We observe that the location of non-primary production activities is concentrated among cities and regions. The pattern of domestic and international trade and the growth of a nation are intimately related to the country’s regional and urban structure. The theoretical and empirical essays in this dissertation analyze the consequences of these observations, seeking to determine the influence of cities on national growth and vice versa. Chapter 1 models locales which produce goods for trade outside the locale’s boundaries. I use a model that assumes monopolistic competition in both service and traded goods sectors to study the impact of both a localization externality and a nation-based externality. The localization externality is related to innovation that occurs because of agglomeration in a locale. The nation-based externality reflects the idea that some nations promote competitive industries more successfully than do others. The model highlights the “success breeds success” (or “failure breeds failure”) pattern associated with economies in various stages of economic development. Many current models in urban economics assume that cities are highly specialized in the production of goods and services, and that specialization leads to growth of output and employment; Chapter 1 yields such a result. Chapter 2 is an econometric study examining those assumptions. Using a set of 63 of the largest and potentially most specialized cities in the United States, I study data for some 40 industries and sectors in the years 1947, 1956, 1970, 1980, and 1990; I have divided the data into two periods, 1947 to 1970 and 1970 to 1990, for analyzing dynamic growth patterns. I find that static specialization is less evident in U.S. cities over time. I also find that what specialization does exist in a city is not necessarily associated with growth in an industry in a city. For some industries, increased specialization is associated with negative growth. Overall, growth in an industry in a city is more often associated with a growing labor force in that city, which I interpret as an indication of the importance of diversity. A change in the distribution of city sizes in an economy is a potential indicator of change in that economy’s structure. I consider several methods of measuring change in the city size distribution in the United States in this century, and conclude that the distribution is becoming more concentrated over that time period. I use both parametric and non-parametric distributional approaches to study the dynamics of the evolution of the U.S. city size distribution. I find that the balance between manufacturing and service sector employment, agricultural land values and the prime interest rate have statistically significant effects on the changing distribution. / Ph. D.

On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of China's economic transition, this thesis deals with several facets of the integration of Chinese domestic market over such an exciting era. Chapter 1 discusses first a variety of institutional reforms aimed at reinforcing the central control over regional affairs and improving the integration of domestic market. Several stylised facts about the local protectionism, which come from a recent survey implemented by a respected institution, are also illustrated in the chapter. Chapter 2 offers a brief review of the literature relative to China's internal integration. Generally speaking, the studies have proceeded along six major lines: similarity of production structure, price convergence, synchronization of business cycles, domestic trade linkages, interregional capital mobility and population migration. Chapter 3 examines the trade pattern within China. In the spirit of McCallum (1995), we find that after controlling for various traditional gravity factors, the trade flows within a Chinese province are 23 to 28 times as dense as those between provinces over the period of 1992-2003. Such findings suggest a highly fragmented product market within China. A trend toward market integration is, however, derived from the evolution analysis. The regressions by sub-period samples show that since the mid-1990s, the magnitudes of border effects have exhibited a dramatic decline. Chapter 4 investigates the capital mobility and capital allocation efficiency among Chinese provinces. We show first that the provincial savings and investment rates are significantly and positively correlated over the period of 1978-2006. According to the Feldstein-Horioka's argument (1980), this relationship can be interpreted as evidence of low capital mobility. Furthermore, by testing the causality between provincial aggregate investment and income, we fail to provide consistent evidence to support the hypothesis of efficient capital allocation in China. Chapter 5 addresses the labor force migration among Chinese regions. After a short introduction of reforms of hukou system, we derive a simple wage gap equation including education level, market potential and provincial border indicator as explaining variables. In using city and sector-level data, we find that other things being equal, the wage dispersions within provincial borders are significantly less pronounced than those among provinces over the period of 2003-2005. According to the law of one price, such findings imply a weak mobility of labor force among provinces.

A presente dissertação visa contribuir com o debate sobre a História da Urbanização no período colonial, elegendo como estudo de caso a Vila de Cunha entre os anos de 1776 a 1817. Objetivamos espacializar, na macro escala, a rede de relações inter-regionais estabelecidas entre os moradores da região de Cunha com outras áreas, descortinando um efervescente mercado interno de gêneros alimentícios entre as vilas de serra acima e os portos da marinha, especialmente Paraty e o Rio de Janeiro. Na microescala, espacializa os moradores e suas atividades produtivas no Termo, no Rocio e no \"Bairro da Vila\", demostrando a interdependência entre o periurbano, os arrabaldes e o urbano propriamente dito. Nesse sentido, lançamos mão de uma série de documentos manuscritos, tais como, Cartas de Sesmarias, Documentos Cartográficos Ofícios, Maços de População e as Décimas Urbanas para desvendar quais foram as diferentes modalidades de ocupação desse território, quais atividades eram desenvolvidas ali, quais relações esses indivíduos estabeleceram na lógica da rede urbana e como essas relações rebateram no intraurbano de Cunha, implicando na formação de uma materialidade e de teias alinhavadas entre o núcleo urbano, o Rocio e o Termo. / This present dissertation comes to contribute to the debate about the History of Urbanization in the colonial period, electing as a study the Vila de Cunha\'s case between the years 1776 and 1817. We objectify the spatialization, in its several scales of analysis, the social processes (understood in their political, economic and cultural dimensions) arising from the relations in stuck nets by the people who live in Cunha and the materiality as result of this process. This way we resorted many manuscript documents, such as \"Sesmarias\' letters\", Cartographic Documents, Packets of People and the Tenth Urbans to unravel the different modalities of occupying that territory, the activities that were developed there, the kinds of relations those people established in the urban\'s net logic, and how these relations helped contesting on the interurban of Cunha implying in the generation of a materialization and prepared wefts between the urban core, farms, and the deadline.

