This thesis highlights the role of phase interfaces on phasetransformations in metallic materials. The deviation from localequilibrium at the moving phase interface has been analysed interms of solute drag theory and finite interface mobility. Inparticular the planar growth of proeutectoid ferrite fromaustenite in steel has been studied. The deviation from localequilibrium is caused by dissipation of Gibbs energy bydiffusion inside the phase interface and interface friction. Inthe analysis the interface is divided into three zones and thethermodynamic and kinetic properties are assumed to varycontinuously across the interface. A new model suitable formulticomponent alloys is developed. The model reduces to thefamiliar solute drag model by Cahn under simplifyingconditions. It was demonstrated how the interface model couldbe combined with a method for calculating the volume diffusionin both the growing and parent phases. With this combination ofprocedures the changes in local conditions at the interface, asthe growth rate changes due to long-range diffusion, could bedemonstrated for the case of continuous cooling in an Fe-Nialloy. The critical limit for massive transformation in the Fe-Niand Fe-C systems was calculated and found to lie well below theT0 line for both systems. The calculated limit for Fe-Ni wascompared with a recent experimental study and reasonableagreement was found. For the Fe-C system the limit calculatedwith the present model was compared with a phase-field model.The two approaches showed qualitatively the same behaviour andthe quantitative difference was due to different assumptions onhow properties vary across the interface. Finally, an attempt to simulate the partitionless growth offerrite in austenite in the Fe-Ni-C system was performed. Inthe applied model the dissipation of Gibbs energy inside theinterface and in the nickel spike ahead of the migratinginterface were accounted for. The long-range diffusion ofcarbon in austenite was treated with an approximate analyticalgrowth equation. A continuous change from paraequilibriumconditions and quasi-paraconditions could be shown in anisothermal section of the Fe-Ni-C phase diagram. Partitionlessgrowth starts in a parabolic fashion but slows down. For alloysoutside the limit for quasiparaconditions partitionless growthis predicted to stop abruptly while for alloys inside thatlimit growth approaches a second parabolic growth law. However,the latter case should not be expected in practise because ofimpingement effects.

Att kommunicera och utifrån det ta initiativ och utföra en handling är för många barn svårt.  Tillkommer det dessutom en funktionsnedsättning försvårar det oftast situationen. Förmågan till samspel, initiativ och handling kan då behöva medvetandesgöras med hjälp av olika medel. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att beskriva FMT-metoden, samt att nå en djupare kunskap kring ämnet autism. I mitt arbete har jag valt att med FMT-metoden (Funktionsinriktad musikterapi) förmedla och beskriva hur man kan nå samverkan med barn med autism och autismliknande drag. Litteraturstudie har genomförts i ämnena musikterapi, FMT-metoden, autism och autismliknande drag samt utvecklingsstörning. En sammanfattning har gjorts av dokumenterad information, i form av videoinspelningar och fallbeskrivningar av två barn som jag följt under utbildningens gång. I min slutsats kom jag fram till att jag observerat en stor utveckling hos barnen vad gäller förmågan till samverkan, initiativtagande och utförandet av en egen bestämd handling med FMT-metoden som medel.

The increasing demand of more economical and environmentally friendly aero engines leads to the proposal of a new concept – geared turbofan. In this thesis, the characteristics of this kind of engine and relevant considerations of integration on a flying wing aircraft were studied. The studies can be divided into four levels: GTF-11 engine modelling and performance simulation; aircraft performance calculation; nacelle design and aerodynamic performance evaluation; preliminary engine installation. Firstly, a geared concept engine model was constructed using TURBOMATCH software. Based on parametric analysis and SFC target, the main cycle parameters were selected. Then, the maximum take-off thrust was verified and corrected from 195.56kN to 212kN to meet the requirements of take-off field length and second segment climb. Besides, the engine performance at offdesign points was simulated for aircraft performance calculation. Secondly, an aircraft performance model was developed and the performance of FW-11 was calculated on the basis of GTF-11 simulation results. Then, the effect of GTF-11 characteristics performance on aircraft performance was evaluated. A comparison between GTF-11 and conventional turbofan, RB211- 524B4, indicated that the aircraft can achieve a 13.1% improvement in fuel efficiency by using the new concept engine. Thirdly, a nacelle was designed for GTF-11 based on NACA 1-series and empirical methods while the nacelle dimensions of conventional turbofan RB211-525B4 were obtained by measure approach. Then, the installation thrust losses caused by nacelle drags of the two engines were evaluated using ESDU 81024a. The results showed that the nacelle drags account for about 4.08% and 3.09% of net thrust for GTF-11 and RB211-525B4, respectively. Finally, the considerations of engine installation on a flying wing aircraft were discussed and a preliminary disposition of GTF-11 on FW-11 was presented.

