Europeiska unionens (EU) konkurrenslagstiftning syftar till att upprätthålla effektiv konkurrens på EU:s inre marknad. På en marknad där det råder effektiv konkurrens sätts priserna av utbud och efterfrågan. En oligopolmarknad kännetecknas av att oligopolföretagen är ömsesidigt beroende av varandra och att det endast finns ett fåtal verksamma aktörer. På en oligopolmarknad kan fenomenet tyst samordning uppstå som innebär att oligopolföretag samordnar sina beteenden, utan att en uttrycklig överenskommelse har skett. Konsekvensen av tyst samordning är att oligopolföretagen kan höja sina priser, vilka blir högre än priserna på en marknad där det råder effektiv konkurrens. I rättspraxis, från både koncentrationsmål och mål om artikel 102 Fördraget om Europeiska unionensfunktionssätt (FEUF), har begreppet kollektiv dominerande ställning utvecklats. Det har i praxis fastslagits att begreppet “flera företag” i artikel 102 FEUF i innebär att två eller flera företag, som är oberoende av varandra i juridiskt hänseende, tillsammans kan uppträda eller agera ekonomiskt som en kollektiv enhet på marknaden. I analysen i denna uppsats framkommer följande för att en kollektiv dominerande ställning ska föreligga: De berörda företagen ska kunna uppträda eller agera som en kollektiv enhet vilket kräver att det föreligger ekonomiska bindningar mellan dem och dessa bindningar ska medföra att företagen kan agera oberoende av konkurrenter, kunder och konsumenter på marknaden. De ekonomiska bindningarna kan utgöras av strukturella bindningar, exempelvis avtal. Vidare krävs det ett genomförande av exempelvis ett avtal som får till följd att företagen kan agera som en kollektiv enhet. De ekonomiska bindningarna kan även utgöras av ett ömsesidigt beroendeförhållande mellan företagen. Två eller flera företag kan således inneha och missbruka en dominerande ställning enligt artikel 102 FEUF. Begreppet kollektiv dominerande ställning aktualiserar ofta en diskussion om artikel 101:s FEUF tillämpningsområde och förutsätter ofta en bedömning av tyst samordning. Tyst samordning är ett problem på oligopolmarknader eftersom det hämmar effektiv konkurrens, och det har sedan länge varit svårt för EU att hantera detta problem. Av analysen i denna uppsats framkommer att kriterierna för begreppet dominerande ställning är otydliga och svåra att bevisa. Vidare framkommer av analysen att dagens rättsläge inte medför att inriktningen på att förbjuda en dominerande ställning är ett effektivt sätt för att hindra konkurrensskadligt beteende på oligopolmarknader.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis addresses the relationships between beef cattle (Bos taurus) group behaviour on pasture, social dominance and individual characteristics such as body weight and age. The thesis is based on three studies performed in a herd of female beef cattle. In the first two studies, GPS collars were used as the main data-collection method, while the third study relied on an extensive dataset of cow dominance relationships. The first study focused on activity synchronization. We assessed whether cows similar to each other in body weight or in reproductive status were more synchronized and whether the timing of activity switches was determined by specific leading animals. We found that the body weight difference in a dyad of animals had a negative influence on their mutual synchronization. There were no leading animal initiating switches in activity. The second study focused on the role of dominant animals in group movements of the herd. There were positive correlations between dominance status of an individual and several measures of leadership during movements, namely the position of the animal at the front of the herd, more direct and shorter trajectories and higher alignment with nearest neighbours and with the whole herd. These results show that herd movements on pasture behaviour were...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This study was designed to test two hypotheses: I. Dominant and Deferent persons derive more satisfaction from working in a cooperative social climate than from working tn a competitive social climate. II. Dominant and Deferent subjects derive more satisfaction from working with co-workers whose needs are complementary to their own needs than from working with co-workers whose needs are similar to their own needs. These hypotheses were deductions from a conceptual framework based on Murray's need system. The task used in this experiment was a modified version of the Yerkes memory-reasoning task. It required the subjects to determine which switch positions on two switch boxes had to be selected in order to get all eight lights on identical panel boxes lighted once and only once. Ninety-six male college students were selected as subjects on the basis of scores they had obtained on a quasi-sociometric questionnaire designed to measure manifest needs Dominance and Deference. Forty-eight Dominant and forty-eight Deferent students were selected and assigned to groups so that three types of dyads were formed: one type composed of two Dominant persons, a second type composed of two Deferent persons, and a third type composed of one Dominant and one Deferent person. The first two types represent dyads where the needs of the co-workers are similar. The third type represents a dyad where the needs of the co-workers are complementary. For each type of dyad, half of the pairs were given cooperative and half were given competitive instructions. Thus six experimental conditions were formed. Assignment of subjects to conditions was determined by matching individuals and dyads on the basis of abstract-reasoning ability. Precautions were taken to prevent prior knowledge of co-worker, time when task was performed, and manner of administering instructions from affecting the results of this study. An end-of-session questionnaire was used to measure the dependent variable, satisfaction. Four types of satisfaction were measured: general satisfaction, satisfaction with the co-worker, satisfaction with the social climate, and satisfaction with the task. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 4 analysis of variance design was used to analyze the data collected. The first hypothesis was supported. The second hypothesis was not supported; in fact the relevant mean values were in a direction opposite to the one predicted. There were a number of significant findings which had not been predicted from the conceptual frame-work . It was discovered that Dominant persons consistently derive greater satisfaction than do Deferent persons and that the major contributors to the difference in level of satisfaction for these two groups are their reactions to the social climate and their reaction to the co-'trorkers. Dominant persons are more satisfied when they cooperate than when they compete regardless of whether the needs of the co--worker are similar to or complementary to their own. The Deferent person, however, derives more satisfaction from competition, but only if he is competing with another Deferent person; he prefers cooperation with either type co-worker to competition with a Dominant co-worker. In order to determine whether the unexpected findings occurred as a result of procedural shortcomings in the study, three procedural checks were made. These checks revealed that: (1) there were definite indications that subjects did interact during the experimental sessions in a manner consistent with their measured manifest needs, (2) one-third of the subjects indicated that they had not worked in a manner consistent with instructions given to establish the social climate and (3) over one-half of the subjects indicated that they had not correctly perceived these instructions. Findings two and three above led this writer to conclude that the results of this study can be accepted only if it is ascertained that the same results would have been obtained if the apparent misunderstandings and misperceptions of the social climate instructions had not existed. It was pointed out that such determination can be made only after future research had been conducted. Recommendations were made for such research where primary attention would be directed toward eliminating the procedural shortcomings of the present study. It was pointed out that specific theoretical modifications would be necessary in order to explain the results of future studies 'tvhich are consistent with the results of the present study. / 2031-01-01