A presente dissertação visa contribuir com o debate sobre a História da Urbanização no período colonial, elegendo como estudo de caso a Vila de Cunha entre os anos de 1776 a 1817. Objetivamos espacializar, na macro escala, a rede de relações inter-regionais estabelecidas entre os moradores da região de Cunha com outras áreas, descortinando um efervescente mercado interno de gêneros alimentícios entre as vilas de serra acima e os portos da marinha, especialmente Paraty e o Rio de Janeiro. Na microescala, espacializa os moradores e suas atividades produtivas no Termo, no Rocio e no \"Bairro da Vila\", demostrando a interdependência entre o periurbano, os arrabaldes e o urbano propriamente dito. Nesse sentido, lançamos mão de uma série de documentos manuscritos, tais como, Cartas de Sesmarias, Documentos Cartográficos Ofícios, Maços de População e as Décimas Urbanas para desvendar quais foram as diferentes modalidades de ocupação desse território, quais atividades eram desenvolvidas ali, quais relações esses indivíduos estabeleceram na lógica da rede urbana e como essas relações rebateram no intraurbano de Cunha, implicando na formação de uma materialidade e de teias alinhavadas entre o núcleo urbano, o Rocio e o Termo. / This present dissertation comes to contribute to the debate about the History of Urbanization in the colonial period, electing as a study the Vila de Cunha\'s case between the years 1776 and 1817. We objectify the spatialization, in its several scales of analysis, the social processes (understood in their political, economic and cultural dimensions) arising from the relations in stuck nets by the people who live in Cunha and the materiality as result of this process. This way we resorted many manuscript documents, such as \"Sesmarias\' letters\", Cartographic Documents, Packets of People and the Tenth Urbans to unravel the different modalities of occupying that territory, the activities that were developed there, the kinds of relations those people established in the urban\'s net logic, and how these relations helped contesting on the interurban of Cunha implying in the generation of a materialization and prepared wefts between the urban core, farms, and the deadline.

In the present dissertation, we study the United States’ domestic trade and domesticmigration with special focus on Politics, Foreign Import and Size. This study sheds light on the literature of International Economics, Regional Economics, and Development Economics. In Chapter 1, using a Gravity model for trade between the U.S. states and employing CFS data of the year 1993 - 2017, we find that politically and economically similar states trade more among themselves. We use three different definitions of political similarity based on election outcomes, and they all give similar results. For economic similarities, we follow the literature on Linder’s hypothesis. In Chapter 2, by using the same CFS data and Gravity model which we have used in Chapter 1, we analyze the impact of foreign imports by the States on their domestic exports. We find fairly strong support for our hypothesis that foreign imports promote domestic exports. We carry out a series of robustness checks, and the qualitative results remain the same. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of size on the U.S. inter-state migration over the period of 1998-2017 employing structural gravity model of migration. We use population, GDP and Land area as a proxy to measure the size of the states. We find that people are moving from big states to small states. We find that the American’s are moving from big states to small states. We also find that increase in income tax as a proportion of population in U.S. states, positively affect the interstate migration in the origin state but negatively affect the destination state.

No description available.

