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Atherosklerose ist eine verbreitete Krankheit deren Pathogenese unzureichend erforscht ist. Bekannt ist jedoch, dass externe und interne Faktoren eine Rolle spielen. Die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse müssen genauer untersucht werden, um neue Therapieansätze zu entwickeln. Als Allroundtalent könnte Serotonin (5-HT) ein Kandidat sein, der eine entscheidende Rolle bei der atherosklerotischen Pathogenese spielt. Ob und wie dieses Hormon die Bildung atherosklerotischer Plaques, Makrophageninvasion, Verkalkung und Fibrose beeinflusst, war Gegenstand dieser Studie. Die vorliegende Studie ist die erste ihrer Art, die den neuartigen Ansatz von transgenen Doppel-Knockout-Mäusen verwendet, denen das Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) fehlt und, die das Schlüsselenzym für die periphere 5-HT-Synthese, Tryptophanhydroxylase 1 (Tph1), oder den primären 5-HT-Transporter (SERT) nicht bilden. Physiologie, Stoffwechselparameter und atherogene Prozesse wurden in ApoE/Tph1-/- und ApoE/Sert-/- Tieren mithilfe eines breiten Methodenspektrums untersucht und resultierten in einem umfassenden Überblick über die Wirkungsweisen von 5-HT auf Atherosklerose. Die 5-HT-Rezeptorverteilung ist unterschiedlich in Gefäßen von verschiedenen Mauslinien und in denen von Tieren mit Tph1-Defizienz, die in diesen Linien erzeugt wurden. Ferner weisen ApoE/Tph1-/- und ApoE/Sert-/- verschiedene Phänotypen auf: Tph1-Defizienz führt zu verminderter Zunahme des Körpergewichts, niedrigerem Plasmacholesterin und Leberparametern und erhöhtem Lebergewicht. Sert-Defizienz bedingt erhöhten Blutzucker, Plasmacholesterin und die Ausbildung größerer Plaques, sowie vermehrte Kollagenakkumulation. Die Langzeitgabe einer Western-Diät zeigte, dass Tph1-Defizienz schützende Wirkung auf den Lipidstoffwechsel hat, ein klarer Effekt auf die Atherogenese konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Zusammenfassend hebt diese Studie die komplexen Beziehungen vieler Faktoren während der Krankheit hervor. 5-HT spielt bei vielen dieser Faktoren eine Rolle, scheint jedoch nur eine schwache aber protektive Wirkung auf Atherogenese selbst zu haben. / Atherosclerosis is a common disease and its pathogenesis is only poorly understood. It’s known that external and internal factors play a role, but the exact processes need to be investigated more intensively to develop novel therapy approaches. As an all-round talent, serotonin (5-HT) might be a promising candidate to play a crucial role in atherosclerosis. If and how 5-HT affects atherosclerotic plaque formation, macrophage invasion, calcification and fibrosis was focus of this study. This study is the first of its kind using the novel approach of transgenic double knockout mice lacking the apolipoprotein E (ApoE, atherosclerosis model) and either the key enzyme in peripheral 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) or the major 5-HT transporter, SERT. Physiology, metabolic parameters and atherogenic processes in ApoE/Tph1-/- and ApoE/Sert-/- animals were examined using a broad spectrum of methods and resulted in an extensive overview of how 5-HT might influence the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Most striking results of this study: 5-HT receptor distribution is altered in vessels of different background strains, and also in Tph1 deficient animals generated in these strains. Further, the examination of ApoE/Tph1-/- and ApoE/Sert-/- mice elucidated that both double knockouts exhibit different phenotypes: While Tph1 deficiency resulted in decreased bodyweight, plasma cholesterol and liver parameters and increased liver weight, Sert deficiency caused increases in blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, plaque size and collagen in plaques. Long term Western Diet application confirmed that Tph1 deficiency decreases weight gain and has protective effects on lipid metabolism, but a clear effect on atherogenesis could not be reported. Concluding, this study highlights the complex relationship between many factors acting on atherosclerotic pathogenesis. 5-HT plays a role in many of those factors, but seems to have only minor but protective effects on atherogenesis itself.

In mammals, calcium influx is required for oocyte maturation and egg activation, as it supports the persistent calcium oscillations induced by fertilization. These oscillations are required for the initiation of embryo development. The molecular identities of the plasma membrane calcium-permeant channels that underlie calcium influx are not established. Among these channels, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid, member 3 (TRPV3) allows divalent cations, namely strontium (Sr2+) and calcium (Ca2+) with high permeability, into cells, and its expression pattern seems to predict an essential role in the initiation of development. Another channel that was identified to be expressed in oocytes/eggs is the low-voltage-activated T-type channel, CaV3.2. However, the ability to accurately probe the expression and function of these channels on Ca2+ homeostasis in mouse eggs is hindered by the lack of specific and known pharmacological agents and antibodies for these channels. Here, we simultaneously knockout out these two Ca2+ influx channels in the mouse to explore the effects on Ca2+ homeostasis. We examined fertility rates, development, and morphological defects that arose from the double null pups. Next, we investigated the consequences on Ca2+ store content in immature and mature oocytes and eggs. We also examined the effects on fertilization-induced Ca2+ oscillations in response to in vitro fertilization and PLCz cRNA microinjection. We found that female mice null for these channels display drastic subfertility compared to the single knockout mice for these channels. Additionally, the Ca2+ store content is significantly diminished in double knockout eggs versus controls, as was the frequency of the fertilization-induced Ca2+ oscillations. These results suggest that these channels play a crucial role in Ca2+ influx during maturation and contribute to maintain Ca2+ oscillations post-fertilization. These null oocytes and eggs will be an important tool to perform electrophysiological studies to accurately measure the native current(s) of a specific channel(s) in eggs, and to identify the channel(s) that mediate Ca2+ during fertilization.