O objetivo do trabalho é pesquisar indicadores que possibilitem aos usuários interessados, acompanhar o desempenho econômico e social dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Comparar cada indicador em relação ao seu objetivo, formulação, abrangência, periodicidade, responsabilidade, limitação e disponibilidade. Posteriormente, selecionar os indicadores que se mostraram mais apropriados para mensurar a desigualdade sócio-econômica entre os municípios. Parte dos dados obtidos serão espacializados com a geração de mapas temáticos utilizando o aplicativo desenvolvido pelo DATASUS, do Ministério da Saúde. A geração e utilização de Indicadores Sociais e Econômicos espacializáveis, além de possibilitar o conhecimento das condições de vida de uma população, é uma ferramenta fundamental para orientar as políticas públicas no sentido de promover o bem-estar social dos munícipes. / The objective of this research is to search for indicators to enable interested users to monitor the economic and social performance of the São Paulo States Municipalities. Comparing each indicator in relation to its objective, formulation, comprehensiveness, timeliness, responsibility, control and availability. Afterwards, to select the indicators that were more appropriate to measure the socioeconomic inequality among these municipalities. Part of the obtained data will be spatialized with the generation of thematic maps using an application developed by DATASUS, the Ministry of Health. The generation and use of Social and Economic Indicators, in addition to providing the knowledge of populations living conditions, is a suitable tool to guide public policies to promote the citizens welfare.

Este trabalho, organizado sob a forma de dois artigos, faz uma análise da evolução da agropecuária do Brasil e dos EUA, respectivamente, de 1986 a 2004 e de 1960 a 2001, dando destaque à análise econométrica das principais variáveis que determinam a participação da agropecuária no PIB. Os EUA, no período de 1973 a 2001, apresentaram uma tendência decrescente da participação da agropecuária no PIB, e o Brasil apresentou este comportamento de 1986 a 1993, revertendo a tendência de 1993 a 2004, contrariando a tendência mundial apresentada na literatura. Por meio de gráficos, verifica-se o crescimento da produção física da agropecuária do Brasil e dos EUA para os respectivos períodos, com grande crescimento da produtividade total dos fatores. Esta última, nos EUA, se associa com a presença de subsídios governamentais à agropecuária. Para o caso brasileiro, o crescimento da participação da agropecuária no PIB ocorreu com grande influência da elevação da relação de preços recebidos/preços pagos, variável que apresentou comportamento descendente no caso dos EUA. Baseado em um modelo contábil que explicita as variáveis que determinam a participação da agropecuária no PIB, um modelo econométrico é definido e estimado para ambos os países. Constata-se que as principais variáveis determinantes da participação da agropecuária no PIB (em ordem decrescente), para o Brasil, no período de 1993 a 2004, são: a produtividade da indústria, a razão preços recebidos/ preços pagos pela agropecuária, a produtividade da agropecuária e a participação defasada da agropecuária no PIB; e para os EUA, no período de 1973 a 2001, são: a relação de preços recebidos/ preços pagos pela agropecuária, o valor defasado dessa participação e a Produtividade Total dos Fatores - PTF da agropecuária. / Organized in two papers, this dissertation analyzes the evolution of agriculture in the Brazil and the USA from 1986 to 2004 and from 1960 to 2001, respectively. Special attention is paid to an econometric analysis of the main variables that determine the participation of agriculture in the Brazilian and the US agriculture. From 1973 to 2001, agriculture had a downward trend in the US gross domestic product (GDP). The same trend had happened in Brazil from 1986 to 1993, but it reversed from 1993 to 2004, what is clearly different from the worldwide trend. Dataset organized in graphs show a steady increase of physical production in both Brazilian and US agricultures during the time periods above mentioned, followed by the increase of total factor productivity. The latter at the USA is closely related to the grants of Federal subsidies. The enlargement of received prices/paid prices ratio in Brazil play an important role in the growth of agriculture\'s participation in the GDP, while the downward trend of this variable at the USA helps to explain the decrease of agriculture\'s participation in the US GDP. An accounting model is developed to diagnose the main variables that determine the agriculture\'s participation in a country\'s GDP and an econometric model is derived from this accounting model. Running the econometric model to Brazil from 1993 to 2004, the main variables determining the agriculture\'s participation in the GDP (counting down) are: industrial productivity, received/paid prices ratio, agriculture productivity and lagged value of agriculture\'s participation in the GDP. The same analysis to the USA, using dataset from 1973 to 2001, shows the main variables to be: received/paid prices ratio, lagged value of agriculture\'s participation in the GDP and total factor productivity of agriculture.

