This research sought to use non-metric traits to better understand the relationship among burial samples at the southwestern Pennsylvania Campbell Farm site (36FA26). This study intended to discover whether the individuals at the site were related to each other, and focused on the non-metric traits observed within the population. One additional reason for the research was to test whether non-metric trait analysis is a reliable indicator of familial relationships on a small sample. With the information gained through data collection, a picture of familial lineage possibly may be better understood. The cranial and infra-cranial non-metric traits in the available sample were examined for either presence (1) or absence (0) for 15 adult females and nine adult males. The scoring as present or absent was selected because the traits can be scored on remains that are well preserved or poorly preserved compared to metric analysis. Chi square pairwise correlation and diversity measure tests were run to determine intertrait correlation and biological relatedness. The results suggest matrilocal residency, which has been proposed by archaeologists for Monongahela culture.

Poor preservation of the human skeletal remains on Cyprus has, in the past, limited palaeopathological analyses conducted. The research presented here has two main aims: (1) to explore the possibility of deriving useful information from the poorly preserved human remains from Chalcolithic Cyprus and the methodological adjustments required to do so, and (2) to discuss the health status of the human Chalcolithic populations in Southwest Cyprus, determining patterns in the expression of pathologies related to age, sex or burial location which, if present, may further elucidate aspects of lifeways within and amongst the living populations. These aims are achieved through a macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the pathological lesions on the human skeletal remains from the Souskiou-Laona cemetery, the Lemba-Lakkous and Kissonerga-Mosphilia settlement sites which all date to the Middle Chalcolithic period. This research presents one of the first comprehensive palaeopathological studies for the Chalcolithic period in Cyprus with multi-site data. Lesions arising from osteoarthritic processes, non-specific diseases and disorders as well as trauma, dental pathologies and congenital defects are recorded, analysed and discussed within the archaeological context. The results presented in this thesis show that information regarding prehistoric peoples can be drawn from poorly preserved remains and it goes further to explore the limitations to the interpretations which can be postulated. The analyses of the research indicate that there are moderate to low prevalence of pathological lesions observed on the Chalcolithic skeletal remains. There is differential expression between males and females in the joints affected by osteoarthritic changes and the types of dental pathologies suffered by each sex. This research contributes to the overall historiography of health and disease in Cyprus, by filling a lacuna for the Chalcolithic period. Additionally, it provides an illustration of some methodological modifications, such as qualitative discussion, needed when dealing with poorly preserved and commingled material in a palaeopathological study.

The naturally occurring evaporitic deposit natron was collected and used by the ancient Egyptians as a desiccating and preserving agent m intentional mummification. Natron is a naturally occurring compound obtained from different geographical areas and would be expected to have a different elemental composition. The elemental composition of individual samples and areas within the sample were measured by two bulk analytical techniques and a laser micro-probe technique.

This thesis investigates the life and work of the English painter Charles Sims RA (1873-1928). It takes the form of a monograph and examines key themes of Sims' career within a chronological framework. The study makes consistent reference to the Sims Archive — the artist's studio contents recently brought to light by the author in negotiation with the artist's family and currently in the possession of Northumbria University. For the first time Sims' working practices and motivations have been explored in detail, thus contributing to knowledge of this particular neglected painter and more generally allowing some additional insight into the problems besetting and opportunities afforded to British artists of his generation. Sims' career spanned a transitional period in British art history which is currently being reassessed by art historians: the debates surrounding the effects of European modernism on British art, the inevitable impact of the Great War and the search during the 1920s for a visual language appropriate to modern life. Sims negotiated disparate experiences and preoccupations in an interesting way, and produced a stylistically diverse body of work in his continued search, I argue, for an alternative to modern reality. He attempted the combination of ancient religions, past art and modern experience into pictorial idylls that were simultaneously familiar and unattainable. The thesis aims to explore Sims' inspiration and reassesses his career within the context of his better known contemporaries by cross-referencing information held in national and international collections, libraries and archives with the hitherto unseen material here.

