48 hours post-NMES on days 0,1,7,30,45,60,75 and 90. The NMES was employed on the femoral quadriceps muscle group with a frequency of 50Hz post-duration of 300msec on an off-time/on-time ratio of 1:2. There was no significant difference on the gait analysis, thigh circumference, joint motion, and CK and AST values. In terms of morphometry of muscle fibers, the greatest hypertrophy change was observed on longitudinal fibers of the dogs from group II (p=0.0005), followed by the dogs from group III. It can be concluded that NMES of low frequency does not avoid the muscular atrophy of vastus lateralis muscle during rigid temporary immobilization of the stifle joint, but causes muscular gain after this period, recommending its use / Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) de baixa freqüência no músculo vasto lateral foram utilizados 11 cães, machos e fêmeas, sem raça definida, de idades variadas e agrupados aleatoriamente em três grupos denominados de I ou controle, II (EENM após imobilização) e III (EENM durante e após imobilização). A articulação femoro-tíbio-patelar direita dos animais dos grupos I, II e III foi imobilizada por 30 dias pelo método de transfixação percutânea tipo II. Os cães do grupo III iniciaram as sessões de eletroterapia, três vezes por semana, por 90 dias, ou seja, durante (30 dias) e após a imobilização (60 dias). Os cães dos grupos II tiveram início da EENM após a remoção da imobilização rígida temporária. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a mensuração da circunferência da coxa, goniometria do joelho, graus de claudicação, enzimas creatina-quinase (CK) e aspartato-amino-transferase (AST) e morfometria das fibras musculares longitudinais obtidas por biópsia muscular do vasto lateral. A análise dos graus de claudicação foi realizada diariamente por um mesmo observador por 90 dias. A circunferência de coxa, goniometria e biópsia do músculo vasto lateral foram realizadas nos tempos zero, 30, 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório. As amostras de sangue para avaliação da CK e AST foram coletadas antes, imediatamente depois, aos 6, 24 e 48 horas após a EENM, nos dias zero, um, sete, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90. A EENM foi empregada no músculo quadríceps femoral numa freqüência de 50Hz, duração de pulso de 300 milisegundos e relação on time/off time de 1:2. Não houve diferença significativa nos graus de claudicação, valores de circunferência da coxa, goniometria e comportamento das enzimas CK e AST entre os grupos I, II e III. Quanto à morfometria das fibras musculares, foi observada uma maior hipertrofia das fibras musculares longitudinais nos cães do grupo II (p=0,0005), seguida pelos cães do grupo III. Podese concluir que a EENM de baixa freqüência não evita a atrofia do músculo vasto lateral durante a imobilização rígida temporária do joelho, mas ocasiona ganho de massa muscular após esse período, recomendando-se o seu uso

This thesis deals with monitoring of two raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) by camera traps at Prague minizoo Malá Chuchle in the period from February to May 2016. Activity and behaviour of both raccoon dogs is presented by charts and diagraphs for better understanding. Overview of Canidae family, its description and area, is included in this thesis. KEYWORDS racoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, activity, ethogramm, camera trap

A dog owner does not only have rights, but also (and mainly) a lot of obligations. One of the aims of this work was to look at different areas concerning the ownership (holding) of a dog in relation to the actual public law regulations. Particular chapters reflect possible life situations, which have (especially from a point of view of public law) an effect on coexistence with a dog and (often negative) the impact (penalties) for a dog holder. Thematic areas are addressed, for example, purchasing a dog, his vaccination and other health and life conditions, the possibility of shortening a tail or ears, the admissible conditions and methods that permit the killing of a dog or the conditions and ways to bury a dog. Further mention is made of the possibilities of travelling with a dog (and also abroad), also described are the law regulations of dog fees and the generally binding ordinances of municipalities. Deeper consideration was essential in respect of the areas concerning misdemeanours and criminal offences, which can be commited both on a dog and by a dog (incl. veterinarian demands or animal cruelty). There are follow-up chapters concerning liability for damage and compensation for damage. A part of the work is dedicated to breed specific legislation concerning breeding some (so called "fighting" or...

