A qualitative case study was conducted to determine whether major donors to an institution of higher education that existed to prepare ministers and missionaries were perceived by the institution's leaders as motivated by organizational effectiveness, financial efficiency, or evaluations by donor watchdog agencies. The case study was conducted with the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. The interview process was utilized to gain information individually from the president, a development consultant, an academic dean, and a former development director. Each participant was asked a series of 19 questions during the interview process. The results indicated that the leaders perceived that organizational effectiveness was a philanthropic motivator for major donors and measured it by the accomplishments of those who were trained at the institution. The results also indicated that the ministry preparation institution's leaders perceived financial efficiency to provide philanthropic motivation to major donors, though to a lesser degree than organizational effectiveness, and measured it by stewardship of funds. The results further indicated that the ministry preparation institution's leaders perceived that donor watchdog agency evaluations, specifically those of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability and Guidestar, provided philanthropic motivation for major donors. Additional research recommendations included studying how to report about organizational effectiveness in a manner meeting the needs of major donors and what motivates major donors of other education and nonprofit organizations, organizational effectiveness and/or financial efficiency.

Research report presented to the SBL, Unisa, Midrand. / This report proposes to make a contribution in the area of governance by critically analyzing the governance structure of SNV (The Netherlands Development Organization) in implementing projects. This study is motivated by the scarcity of published documentation on corporate and project governance practices specific to the African and particularly Kenyan context which organisations interested in pursuing good governance and managerial practices can use as a reference point.

<p>Obtaining a greater understanding of photo-induced electron-transfer (PET) processes is key to synthesizing photovoltaic materials with enhanced efficiency. Gaining knowledge about the structure property relationship in photo-active donor-bridge-acceptor (<i>D-B-A</i>) dyads will help to optimize electronic and photoelectronic materials. Metal acetylide complexes have attracted increasing interest for their potential applications as building blocks for electronic and photoelectronic materials. Their unique υ(C≡C) (2000-2100 cm^-1) allows for selective excitation, making them an appealing target for attenuating PET processes across a metal acetylide backbone. The following topics will be discussed: i.) an overview of M(cyclam′) alkynyl chemistry, where M = Cr, Fe, Co, or Ni, with a focus on reactivity and spectroscopy, ii.) selective synthesis of dissymmetric species, utilizing a Co^III(cyclam) (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) alkynyl bridge, iii) synthesis and characterization of metal alkynyl <i>D-B-A</i> dyads <i>trans- </i>[R'₂N-4-C₆H₄C₂-Co^III(cyclam)-C_n-NAP^R]⁺(n = 2 or 4), where the chromophore acceptor is NAP^iPr (<i>N</i>-isopropyl-1,8-napthalimide) and the putative donor is -C₆H₄-4-NR'₂ (R' = Me or Ph-4-OMe), iv.) design and synthesis of <i>D-B-A</i> derivatives, alter NAP^R (R = mesityl, methyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or octyl) to tune reactivity and crystallinity, v.) electronic and spectroscopic influence the bridging center on <i>A</i>, and vi.) effect of η² coordination of MX₂ (MX₂ = CuCl₂ or Ag(NO₃)₂) to the alkyne bridge on electron transfer. </p>

Abstract Women globally are faced with many challenges and obstacles which include poverty, disease, violence and inequality. Over the years, women through their own initiative, have organised themselves nationally and internationally to have their agendas taken seriously by governments. Donor agencies did not come to supporting women due to their own conscientiousness – rather it was because of the concerted will and commitment of the international women’s movement that brought attention to the need for assistance for women. In South Africa there are many donor agencies that provide funding for programmes and initiatives that address the challenges faced by women of lower socio-economic groupings. The arising question is how effective these initiatives have been in addressing poverty and inequality of women. This pilot study attempted to investigate how select donors and non-governmental organisations have fared in relation to their target group – ‘poor black women’. The study addressed the issues of empowerment and sustainable development of ‘poor black women’ through an analysis of the work of non-governmental organisations supported by donor agencies. The findings were that donors do attempt to address the empowerment and sustainable development of ‘poor black women’ through the funding that they provide.

