The following thesis will explore and evaluate the lighting design behind Taylor Mac’s The Lily’s Revenge produced by the UMass Amherst Department of Theater as part of their 2017-2018 season. It will cover the entire lighting design process from reading the script to producing the world on stage. It will reflect early conversations, the collaboration process, design goals and executions, and the successes and failures reflecting on our art.

Few experiments have been carried out in the past to deter mine the effect of the lift and the drag forces on the trajectory of a ball used in any game. In a baseball game, it was reported that sometimes the ball took a sharp turn aburptly in the region of 15 to 20 feet from the home plate. This indicated a sudden change of the forces acting on the ball. The principal forces acting w ere as fol lows: 1. Weight of the ball. 2. Drag force acting in the direction parallel to the relative wind. 3. Lift force acting perpendicular to the relative wind.

The object of this work was to design and build equipment to measure the aerodynamic forces which will cause self-induced oscillations of a body having an unsymmetrical cross-section, such as a D-section. This self-induced oscillation has been called "stall flutter" or in electrical transmission lines, "galloping-transmission lines." It is hoped that this equipment will be used to gain basic Information about these aerodynamic forces.

The major challenge associated with saving energy in the pumping stations of the fluid transportation in the pipeline networks, especially the crude oil transportation for long-distance is drag forces. In other words, this grossly increases the drag form force and friction losses making fluids transport inside pipeline taken a long time to pass, that increases energy consumption and costs. Therefore, the effective solution to overcome these problems is added drag reduction materials (DRMs) with the main fluid using the drag reduction technique (DR). One of the most important drag reduction technique to enhance flow in the pipeline is an active drag reduction using DRMs. Where the DRMs can reduce drag forces in relatively small amounts part per million (ppm), as well as environment friendly. Thereby, the drag reduction enhancement is highly important in terms of fluid transportation in the many industrial applications. An experimental and mathematical study have been performed in the fully development flow to measure fluid characteristics and to evaluate %DR using various DRMs: polymers, surfactants, and nanoparticles in pipeline network. The active drag reduction experiments have been conducted in the rotational disk apparatus (RDA) and in the closed-loop recirculation system (CLRS) using different solutions of DRMs: individual, binary, and triple at different Reynolds numbers (Re) and at different concentrations. The morphological tests have been done employing XDR, TEM and SEM techniques. Mathematical model was presented to validate the experimental results using the statistic softwareV6.2. The results have been displayed with complete explanation, analysis, and conclusions. The results show that the %DR increases with increasing the velocity (Re) and concentration for the most of DRMs solutions. Also, the results confirm that the use of nanoparticle in complex solutions is more effective than using nanoparticle individually within the same work condition. further, the new complex solutions were formed in a manner that can contribute significantly to increase drag reduction performance and enhance shear resistance of the DRMs. Finally, all microscopy techniques confirm the fact that complex solutions were effectively formed and homogenized within the main fluid.

Numerical approaches have been conducted to investigate the effect of droplet deformation and internal circulation on droplet dynamics. Although droplet drag is a classical area of study, there are still theoretical gaps in understanding the motion of large droplets. In applications such as spray combustion, droplets of various sizes are generated and move with the flow. Large droplets tend to deform in the flow, and they have complex interactions with the flow because of this deformation. To better model spray, the physical understanding of droplets needs to be improved. Under spray conditions, droplets are subjected to a high-temperature-and-pressure environment, and the coupling between liquid and gas is enhanced. Therefore the deformation and internal circulation will affect the droplet drag coefficient more significantly than they would under atmospheric conditions. To study the mechanism of how droplet shape and internal circulation influence droplet dynamics, we have used direct numerical simulation (DNS) to simulate a droplet falling at its terminal velocity in high-pressure air. An in-house code developed for interface-capturing DNS of multiphase flows is employed for the simulation. The drag coefficient is calculated, and the results are consistent with the existing literature for slightly deformed droplets. The results show that the drag coefficient is directly related to the droplet deformation and droplet internal circulation. This paper also develops an analytical theory to account for the effect of the Weber number and fluid properties on droplet deformation. / Master of Science / This study investigates how larger droplets interact with airflow in spray conditions. Classical droplet drag models are not accurate under extreme conditions due to the neglect the droplet deformation and droplet internal circulation. To better understand droplet dynamics and to improve the accuracy of droplet models, direct numerical simulations were conducted. In our simulations, a non-evaporating falling droplet in high-pressure air was modeled. Results show a direct link between drag coefficient and droplet shape and internal flow. We also derived an analytical scaling law to explore the parameters related to droplet deformation. This research enhances our understanding of droplet dynamics in spray conditions.

Historically, the addition of polymers to turbulent flows of Newtonian fluids has been known to effectively reduce turbulent friction drag by up to 80 %. Conducted in the Hydrodynamics Laboratory in Virginia Tech, this research presents a comprehensive analysis into drag reducing effects through experimental, theoretical, and computational analyses. A major focus of this research was the evaluation of one of the newest viscoelastic Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. Based on the k−ε−v 2−f framework, this model describes the viscoelastic effects of polymer additives using the Finitely Extensible Nonlinear Elastic-Peterlin (FENEP) constitutive model. To evaluate its accuracy, multiple simulation scenarios were benchmarked against Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data. Results indicated, that the viscoelastic RANS turbulence model shows a high accuracy against DNS percentages of drag reduced when dealing with higher solvent viscosity to polymer viscosity ratios, but revealed inconsistencies at lower ratios. Additionally, our theoretical and empirical flow rates from the inclined channel were closely aligned. The results of this study highlight the significant capacity of polymer additives to improve energy efficiency in industries that heavily rely on fluids / Master of Science / In fluid dynamics, understanding the behaviour of fluids under different conditions can unlock solutions to many engineering challenges. An area of much interest is the introduction of polymers to turbulent flows. The addition of polymers to turbulent flows can effectively dampen turbulence, leading to reduced drag. Our research, conducted at Virginia Tech's Hydrodynamics Laboratory, engaged in further study regarding this phenomena. We employed one of the latest viscoelastic computational models to predict drag reduction in polymer additive flows. This advanced model operates on the foundation of certain mathematical constructs, taking into account various parameters associated with polymeric solutions. By comparing our model's predictions with high-end direct numerical simulations (DNS), we found it to be highly accurate, especially when the base fluid had a much higher viscosity than the polymer additives. But, it's worth noting that the model showed some deviations in cases where this viscosity difference was less pronounced. Furthermore, our tests also showcased a close alignment between predicted and observed flow rates in an inclined channel setup. Our findings underscore the potential of polymers to revolutionize industries, enhancing energy efficiency in processes that involve fluid flows

The stability and maneuverability of aircraft are some key factors for selecting the locations of wings or canards on the fuselage. Another important variable that is considered in the design of an aircraft is drag force which impacts fuel efficiency. This research investigates how drag force of a surrogate aircraft is affected by the placement of the wing or canard along the fuselage. Unique for this study is the placement of the canard in the fuselage nose region, with the leading edge upstream of the nose, resembling the shape of a hammerhead shark's head. When the leading edge of all considered wing configurations was located 20% or more from the fuselage nose, the platforms produced the least amount of drag force. When the wing was placed in the nose region of the fuselage, the wings with small chords produced less drag when their leading edge was ahead of the nose.

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