This master thesis deals with the assessment of fiscal policy in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and the United States. The goal of this work is to evaluate the effect of fiscal expansion on the real economy and the country's debt. The first part deals with the theoretical definition of fiscal policy. The next section describes the main macroeconomic indicators of selected countries. The final section is devoted to assessing the effectiveness of specific fiscal stimulus and evaluating their impact on unemployment, the growth rate of GDP and public debt.

Amplamente relacionado à forma com que os indivíduos valorizam as temáticas humanas, sociais e econômicas, o bem-estar pode ser vislumbrado sob diferentes aspectos, no entanto, todos intimamente atrelados entre si. Uma das formas de se observar o bem-estar é através da dimensão econômica, cujo enfoque é direcionado aos elementos que proporcionam maior nível de comodidade econômica e satisfação individual ou coletiva. Tendo em vista a importância de indicadores para subsidiar a implementação e monitoramento de políticas públicas, assim como disponibilizar informações transparentes à população, a construção de um índice de bem-estar econômico que busque captar a realidade econômica e regional dos estados brasileiros se justifica. Considerando o exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo a construção de um Índice de Bem-Estar Econômico (IBEE) para as unidades da federação brasileira, considerando os anos de 2002 e 2008. Especificamente, buscou-se verificar os níveis de bem-estar econômico e de seus sub-componentes nos anos de 2002 e 2008, além de compará-los entre os estados brasileiros. Ademais, fez-se a proposta de analisar comparativamente os resultados do IBEE em relação aos valores apresentados pelo PIB per capita. Por fim, objetivou-se a estimação do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) a partir da substituição da variável renda que o compõe pelos valores obtidos no cômputo do IBEE, de forma a avaliar possíveis diferenças entre o IDH calculado de maneira convencional e o IDH modificado (IDH-M). O índice proposto foi composto por quatro dimensões distintas: Fluxos de Consumo, Riqueza Real Legado Intergeracional, Equidade e Seguridade Econômica. Os principais resultados demonstraram que, independentemente da ponderação utilizada, Santa Catarina foi o estado brasileiro que apresentou o maior bem-estar econômico em relação aos demais. Por outro lado, Alagoas foi o estado com pior desempenho, ocupando a última posição do ranking em todas as análises. A comparação entre o PIB per capita e o IBEE mostrou que, com exceção do Distrito Federal, todos os estados apresentaram o índice de bem-estar superior ao PIB per capita. Além disso, observou-se que o Distrito Federal perde sua vantagem quando considerados outros aspectos relacionados ao bem-estar econômico. Ademais, verificou-se que não há um comportamento regular entre os dois indicadores, ou seja, não é possível afirmar que um estado com elevado PIB por indivíduo necessariamente apresentará altos níveis de bem-estar econômico e vice-versa. A análise do IDH e do IDH-M permitiu observar que todas as unidades da federação apresentaram estimativas do índice modificado inferior ao IDH, sugerindo uma possível superestimação ao ser utilizada a renda per capita para estimação do acesso a recursos econômicos. Desta forma, a partir da necessidade de construção de uma medida sintética de bem-estar econômico, o IBEE apresenta-se como um índice capaz de mensurar de maneira mais adequada os distintos aspectos associados a um padrão de vida decente. / A way to evaluate the well-being of a society is through economic dimensions, which focuses directly on the elements that provide higher level of economic comfort, and individual or collective satisfaction. Given the importance of indicators to support the implementation and monitoring of public policies, as well as to provide clear information to the population, the elaboration of an index of economic well-being that seeks to capture the economic and regional reality of the Brazilian states is justified. The objective of this study is to build an Index of Economic Well-Being (IEWB) for the Brazilian federation units, considering the years 2002 and 2008. Specifically, we determine the levels of economic well-being and their sub-components in the years 2002 and 2008. Furthermore, we analyze comparatively the results of the IEWB in relation to the values presented by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Finally, we estimate the Human Development Index (HDI) by substituting its \"income\" variable by the values obtained for the IEWB in order to evaluate possible differences between the standard HDI and the modified HDI (HDI-M). The proposed index was composed of four distinct dimensions: \"Consumption Flows\", \"Real Wealth Intergenerational Legacy\", \"Equity\" and \"Economic Security\". The main results demonstrated that, independently of the weights attributed in the index, Santa Catarina was the Brazilian state that revealed the highest economic well-being in relation to the others. On the other hand, Alagoas was the worst state. The comparison between GDP per capita and IEWB showed that, except for the Federal District, all states presented index of well-being greater than GDP per capita. In addition, it was observed that the Federal District loses its advantages when considering other aspects related to economic well-being. Moreover, it was found that there is not a regular behavior between the two indicators, consequently, it is not possible to assure that a state with a high GDP per capita will necessarily exhibit high levels of economic well-being and vice versa. The analysis of the HDI and the HDI-M allowed to observe that all federation units presented estimates of the modified index lower than the HDI, suggesting a possible overestimation when income per capita is used to evaluate the access to economic resources. Therefore, considering the necessity to construct a synthetic measure to determine the economic well-being, the IEWB demonstrated to be capable to measure more adequately the distinguished aspects associated with a decent standard of living.