Thesis advisor: Eric Strauss / A bioethics thesis focusing on the issues of organ transplantation and the organ trade in the nations of China and India. It explains how the organ transplantation procedure is done, the laws pertaining to organ transplantation, the ethics of organ transplantation, the organ trade in its various aspects in the nations of China and India, and finally shares the story of a living organ donor in the United States. It addresses questions such as: How do we classify brain death? Who should be allowed to donate their organs? Should organs be available for sale and purchase? Is the organ trade a violation human rights? It concludes with the author's opinions on the subject, which are decidedly against the organ trade. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

This study explores the relationship between two orthodoxies in contemporary development: gender mainstreaming and participatory development. Specifically, this study examines whether these two strategies stand in conflict, in theory and in practice, where the donor agency the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) serves as the empirical case. Discourse analysis was conducted to examine whether the conflict can be discerned in Sida’s written suggestions for how to work with gender mainstreaming in development cooperation. To add nuance and depth, interviews have been carried out with Sida staff members to gain broad perspectives on the potential conflict. This study argues that the conflict can be discerned based on the underlying principles of gender mainstreaming and participatory development. While this study also provides a first attempt to illustrate how the conflict manifests itself in practice, future research is needed to establish the conflict’s empirical appearances. However, this study contributes with valuable indications of the conflict’s appearance and manifestation in practical development efforts that Sida is engaged in.

This paper critically evaluates guidelines concerning participatory development by the World Bank and USAID. It focuses on the different conceptual frameworks adopted in order to examine the differing ways of adopting participation in their development agenda. A literature –based method was adopted and the analysis included evaluation of five documented experiences including the Ghana Secondary Education Improvement Project and Ghana Water Sanitation and Hygiene Project from both the World Bank and USAID. Baum project cycle stages have been taken as activities for project participation. The findings are; the need for better planning; ensuring sustainability; and involving beneficiaries. / Article was sent as 4 word documents - I compiled into pdf version and let Farhad know 21/06/2016 - sm / The full text will be available at the end of the publisher's embargo, 31st July 2018.

Influenza B viruses are a significant cause of disease and influenza B antigens are present in all human vaccines. Achieving suitable yields of seed viruses is often difficult for vaccine manufacturers. With influenza A viruses increases in yields have been achieved by the preparation of reassortants between a high-yielding donor strain and an epidemic strain. However, reassortment of influenza B viruses for the preparation of seeds has not been usually undertaken due to the lack suitable donor strains. Such an approach, which formed the basis of this thesis, could improve vaccine yields, lower costs and introduce a further element of predictability to vaccine manufacture. Potential donor strains were prepared from B/Lee/40 (B/Lee) by two approaches involving the selection of stable cold- and high- temperature mutants. Initial passaging was undertaken in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cultures and later passage in SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Both approaches were successful, although a smaller number of viable progeny could be isolated from plaques obtained at 38„aC. Potential donor strains, isolated by selection at either 25 or 38„aC and plaque-purified in SPF CEK cultures, were tested for haemagglutinin and infectious titre, in comparison with the original parental strain by three methods, and for differences in antigenicity by cross-haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Potential donor strains selected at temperatures of 25„aC (C25) and 38„aC (H38) produced haemagglutination titres of 320 units/50ƒÝL and infectivities of 8.57 and 8.39 50% egg infectious doses, respectively, when grown in eggs at the permissive temperature (34„aC). Reassorting experiments using the B/Lee-derived potential donor strains C25 and H38 and the epidemic strain, B/Johannesburg/5/99 (B/Johannesburg), showed that the preparation of reassortant progeny with both epidemic strain HA and NA was difficult. Only 1/24 of the resulting reassortants possessed both the HA and NA of the epidemic strain. None of the reassortant progeny produced in reassorting experiments using C25 and H38 and the epidemic strain B/Panama/45/90 (B/Panama) possessed the desired 6:2 gene constellation (i.e. genes for the two surface antigens of the epidemic strain and the remainder from the donor strain). The infectious titre of selected progeny from the reassortment experiments were determined by three methods and compared with their respective epidemic parents. Yields of several influenza B epidemic strains and potential donor strains were measured after growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells prepared in serum-containing (SC) and animal- and human-derived protein-free (AHPF) media. Optimal multiplicities of infection were determined for B/Panama, B/Johannesburg and C25 in MDCK cultures grown in SC medium. A series of experiments were then undertaken to determine the maximum virus yields in MDCK cells grown in SC medium, followed by a further experiment using C25, B/Panama, B/Johannesburg, and selected reassortants after preparation in AHPF medium. Cell culture yields from 5/6 viruses grown in MDCK cells prepared in AHPF medium were higher than in cells prepared in SC medium and approached those obtained in eggs.