Chitin, a homopolymer of ß-(1-4) linked N-acetyl D-glucosamine units, and its deacetylated derivative chitosan have unique properties that may allow their utilisation in a diverse array of high-value applications. Currently chitinous materials are commercially produced from the waste products of the seafood processing industry, this supply is seasonal and the extraction procedures required harsh, resulting in products with heterogeneous characteristics. In this work novel methods of extraction of chitinous material from the dry fungal biomass remaining from the large-scale fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum in the penicillin manufacturing industry were investigated, with the aim of avoiding or minimising the harsh chemical treatments. This work was carried out in partnership with Angel Biotechnology, who produce penicillin commercially and provided the waste biomass. It was determined that the chitinous material present in this biomass was too intractable for this to be a suitable commercial source of chitin, as large quantities of non-chitinous polysaccharide impurities remained in the product. Attempted enzymatic degradations of the fungal cell wall did not increase the level of purity of the extract. Comparison to other fungal sources of chitinous material indicated that P. chrysogenum does not provide the most efficient source of chitinous material. During the course of these studies it became apparent that there is no agreed literature procedure for the determination of the degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitinous material, this characteristic is essential in determining the physiochemical properties of the polymer. In reviewing the procedures available we concluded that (^15)N solid-state NMR offered the most reliable method, however, its use was limited by the low natural abundance of (^15)N. We therefore developed a novel, efficient and directed strategy for the (^15)N labelling of chitinous material in fungal cells walls. This allows the direct determination of the DDA of chitinous material in whole fungal cells without the need for lengthy extraction procedures. The whole cell CPMAS ssNMR techniques developed may find many applications, such as monitoring cell wall biogenesis in response to varying nutrient conditions. Additionally, this may allow the rapid screening of fungal species to determine the concentration and DDA of chitinous material.

The island of Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides contains five Late Mesolithic shell middens. This research uses ecological investigations on limpets (Patella spp.), periwinkles (Littorina littorea L.) and dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus L.) from the present Oronsay coast to aid an interpretation of the shellfish collection strategies of the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer populations, and to establish. the relative importance of the three shellfish species in their diet. Section A is devoted to ecological examinations of contemporary limpets, periwinkles and dogwhelks, and in Section B this information is applied to the midden shellfish. In chapter an examination is made of previous research into selected aspects of the ecology of the three species, which forms a necessary basis for the present research. In each species an examination is made into studies concerning population dynamics (reproduction and mortality), the distribution of the animals over the shore, growth, and the physiological ecology of body and shell development. Chapter 2 examines seasonal meat weight changes (ie body weights) in animals from an area of the present Oronsay coast at different tidal levels over a full year. For chapter 3 further fieldwork was carried out around the Oronsay coastline to examine the difference in population structure of the three species in varying coastal environments, and at different tidal levels. Attention was paid to variations in size in each of the species, and their relative proportions between sample sites. An examination was also made of shape distribution of limpets at different tidal levels. Chapter 4 makes comparisons between present Oronsay coastal environments and those of the Mesolithic, with relation to coastal morphology and exposure, and sea temperature, to assess the validity of using contemporary data to interpret activities on Mesolithic Oronsay. Section B begins with a brief synopsis of the main approaches that have previously been adopted in midden studies. Chapter 6 then uses information gained in chapter 3 to explain the size distribution of each species in the middens, the shape distribution of the midden limpets, and the relative proportions of the three species, in terms of the collection strategies of the midden dwellers. Interactions xix between the human predators and the shellfish populations will be reflected in the size-frequency structure of the midden shellfish from the base to the top of the middens. From sample columns in each midden an assessment is made of the intensity and periodicity of exploitation, and of the relative importance of each of the three shellfish species. Chapter 7 uses data from chapter 2 to reconstruct the relative proportions of meat weight provided by each shellfish species in the middens. Account is taken both of shellfish size, tidal position, and the varying amounts of meat which may have been obtained at different seasons. Seasonal changes in body weight are demonstrated in limpets, periwinkles and dogwhelks from the present Oronsay coast, which are related to their reproductive cycles and feeding intensities. When this information is applied to the midden shells, at each possible collection season limpets are shown to provide around 90% of the shellfish meat weight. On the modern coast the relative proportions of the three species vary greatly from different shore environments, yet in the middens there is a much greater uniformity in the relative numbers of the three species. There are no major changes in species composition or size upward through the middens, and it is argued that this indicates a fairly low intensity, regular exploitation.