The main objective of this research paper is to find the association between unemployment rate and GDP growth which is presented empirically by Arthur Okun’s in early 1960s. For this purpose I have used annual time series data during the period 1981-2005 of Pakistan. I applied difference version of Okun’s law which is more appropriate to access results directly from empirical data. In order to find long run relation between the variables I used Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to find the short term behavior of GDP growth to its long run value. This paper verifies negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth and both variables have long run relation with each other. Moreover GDP growth will adjust more quickly towards equilibrium in the long run.

Recent studies of the environmental Kuznets curve raise questions regarding the relationship between environmental indicators and GDP and the fundamental reasons that explain this relationship. In response, this thesis presents one-sector and two-sector models to analyze the alternative causal relationships between an environmental indicator and GDP at different stages of economic development. These models analyze how economic scale, technology, preferences, and economic structure influence the causality and shape of the relationship. These theoretical studies are followed by two empirical studies. The first tests the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in Canadian manufacturing industries. The second explores several factors as the fundamental causes that influence the CO2 emissions in the same industries. Factors, such as economic scale, preferences, technological progress, structural change, and energy input, are found to be crucial in the determination of CO2 emissions. The empirical results are positive, but there are data limitations. The empirical studies can be re-evaluated as more data becomes available.

The economic crisis of 2007 has had debilitating effects on the global economy, affecting GDP growth, unemployment and trade to name a few. In response to these economic effects, numerous policy interventions were implemented. There are various existing time-series methods available to determine better estimates of GDP growth rates, one of which is Stein’s Paradox which uses observed averages to estimate unobservable quantities which are closer to the true unknown GDP growth rates or theta (θ) in order to determine better growth rates post the economic crisis. The resulting James-Stein estimator (z) is said to be better than the arithmetic average, and thus a closer approximation to the true GDP growth rates which are unobservable. This dissertation analyses the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the global economy, with specific reference to South Africa and America, and their corresponding policy interventions to determine the growth trajectory after the crisis. The main objective is to determine if better estimates of GDP growth can be calculated using Stein’s Paradox, across a sample of 30 countries, using quarterly GDP growth for the period 2005 to 2008. Annual GDP data was also used for the period 2009-2011, and future GDP growth rates were forecasted for the period 2012 to 2016. To reinforce the Stein’s Paradox, the Monte Carlo study is undertaken. It is used to determine how the James-Stein estimates perform under different conditions using a common c or unique c, and to determine which condition will provide more accurate GDP growth rates (Muthen. 2002). Analysis of time series data across a sample of 30 countries using Stein’s Paradox provided better estimates of GDP growth rates than the individual average growth rates for each country based on the lower standard deviation and total squared error of estimation achieved. This shows that the results are closer to theta and have a smaller amount of error, particularly when a common c was used. The Monte Carlo results indicate that better GDP growth rates are achieved when using a common c instead of a unique c given that a smaller standard deviation and variance is derived. Therefore the Monte Carlo study aims to reinforce or verify Stein’s Paradox. The study also indicates that emerging and developing countries seem to be the driving forces of growth in the future, while developed countries seem to be lagging behind. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Ο τουρισμός συνιστά ένα ιδιόμορφο φαινόμενο λόγω της προσωρινής μεταβατικής κατάστασης που βρίσκεται ο επισκέπτης, ο οποίος ενεργοποιεί τον τουρισμό. Εχει ποικίλες επιπτώσεις, και λόγω του μεγέθους του, οι επιπτώσεις αυτές είναι πλέον αρκετά σημαντικές. Ιδιαίτερου ενδιαφέροντος αποτελούν οι οικονομικές επιπτώσεις του τουρισμού, ειδικά στις οικονομίες υποδοχής επισκεπτών. Στην παρούσα εργασία, κατόπιν της ανάπτυξης του αναγκαίου θεωρητικού υποβάθρου, επιδιώκεται η ανάπτυξη ενός μεθοδολογικού μοντέλου για την, κατά το δυνατό,πιο άμεση και ορθή εκτίμηση αυτών των οικονομικών επιπτώσεων. Το προτεινόμενο μοντέλο κάνει χρήση στατιστικών δεδομένων τα οποία ήδη συλλέγονται απο τις αρμόδιες υπηρεσίες, και έτσι το κόστος του είναι ελάχιστο. / Tourism is a peculiar phenomenon due to the temporary transitional situation of visitors, which are the ones who make tourism to exist. Tourism has various effects, and because of its size, tourism impacts are now significant. Of particular interest are the economic impacts of tourism, especially in economies that host visitors. In this project, after developing the necessary theoritical background, it is develop a methodological model for the most possible direct and accurate assessment of these economic impacts. The proposed model makes use of statistical data already collected by the relevant authorities, what minimizes the cost.