This thesis presents a statistical approach which incorporates pedigree information in the form of relationship matrices into the analysis of standard agricultural genetic trials, where elite lines are tested. Allowing for the varying levels of inbreeding of the lines which occur in these types of trials, the approach involves the partitioning of the genetic effect of lines into additive genetic effects and non-additive genetic effects. The current methodology for creating relationship matrices is developed and in particular an approach to create the dominance matrix under full inbreeding in a more efficient manner is presented. A new method for creating the dominance matrix assuming no inbreeding is also presented. The application of the approach to the single site analyses of wheat breeding trials is shown. The wheat lines evaluated in these trials are inbred lines so that the total genetic effect of each of the lines is partitioned into an additive genetic effect and an epistatic genetic effect. Multi-environment trial analysis is also explored through the application of the approach to a sugarcane breeding trial. The sugarcane lines are hybrids and therefore the total genetic effect of each hybrid is partitioned into an additive genetic effect, a heterozygous dominance genetic effect and a residual non-additive genetic effect. Finally, the approach for inbred lines is examined in a simulations study where the levels of heritability and the genetic variation as a proportion of total trial variation is explored in single site analyses. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Social status is commonly established among individuals within groups of animals. Despite this common characteristic of social animals it is still unclear how individuals establish their status. I investigated the relationships between morphology, posture and behaviours with social status in red junglefowl hens. The hens tested were measured (weight, comb length, comb height and tarsus length) and exposed to three different behavioural tests (novel arena, novel object and interaction test). None of the morphological features were associated with social status. However, dominant hens initiated the first encounter in a dyad interaction and performed a higher proportion of aggressive encounters against the opponent. The dominant hens were also the ones displaying more spread tail feathers than the opponent after status being established. Aggressiveness and social status is strongly linked, showing that there is a scope of behaviours to affect the establishment of status.

Graduate

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1997. / Thesis advisor: Dr. Philip Halloran. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-28).