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Comparison of techniques for measuring the water content of soil and other porous mediaGeorge, Brendan Hugh. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. Agr.)--University of Sydney, 1999. / Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 21, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture to the Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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Monitoring the water content evolution of dikes : Überwachung der Wassergehaltsentwicklung in DeichenRings, Jörg January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Diss., 2008.
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Characterization of Fiber Tapers for Fiber Devices and SensorsWang, Xiaozhen January 2012 (has links)
Fiber tapers have attracted much attention and have been successfully employed in various applications, ranging from resonators, filters, interferometers to sensors. This thesis studies the properties of fiber tapers for the purpose of making tapered-based devices and sensors in aerospace related application where small size and light weight are critical. This thesis includes theoretical derivation and experimental verifications of distributed mode coupling in tapered single-mode fibers (SMFs) with high-resolution optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique. The studies are realized with OFDR through phase detection of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which measures local refractive index change relative to the reference arm. The wavelength shifts converted by the phase change give the group index differences between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes of fiber tapers. The energy re-distribution is observed in Rayleigh backscatter amplitude as a function of fiber length with a ~13µm resolution over the entire fiber taper, and group index difference between core and cladding modes is measured with a spatial resolution of ~2cm by using autocorrelation data processing. The thermal and mechanical properties of fiber tapers have also been characterized with OFDR. The cross-correlation wavelength shift is related to the refractive index change of the modes. It is shown that residual stress induced by the tapering process results in the inhomogeneous thermal property, which can be significantly reduced by an annealing treatment. A fiber taper with a waist diameter of ~6µm has a force sensitivity of ~620.83nm/N, ~500 times higher than that of SMF. Furthermore, polarization-preserving character of tapered polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) is evaluated by OFDR-based distributed birefringence along tapered PMFs. Three tapered-based micro-fiber devices have been used as effective mode selecting components to build narrow-linewidth tunable Erbium-doped fiber ring lasers. The fabrication is easy and at a low cost. 1) a tapered fiber tip forms multimode interference mechanism; 2) a two-taper MZI has been demonstrated by splitting/combining the fundamental mode and higher-order modes through fiber tapers and is tuned by bending one taper waist; 3) a novel tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter, consisting of a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber and a micro-fiber, is employed in the reflection mode.
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Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensor Based on Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain ReflectometryRen, Meiqi January 2016 (has links)
In this thesis, the work focuses on developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensors based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). Three works have been accomplished to improve the performances of Φ-OTDR for distributed vibration sensing. Firstly, Φ-OTDR based on a polarization diversity scheme is demonstrated to mitigate the polarization mismatch effect occurring in traditional systems. A theoretical analysis is performed in different polarization cases corresponding to coherent and polarization diversity detection. Φ-OTDR based polarization diversity shows a great potential in the multi-events sensing application. Two vibration events are simultaneously detected and their signal to noise ratios are improved by 10.9 dB and 8.65 dB, respectively, compared to the results obtained by a conventional coherent scheme.
Intensity fluctuation in a phase-sensitive optical-time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) system caused by stochastic characteristics of Rayleigh backscattering has limited relative vibration strength measurement, which is proportional to dynamic strain. A trace-to-trace correlation coefficient is thus proposed to quantify the Φ-OTDR system stability and a novel approach of measuring the dynamic strain induced by various driving voltages of lead zicronate titanate (PZT) is demonstrated. Piezoelectric vibration signals are evaluated through analyzing peak values of the fast Fourier transform spectra at fundamental frequency and high-order harmonics based on Bessel functions. Experimental results show high correlation coefficients and good stability of our Φ-OTDR system, as well as the small measurement uncertainty of measured peak values.
To reduce the intra-band noise caused by the finite extinction ratio of optical pulses, Φ-OTDR based on high extinction ratio generation is studied. Two methods are developed for achieving high extinction ratio of optical pulse generation. One of the approaches is to synchronize two cascaded electro-optic modulators to achieve high extinction ratio operation. The other one is to use the nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror as an optical switch to suppress the continuous wave portion of optical pulse. The sensing range of 1.8 km and 8.4 km with corresponding spatial resolution of 0.5 m and 2 m have been demonstrated based on cascaded two electro-optic modulators and nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror setup, respectively.