Drag reduction is a well-observed phenomenon, it was first observed by the British chemist Toms in 1946, yet its mechanism is still unknown to this day. Polymer Drag reduction has found application in reducing pumping costs for oil pipelines (its use in the Trans Alaska Pipeline has resulted in an increase from 1.44 million bbl./day to 2.1356 million bbl./day), increasing the flow rate in firefighting equipment , and in supporting irrigation and drainage systems. Surfactant drag reducers are used industrially in district heating and cooling systems. Though the fields of Surfactant Drag Reduction and Polymer Drag Reduction are each independently well-developed the effect of their interaction on drag reduction is a less explored phenomenon. Through a well chosen pairing of surfactant and polymer, drag reduction can be maximized while minimizing surfactant and polymer concentrations cutting down on cost and environmental impact. The focus of this work was to determine if there was any positive interaction between the polymers Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) and Anionic PolyAcrylAmide (PAM) and the surfactant Amphosol CG (Cocamidopropyl Betaine) as well as any interaction between the polymers themselves. Both polymers are popular drag reducers while Amphosol is a practically nontoxic (LD50=5g/kg) zwitterionic surfactant and is readily biodegradable. In order to determine if any interaction was present and at what concentration was this most notable 4 techniques were used: Surface tension, Conductivity, Relative Viscosity and Shear Viscosity measurement. From this analysis the polymer Saturation point (PSP), Critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and Critical micelle concentration (CMC) were found as well as the concentrations that optimized the viscosity for the pilot plant runs. The bench scale results were used to pick the optimum concentrations for the polymer surfactant solutions. Pressure readings and flowrate measurements were used to plot the Fanning Friction Factor against the Generalized Reynolds Number for the surfactant polymer mixtures and compared to their pure polymer and surfactant counterparts. The Blasius line was found to hold for water measurements taken and is the base to determine percentage drag reduction. The effect of the presence of amphosol on degradation and overall drag reduction were noted. Other factors considered were pipe diameter and the effect of ionic impurities in the solvent.

Drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow using polymeric and surfactant additives is well known. Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants in isolation, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work the interactions between drag-reducing polymers and surfactants were studied. The drag-reducing polymers studied were nonionic polyethylene oxide (referred to as PEO) and anionic copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as CPAM). The drag-reducing surfactants studied were nonionic ethoxylated alcohol - Alfonic 1412-7 (referred to as EA), cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in pure powder form (referred to as OTAC-p) and commercial grade cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in isopropanol solvent - Arquad 18-50 (referred to as OTAC-s). The interactions between polymers and surfactant were reflected in the measurements of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, viscosity and turbidity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed polymer / surfactant system was found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The viscosity of a polymer solution was significantly affected by the addition of surfactant. Weak interactions were observed for the mixed systems of nonionic polymer - nonionic surfactant and anionic polymer - nonionic surfactant. Due to the wrapping of polymer chains around the developing micelles, a minimum in the viscosity is observed in these two cases. In the case of nonionic polymer / cationic surfactant system, the change in the viscosity was found to depend on the polymer concentration (C) and the critical entanglement concentration (C*). When the polymer concentration (C) was less than C* (C < C*), the plot of the viscosity versus surfactant concentration exhibited a minimum. When C > C*, a maximum in the viscosity versus surfactant concentration plot was observed. The interactions between nonionic polymer and cationic surfactant were observed to increase with the increase in temperature. A large drop in the viscosity occurred in the case of anionic-polymer / cationic-surfactant system when surfactant was added to the polymer solution. The observed changes in the viscosity are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains resulting from polymer-surfactant interactions. The anionic CPAM chains collapsed upon the addition of cationic OTAC-p, due to charge neutralization. The presence of counterion sodium salicylate (NaSal) stabilized the cationic surfactant monomers in the solution, resulting in micelle formation at a surfactant concentration well below the concentration where complete charge neutralization of anionic polymer occurred. Preliminary results are reported on the pipeline drag reduction behavior of mixed polymer-surfactant system. The results obtained using combinations of CPAM / OTAC-p in pipeline flow are found to be in harmony with the interaction study. Due to the shrinkage of CPAM chains upon the addition of OTAC-p, the drag reducing ability of CPAM is compromised.

System Andersson AB is a company located in Jönköping that works with developing computer systems for the mechanical engineering industry. As of today, when this report is written, the company is working on the development of a new Manufacturing Planning and Control (MPC) system. This new system aims to create not only a user friendly interface but also a modern, stylish interface. To achieve this, the company has decided to work with a, for them, new application framework; Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).System Andersson is well known for developing systems for different kinds of touch screens, this project is no exception. For this new user interface the company wishes to implement different types of Drag&amp;Drop functionality. They have not had enough time themselves to study and finish these parts and therefore they have chosen to hand out the task as a thesis project.The first step in the process was to get to know what WPF was and how it works, and especially how it handles Drag&amp;Drop. The goal was to put together some sort of class library and a presentation that together were to give the company a quick guide on how they could implement the functionality into their system.As the framework was new for the company there were also a wish for alternative solutions that demonstrated how the WPF framework could be used to solve the task in as many ways as possible.This report contains a summary of the projects procedure and result. In the report the results are presented and motivated as well as demonstrated in the appendix.

Drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow using polymeric and surfactant additives is well known. Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants in isolation, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work the interactions between drag-reducing polymers and surfactants were studied. The drag-reducing polymers studied were nonionic polyethylene oxide (referred to as PEO) and anionic copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as CPAM). The drag-reducing surfactants studied were nonionic ethoxylated alcohol - Alfonic 1412-7 (referred to as EA), cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in pure powder form (referred to as OTAC-p) and commercial grade cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in isopropanol solvent - Arquad 18-50 (referred to as OTAC-s). The interactions between polymers and surfactant were reflected in the measurements of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, viscosity and turbidity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed polymer / surfactant system was found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The viscosity of a polymer solution was significantly affected by the addition of surfactant. Weak interactions were observed for the mixed systems of nonionic polymer - nonionic surfactant and anionic polymer - nonionic surfactant. Due to the wrapping of polymer chains around the developing micelles, a minimum in the viscosity is observed in these two cases. In the case of nonionic polymer / cationic surfactant system, the change in the viscosity was found to depend on the polymer concentration (C) and the critical entanglement concentration (C*). When the polymer concentration (C) was less than C* (C < C*), the plot of the viscosity versus surfactant concentration exhibited a minimum. When C > C*, a maximum in the viscosity versus surfactant concentration plot was observed. The interactions between nonionic polymer and cationic surfactant were observed to increase with the increase in temperature. A large drop in the viscosity occurred in the case of anionic-polymer / cationic-surfactant system when surfactant was added to the polymer solution. The observed changes in the viscosity are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains resulting from polymer-surfactant interactions. The anionic CPAM chains collapsed upon the addition of cationic OTAC-p, due to charge neutralization. The presence of counterion sodium salicylate (NaSal) stabilized the cationic surfactant monomers in the solution, resulting in micelle formation at a surfactant concentration well below the concentration where complete charge neutralization of anionic polymer occurred. Preliminary results are reported on the pipeline drag reduction behavior of mixed polymer-surfactant system. The results obtained using combinations of CPAM / OTAC-p in pipeline flow are found to be in harmony with the interaction study. Due to the shrinkage of CPAM chains upon the addition of OTAC-p, the drag reducing ability of CPAM is compromised.

This study presents an upper bound plastic limit analysis for predicting drag anchor trajectory and load capacity. The shank and fluke of the anchor are idealized as simple plates. The failure mechanism involves the motion of the anchor about a center of rotation, the coordinates of which are systematically optimized to determine the minimum load at the shackle. For a given anchor orientation, the direction of the shackle force is varied to establish a relationship between the magnitude and direction of the shackle load. Coupling this relationship to the Neubecker-Randolph anchor line solution produces a unique solution for the magnitude and orientation of the shackle force. The anchor is then advanced a small increment about the optimum center of rotation and the process is repeated. The upper bound method (UBM) provides a practical means to determine the trajectory of the anchor and the anchor load capacity at any point in the trajectory. To better understand of the anchor behavior, extensive parameter studies were carried out varying the properties of the anchor, anchor line, and soil. The UBM show good agreement with six full-scale tests covering several different anchor types and centrifuge model tests.

<p>This thesis highlights the role of phase interfaces on phasetransformations in metallic materials. The deviation from localequilibrium at the moving phase interface has been analysed interms of solute drag theory and finite interface mobility. Inparticular the planar growth of proeutectoid ferrite fromaustenite in steel has been studied. The deviation from localequilibrium is caused by dissipation of Gibbs energy bydiffusion inside the phase interface and interface friction. Inthe analysis the interface is divided into three zones and thethermodynamic and kinetic properties are assumed to varycontinuously across the interface. A new model suitable formulticomponent alloys is developed. The model reduces to thefamiliar solute drag model by Cahn under simplifyingconditions. It was demonstrated how the interface model couldbe combined with a method for calculating the volume diffusionin both the growing and parent phases. With this combination ofprocedures the changes in local conditions at the interface, asthe growth rate changes due to long-range diffusion, could bedemonstrated for the case of continuous cooling in an Fe-Nialloy.</p><p>The critical limit for massive transformation in the Fe-Niand Fe-C systems was calculated and found to lie well below theT0 line for both systems. The calculated limit for Fe-Ni wascompared with a recent experimental study and reasonableagreement was found. For the Fe-C system the limit calculatedwith the present model was compared with a phase-field model.The two approaches showed qualitatively the same behaviour andthe quantitative difference was due to different assumptions onhow properties vary across the interface.</p><p>Finally, an attempt to simulate the partitionless growth offerrite in austenite in the Fe-Ni-C system was performed. Inthe applied model the dissipation of Gibbs energy inside theinterface and in the nickel spike ahead of the migratinginterface were accounted for. The long-range diffusion ofcarbon in austenite was treated with an approximate analyticalgrowth equation. A continuous change from paraequilibriumconditions and quasi-paraconditions could be shown in anisothermal section of the Fe-Ni-C phase diagram. Partitionlessgrowth starts in a parabolic fashion but slows down. For alloysoutside the limit for quasiparaconditions partitionless growthis predicted to stop abruptly while for alloys inside thatlimit growth approaches a second parabolic growth law. However,the latter case should not be expected in practise because ofimpingement effects.</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keyword: turbulence. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78).