A l'occasion du trentième anniversaire de la transition économique de la Chine, ma thèse traite de plusieurs aspects de l'intégration du marché intérieur chinois au cours de cette époque passionnante. Le chapitre 1 donne d’abord un aperçu des réformes institutionnelles visant à renforcer le contrôle d’Etat à l’égard des affaires régionales et promouvoir l’intégration du marché chinois entreprises depuis 1978. Des faits stylisés récents de la protection locale révélés par une enquête sont ensuite illustrés. Le chapitre 2 présente une revue rapide de la littérature relative à l’intégration économique entre régions chinoises. En général, ces travaux peuvent être regroupés en six volets principaux: similarité de la structure de production; convergence des prix; synchronisation des cycles d’activité; commerce domestique; mobilité inter-régionale des capitaux ; et migration interne. Le chapitre 3 étudie le commerce domestique en Chine. Dans l’esprit de McCallum (1995), nous montrons qu’en contrôlant diverses variables gravitationnelles classiques, les flux commerciaux à l’intérieur d’une province sont 23 à 28 fois plus intenses que les flux inter-provinciaux pendant la période 1992-2003. Ces résultats donnent une indication de la fragmentation du marché des marchandises entre provinces chinoises. Néanmoins, à partir des régressions par sous-période, ces barrières commerciales liées aux frontières provinciales ont connu un déclin manifeste depuis le milieu des années 90. Le chapitre 4 se penche sur la mobilité et l’efficacité allocative des capitaux entre les provinces chinoises. Tout d’abord, nous mettons en évidence que les taux d’épargne et d’investissement provinciaux sont significativement corrélés durant la période 1978-2006. Selon l’argument de Feldstein et Horioka (1980), ces résultats s’interprètent comme une indication de faible mobilité inter-provinciale des capitaux. De surcroît, en détectant la causalité entre l’investissement agrégé et le revenu provinciaux, nous établissons l’efficacité médiocre de l’affectation des capitaux au sein de Chine. Le chapitre 5 porte sur les migrations des mains-d’œuvre entre les régions chinoises. Après une brève présentation des réformes du système de hukou, nous proposons un modèle expliquant les différentiels de salaire avec l’indicateur de frontière provinciale. A partir des statistiques enregistrées par ville et par secteur, nous montrons que la dispersion salariale à l’intérieur d’une province est significativement moins prononcée que la dispersion inter-provinciale durant la période de 2003-2005, toutes choses égales d’ailleurs. Selon la loi du prix unique, telles distorsions liées aux frontières provinciales suggèrent une faible mobilité des mains-d’œuvre entre les provinces chinoises. / On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of China’s economic transition, this thesis deals with several facets of the integration of Chinese domestic market over such an exciting era. Chapter 1 discusses first a variety of institutional reforms aimed at reinforcing the central control over regional affairs and improving the integration of domestic market. Several stylised facts about the local protectionism, which come from a recent survey implemented by a respected institution, are also illustrated in the chapter. Chapter 2 offers a brief review of the literature relative to China’s internal integration. Generally speaking, the studies have proceeded along six major lines: similarity of production structure, price convergence, synchronization of business cycles, domestic trade linkages, interregional capital mobility and population migration. Chapter 3 examines the trade pattern within China. In the spirit of McCallum (1995), we find that after controlling for various traditional gravity factors, the trade flows within a Chinese province are 23 to 28 times as dense as those between provinces over the period of 1992-2003. Such findings suggest a highly fragmented product market within China. A trend toward market integration is, however, derived from the evolution analysis. The regressions by sub-period samples show that since the mid-1990s, the magnitudes of border effects have exhibited a dramatic decline. Chapter 4 investigates the capital mobility and capital allocation efficiency among Chinese provinces. We show first that the provincial savings and investment rates are significantly and positively correlated over the period of 1978-2006. According to the Feldstein-Horioka’s argument (1980), this relationship can be interpreted as evidence of low capital mobility. Furthermore, by testing the causality between provincial aggregate investment and income, we fail to provide consistent evidence to support the hypothesis of efficient capital allocation in China. Chapter 5 addresses the labor force migration among Chinese regions. After a short introduction of reforms of hukou system, we derive a simple wage gap equation including education level, market potential and provincial border indicator as explaining variables. In using city and sector-level data, we find that other things being equal, the wage dispersions within provincial borders are significantly less pronounced than those among provinces over the period of 2003-2005. According to the law of one price, such findings imply a weak mobility of labor force among provinces.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:57:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação analisa o efeito fronteira do Brasil e de suas regiões para o ano de 1999. O efeito fronteira indica o viés do comércio doméstico em comparação com o comércio internacional. Esse efeito foi estimado empiricamente, utilizando-se dados de corte seccional, em um modelo gravitacional com os 26 estados brasileiros, mais o Distrito Federal e 40 países. Apesar de o Brasil ter se engajado em um processo de abertura comercial, como o ocorrido durante a década de 90, e ter participado de Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio importantes como o Mercosul, constatou-se que o país e algumas de suas regiões apresentam elevados custos de fronteira. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o comércio entre estados brasileiros é 33 vezes superior ao comércio internacional desses estados. Para as regiões brasileiras, o efeito fronteira das regiões Norte e Nordeste, é significativamente maior daquele observado nas regiões Sul e Sudeste / This paper analyzes the border effect for Brazilian goods market and its regions in 1999. The border effect indicates the bias for domestic trade compared with international trade. This effect was quantified empirically by using cross-sectional data in a gravitational model for twenty-six Brazilian states plus the Federal District and forty other countries. Despite Brazil's involvement in commercial opening in the 90's, as well as important regional trade agreements such as Mercosul, we noticed that Brazil and some of its regions have high crossborder costs. The finding results of this equation suggest a trade 33 times higher between Brazilian states than the international trade of these states. Regarding each Brazilian region, the border effect found for intra-national trade among Northeast and North regions is significantly higher than the border effect for Southeast and Southern regions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Political Science, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-222).