The diploma thesis deals with the labour productivity in an international context. The aim of this thesis is to map the development of labour productivity in individual countries of the European Union and to evaluate how labour productivity contributes to the economic growth of individual states. The theoretical part is focused on labour productivity and economic growth. The practical part analyses labour productivity and economic growth of individual EU member states. Consequently, it is pointed out the interdependence of labour productivity and economic growth. The impact of labour productivity on economic growth is examined through regression analysis. The result of the thesis is the division of states into countries where labour productivity affects economic growth and states where it is not. Labour productivity and economic growth are assessed over the period 2007-2016.

Parcerias entre governo e organizações sociais tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta para a execução de políticas públicas. Com a interdependência dos atores, a relação entre público e privado é remodelada constantemente, o que faz emergir novas formas de ação social coordenada ou governança. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor ao Governo do Estado de Roraima a adoção de uma ferramenta semelhante à Rede Parceria Social (RPS), utilizada pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de indicar caminhos para a conquista de mais e melhores oportunidades e qualidade de vida, sobretudo mostrar que direta e indiretamente essa nova ferramenta de gestão de redes reflete no aumento do PIB, ou seja, no crescimento da economia e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento econômico do Estado de Roraima. A revisão da literatura abordou o desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o desenvolvimento local e seus desdobramentos, a gestão de redes, políticas públicas e o terceiro setor. Apresentou-se a RPS e seus impactos sobre a economia gaúcha, com base no estudo realizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Rio Grande do Sul. Com fundamento no trabalho da FEE, constatou-se que a adoção de uma ferramenta de gestão semelhante à RPS é de grande valia para o alcance dos objetivos socioeconômicos propostos pelo Governo de qualquer estado, inclusive o Estado de Roraima, sendo o primeiro passo a criação de uma lei que institua um programa de apoio à inclusão e promoção social (no Rio Grande do Sul: Lei da Solidariedade – Lei nº 11.853/2002), uma lei de incentivo fiscal para empresas que desejam investir em projetos sociais. Nesse sentido, o Governo do Estado de Roraima precisa “abrir os olhos” para oportunidades como esta que, além de contribuírem para a justiça social e solidariedade, podem gerar impactos positivos na economia, ou seja, aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), “primeiro passo” para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. / Partnerships between government and social organizations have become an important tool for the implementation of public policies. With the interdependence of the actors, the relationship between public and private sectors is constantly remodeled, which brings out new forms of social action coordinated or governance. This dissertation aims to propose to the government of Roraima state to adopt a similar tool to the Social Partnership Network (SPN), used by the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to indicate ways to conquer more and better opportunities and quality of life, particularly directly and indirectly show that this new network management tool reflected in GDP growth, ie growth of the economy and consequently in the economic development of the State of Roraima. The literature review addressed the economic development, in particular, local development and its consequences, network management, public policy and the third sector. Presented to the SPN and its impact on the economy of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, based on a study by the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (FES) in Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the work of the FES, it was found that the adoption of a tool management similar to SPN is of great value to the achievement of socioeconomic goals proposed by the government of any state, including the state of Roraima, the first step being the creation of a law to implement a program to support and promote social inclusion (in Rio Grande do Sul: Solidarity Act - Law No. 11.853/2002), a law of tax incentives for companies that wish to invest in social projects. In this sense, the government of Roraima state needs to “open your eyes” for opportunities like this that, in addition to contributing to social justice and solidarity, can generate positive impacts on the economy, ie, increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), “first step” to improve the quality of life of society.