This study analyses which factors has driven the allocation of Swedish aid between 1975 and 2003. The results are then compared to the official policy. The general goal of Swedish aid is to “help to raise the living standard for the poor”, but there are more factors than income status that affect allocation. Allocation of Swedish aid is affected by a set of criteria for the choice of recipient. The details and the goals of aid have changed over time even if the core has remained the same. According to the official policy, Swedish aid should be used to take responsibility across borders, to contribute to a greater common market and a peaceful development. It has been considered important that the recipients’ needs can be matched by Sweden’s capacity and that aid is developed from the recipients’ situation. The recipients’ absorption capacity is thus an important criterion. Summarized, Swedish aid should be used to promote democracy, fight corruption and contribute to more equal societies. In this study we do not find any significant relation between the official policy and actual allocation. A Generalized Least Square regression with Random Effects points out only two significant variables, the recipients’ size of trade (openness) and their former (British) colonial status. Instead of rewarding open economies, Swedish aid has been allocated to more closed economies which tend to be more corrupt. Although the majority of the recipient countries are former colonies, we find that former British colonies are favoured. This allocation is believed to be a result of the historical development of aid and practical circumstances such as language etc... / Denna studie analyserar vilka faktorer som har drivit Svenskt bistånd mellan 1975 och 2003. Resultaten jämförs sedan med officiell policy. Det allmänna målet med Svensk bistånd enligt officiell policy är att ”hjälpa till att höja levnadsstandarden för de fattiga”, men det finns fler faktorer än inkomstnivå som påverkar allokeringen. Allokering av svenskt bistånd påverkas av bestämda "länderkriteria". Detaljerna och biståndets mål har förändrats över tiden även om kärnan har varit densamma. Enligt officiell policy så ska svenskt bistånd användas för att ta ansvar som sträcker sig över gränserna, för att bidra till en större gemensam marknad samt en fredlig utveckling. Det har ansetts vara viktigt att mottagarnas behov kan mötas av Sveriges kapacitet och att biståndet är sammansatt utifrån mottagarnas situation. Mottagarnas absorptionskapacitet är således det ett viktigt kriterium. Sammanfattningsvis ska svenskt bistånd främja demokrati, kämpa mot korruption och bidra till att samhällen blir mer jämställda. I denna studie finner vi inget signifikant samband mellan den officiella policyn och faktisk allokering. En ”Generalized Least Square Random Effects” regression påvisar blott två signifikanta variabler; mottagarnas handelsvidd (öppenhet) och deras före detta koloniala (Brittiska) status. Istället för att belöna öppna ekonomier har svensk bistånd allokerats till mer stängda ekonomier som tenderar att vara mer korrupta. Trots att majoriteten av mottagarländerna är före detta kolonier är de Brittiska kolonierna favoriserade. Denna allokering tros vara ett resultat av biståndets historiska utveckling och praktiska omständigheter, så som språk etc…

This thesis concerns human resource development (HRD) and educational reform in Laos which is one aspect of poverty eradication in Laos. The thesis aim to describe, understand and analyze how HRD is constructed in policies and among teachers at the National University of Laos (NUOL) and what possibilities and constraints they connect to it. To find answers to these questions we have analyzed national policy documents and interviewed teachers with PhD degrees at NUOL. Educational reform was initiated after the declaration of the Lao People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) independency in 1975 and with the help of donor organizations efforts have continuously been made to raise the quality of education in Lao PDR in order to improve skills among the population.Our findings show that in policy HRD is constructed as poverty reduction, meeting international standards and educational development. The respondents have described that HRD can be achieved through staff development, student-centered learning method, development of skills through international cooperation and relevant educational equipment. The biggest constraint according to the respondents is lack of money. After that comes lack of knowledge, inadequate equipment and low incentives for teachers. The main possibilities described are that NUOL is in a position to spread information about education and material to other education institutions; that textbooks are more readily available and that it is getting easier to apply for scholarships for studies abroad.