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Effect of clay type and clay content on moisture content and bulk soil electrical conductivity as measured using time domain reflectometryLiaghat, Abdolmajid January 1993 (has links)
No description available.
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Use of time domain reflectometry to monitor water content and electrical conductivity of saline soilEntus, Jonathan January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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The use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) to determine and monitor non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLS) in soilsQuafisheh, Nabil M. January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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A comparative study of inclinometers and time domain reflectometry for slope movement analysisSargent, Lisa M. January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Monitoring Slope Stability Problems Utilizing Electrical and Optical TDRMomand, Farid A. January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Ultrasonic-time-domain-reflectometry as a real time non-destructive visualisation technique of concentration polarisation and fouling on reverse osmosis membranesKoen, Louis Johannes 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fouling is readily acknowledged as one of the most critical problems limiting the
wider application of membranes in liquid separation processes. A better
understanding of fouling layer formation and its monitoring is needed in order to
improve on existing cleaning techniques. Plant operation can be optimised if fouling
can be monitored by noninvasion means either on the plant itself or on an attached
monitoring device.
The overall scope of this research was to develop a non-destructive, real-time, in situ
visualisation technique or device for concentration polarisation and fouling layer
monitoring. Ultrasonic-time-domain-reflectometry (UTDR) was employed as a
visualisation technique to provide real-time characterisation of the fouling layer.
A 24 cm-long rectangular flat sheet aluminium cell was designed and used as
separation device for a desalination system. The experimental results obtained using
this module confirmed that there are an excellent correspondence between the flux
decline behaviour and the UTDR response from the membrane. The ultrasonic
technique could effectively detect fouling layer initiation and growth on the
membrane in real-time. In addition to the measurement of fouling, the ultrasonic
technique was also successfully employed for monitoring membrane cleaning. Since
no real-time permeation data is available during cleaning operations in industrial
applications, a UTDR monitoring device may prove to be a very valuable technique
in optimising cleaning strategies.
The technique was further tested on an 8-inch diameter spiral wrap industrial
module and good results were obtained. Stagnant zones, as well as flux flow
behaviour inside the module could be determined. However, more research IS
needed to fully understand the complex phenomena inside a spiral wrap module.
Overall, the UTDR technique and its use in monitoring devices have a major impact
in the membrane industry due to its extremely powerful capabilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Membraan-bevuiling of -verstopping is die grootste struikelblok wat die algemene
aanwending van membrane vir verskillende watersuiweringsprosesse negatief
beinvloed. 'n Beter begrip van membraan-bevuiling, asook beter metingsmetodes
daarvan is nodig om op bestaande skoonmaaktegnieke te verbeter.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van 'n nie-destruktiewe-in-lyn
visuele tegniek vir die meting van konsentrasie polarisasie en membraan-bevuiling.
Deur gebruik te maak van ultrasoniese klank golwe, is 'n tegniek ontwikkel wat 'n
direkte visuele aanduiding kon gee van die toestand van membraan-bevuiling binnein
die module.
'n Reghoekige aluminium-module, 24 cm lank, is ontwerp en gebou waarbinne die
membraan geplaas is vir die skeidingsproses. Resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n
uitstekende verband bestaan tussen die afname in permeaatvloei en die ultrasoniese
eggo vanaf die membraan. Die ultrasoniese tegniek kon die vorming van en toename
in membraan-bevuiling doeltreffend karakteriseer. In teenstelling hiermee, is die
tegniek ook suksesvol aangewend om die skoonmaak-proses van membrane te
ondersoek. Met min of geen data beskikbaar vir die skoonmaak-proses van
membrane in die industriële sektor, het die tegniek enorme potensiaal in die
optimisering van bestaande skoonmaak-tegnieke.
Die tegniek is verder aangewend op 'n industriële 8-duim deursnee spiraal-module
en goeie resultate is verkry. Stagnante sones asook vloed-vloei-patrone binne-in die
module kon suksesvol bepaal word. Baie navorsing is egter nog nodig om die
ingewikkelde data wat gegenereer word tydens die ondersoek van 'n spiraal-module
ten volle te verstaan.
Die enorme potensiaal en moontlikhede van die ultrasoniese tegniek kan die begin
wees van 'n revolusie in die membraan-industrie.
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