This thesis represents the first stage of a projected complete edition of Camden's Remains. I offer here Camden's text for three chapters (Britain, Inhabitants, and the Wise Speeches) along with a textual apparatus. The General and Textual Introductions are based on a study of the whole book. The General Introduction examines the relation of the Remains to Camden's major work, the Britannia. It also contains a discussion of Camden's sources and the manner in which he handles his material. Briefly, I indicate the extent of Camden's contact with other historians and antiquarians and state whose libraries he had access to. Discussion is purposely brief because these and related matters have already been: treated in works by Linda van Norden, F. T. Levy, and May McKisack. A separate study of how and where Camden saw the manuscripts and books he used lies outside the scope of the thesis. To conclude the General Introduction I offer brief comments on Camden's style, his intentions, and the place of the Remains in relation to his two historical works. The Textual Introduction studies the evidence of the manuscripts and of the three editions in Camden's lifetime. The text is based on the edition of 1605. It adopts the authoritative revisions and additions of 1614 and 1623. The apparatus at the bottom of each page records substantive variants of the manuscripts, 1614, and 1623. It also records all departures from the copy text. Commentary for the two sections Britain and Inhabitants is confined to identifying sources and explaining points in the text. For the Wise Speeches, I attempt to trace the origin and development of each story and, where possible, to identify Camden's source or the tradition leading to Camden's version. In a number of cases it is possible to identify the particular manuscript or edition which Camden used and these have been noted. I indicate any changes Camden has made in the substance of a story and, in most cases, I present for comparison the text of the speech or aphorism. The Commentary was designed for the convenience of the general reader, hence some entries are no doubt fuller than an historian would need. Appendix A presents a selection of manuscript apophthegms which, for one reason or another, Camden chose not to print. They are not part of his final intentions. For this and other reasons, I offer them here, unannotated, simply as a sample of the contents of the manuscript. I hope to deal with the unpublished apophthegms separately at another time. Appendix B provides a table identifying all the material Camden added to the editions of 1614 and 1623.

碩士 / 臺北市立教育大學 / 視覺藝術學系碩士班 / 101 / Pain will pass and beauty will remain. This study explored the psychological pain that people experience after painful events, as well as the emotional changes and reactions associated with facing psychological pain. The aim is to express and capture feelings of being hurt through artistic forms; then, in the process of creation, self-heal the broken heart and allow creativity to sublimate these feelings and emotions. The process is cyclic. In life, we encounter many painful events, and need to learn to survive their impact and get back on track. The completion of the study will not be the end, but rather the beginning of a new life. The majority of the works are mainly Chinese ink paintings on India paper, interspersed with a number of mixed media works. The drawings are made using the techniques of Chinese ink painting strokes. The works comprise four series: 1. Sorrow, 2. Knot and Unknot, 3. Purification, and 4. Fusion. The former two series mainly represents hurt and pain through the elements of the heart and arteries. The images created are in darker and more grotesque colors, and the contents also tend towards being heart-wrenching and painful. The self-healing process starts from the latter two series, where flowers and ice are presented in relatively colorful and splendid works to signify the beauty of hope. The first and fourth series correspond to each other, as does the second with the third. Creation is inspired from one’s own experiences, feelings and lessons learned. The pain buried deep within is expressed as unspoken words are transformed into images and shapes. Through this venue, the contents of creation and the creative process itself both help us to better understand ourselves, explore ourselves and come to terms with ourselves in order to achieve a self-healing effect.

An ethnographic approach is used to produce a nuanced investigation of the efforts of the Haida First Nation in British Columbia, Canada, to repatriate the human remains of their ancestors from collections around the world. The result is a contextualisation of Haida repatriation within values and structures of kinship—a position that stands in contrast to the frequent use of political or legalistic frameworks to understand repatriation issues. Incorporating Haida sensibilities toward kinship relations is necessary as analyses based in colonial or post-colonial encounters fail to account for the full range of motivating factors, which include the Haida value of yahgudangang (‘to pay respect’ and ‘to be fit for respect’) and the agency of ancestors after death. Furthermore, it is argued that kinship is the predominant structure through which Haidas experience identity, history and memory. Repatriation is therefore approached as a collective space in which kinship and memories are created, as well as a collective space in which remembering occurs. In order to understand how the individual elements comprising the repatriation process reflect and foster the construction of kinship, the expectations and obligations that exist within matrilineages and between moieties are traced, as is their material manifestation in objects, as well as tangible and ephemeral property. The sharing of embodied experiences between generations as a consequence of Haidas’ participation in the process of repatriation is shown to augment collective memory and family histories. The ways in which repatriation is incorporated within individual and collective narratives are explored as a further means of understanding the dynamic between the production of kinship, memory and identity. Avenues for expanding the current findings on repatriation, the connections between memory and kinship, and Northwest Coast scholarship more generally are presented.

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