This Master thesis contains a risk assessment regarding the possibility for humans to be bitten by dogs in Denmark. As a part of this risk assessment the thesis contains an analysis of the effect of the introduction of legal bans of specific breeds in Denmark. Furthermore, the thesis contains an analysis of the societal context for the Danish legislation. This is done with back ground in models of risk management developed by James Reason and William Haddon Jr. The conclusion is that the Danish society continuously is vulnerable regarding the risk of humans being bitten by dogs – and that the ban of certain breeds have been without effect on the number of persons seeking hospital care for dog bites. The thesis demonstrates that the risk of human dog bites is highest in the private sphere and in the local area. The thesis reveal that the Danish state has failed to target the principal factors: context, situation and relation between man and dog in connection to situations where dog bites occur. / <p>Bedømt til karakteren "VG".</p>

The aim of this thesis is to create a business plan for the newly established company that will run a hotel for dogs. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes the nature, purpose and structure of the business plan. The essential parts of the plan are described separately. Furthermore, the general issues in business, together with the specifics of Czech legislation linked with choosing a legal form of business are described as well. The practical part is devoted to business plan of fictitious company Petville, which runs a hotel for dogs and other small pets. The business plan includes the introduction of the business idea and the company as well as market analysis, marketing strategy proposal and also the financial plan with a view to four years. The financial plan is drawn up in three variants of possible future developments.

The aetiology of autoimmune disease is a complex interplay between genetics, environment and immunological regulation. Our understanding of the genetic aspects of autoimmunity has increased with recent findings from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). There is now a movement towards meta-analyses of GWA studies in order to increase the number of genetic loci detected. There are also efforts to detect common genetic risk factors amongst groups of diseases that potentially share common aetiopathogenic pathways. Animal models have formed the basis of many genetic discoveries and the domestic dog presents a spontaneous model for many diseases, including autoimmunity. Through man’s efforts to create specific breeds, the dog has acquired a genomic architecture consisting of long haplotype blocks and extensive linkage disequilibrium. This means that a GWAS can be conducted in dog breeds with fewer samples and fewer markers than an equivalent study in humans, reducing costs, cohort collection times, and data handling/storage considerations. Successful canine GWA studies are now starting to be published. Building upon this success, the findings from GWA studies in three canine autoimmune diseases (across six different breeds), with equivalent human pathologies, are presented. Dogs with diabetes mellitus (similar to latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood in man), lymphocytic thyroiditis (similar to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), and anal furunculosis (similar to perianal Crohn’s disease) were compared to control dogs to identify genetic susceptibility loci underlying disease. Follow-up genotyping of the top hits from the GWAS analyses were conducted to replicate findings and to better characterise the diseases across a number of dog breeds. Typing of MHC class II genes, important in the immune response, was also undertaken in canine diabetes mellitus and canine lymphocytic thyroiditis. In anal furunculosis, high-throughput, next-generation sequencing was utilised to identify novel mutations and fine-map associations at discovered loci. Several genes were identified in all of these canine autoimmune diseases, many with good candidate function. Some of these genes indicated common genetic susceptibility loci and pathways between canine autoimmune diseases. Breed-specific genetic effects underlying canine diabetes mellitus and canine lymphocytic thyroiditis were identified, which has implications for disease diagnosis and clinical management. Novel loci for investigation in the corresponding human disease studies have been identified and future work will begin to genetically link the conditions in dog and man.

This thesis deals with the topic of local taxes with the accent on dog taxes. It is divided into three main parts. The first part is a theoretical definition of financing for municipalities and characterized by individual local charges with the greatest emphasis on dog tax and qualitative evaluation on a selected group of municipalities, the result is a detailed description applied for an exemption which vary considerably between cities. The second part deals with the taxation of international comparison of animals in our country and in the European Union, including a comparison of rates and specifications, including recommendations for the Czech Republic. The last part of dox tax analyzed from the perspective of the revenue from the fee depending on the individual tax rates or the number of registered dogs. There is also a development compared rates for the years 2002 and 2012, and the different categories. The analysis shows that the rate of fee increases along with the increase of the maximum possible rate and the number of dogs is dependent on the rate of the fee.