Nesse trabalho, foi analisada a redução de arrasto, a partir da utilização de duas bancadas experimentais, onde uma delas está situada no laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos (EPUSP) e a outra, no laboratório de Fisiologia Vascular (ICB-USP). A redução de arrasto foi investigada a partir do uso dos seguintes polímeros: poliacrilamida 1822S e 1340S, polietileno glicol (PEG4000) e óxido de polietileno (Polyox WSR-301). O comportamento reológico das soluções poliméricas do PEG4000 e das poliacrilamidas foi adquirido experimentalmente, enquanto do Polyox WSR-301 foi obtido da literatura. Esses polímeros foram utilizados na bancada experimental da EPUSP, simulador hidrodinâmico, mas somente o PEG4000 foi utilizado na bancada experimental do ICBI em leitos arteriais caudais de ratos normotensos (Wistar) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). No simulador hidrodinâmico, foi estudada a redução de arrasto em escoamentos pulsáteis laminares e turbulentos, cuja faixa de Reynolds varia entre 2300 a 13700, com concentrações poliméricas que variaram entre 5 e 100 ppm, porém para o PEG4000 essa concentração atingiu valor de 5000 ppm. Em leitos arteriais caudais de ratos, a redução de arrasto foi analisada para escoamento laminar, cuja faixa de Reynolds varia entre 100 e 700, com concentração polimérica de 5000 ppm. Além disso, a redução de arrasto foi estudada na presença e ausência das células endoteliais. Simulações computacionais utilizando o método dos volumes finitos (Fluent) foram realizadas a partir dos dados obtidos da bancada experimental do ICB-I, para avaliar a distribuição da tensão de cisalhamento sobre a parede do vaso na presença e ausência das células endoteliais e do PEG4000, considerando a parede da artéria rígida. A partir dos dados obtidos da análise da viscosidade, ficou constatado que o PEG4000 com concentração de 5000 ppm e as poliacrilamidas 1822S e 1340S com concentrações de 5 e 10 ppm apresentaram comportamento de fluido Newtoniano. Para as poliacrilamidas, concentrações poliméricas acima de 10 ppm apresentaram comportamento de fluido não-Newtoniano. De acordo com a literatura, o Polyox WSR-301 apresentou comportamento de fluido Newtoniano para todas as concentrações poliméricas utilizadas nesse trabalho. O PEG4000 não apresentou o fenômeno da redução de arrasto em nenhuma concentração polimérica analisada, quando aplicado na bancada experimental da EPUSP. As poliacrilamidas e o Polyox WSR-301 apresentaram reduções de arrasto que foram dependentes do número de Reynolds e da concentração utilizada, muito embora o Polyox WSR-301 tenha se mostrado mais eficiente em promover esse fenômeno. Nos leitos arteriais caudais, o PEG4000 apresentou redução de arrasto para a concentração de 5000 ppm, que foi acentuada pela presença das células endoteliais. Os valores da tensão de cisalhamento foram maiores para o animal SHR quando comparados com o animal Wistar. Além disso, no animal Wistar, o endotélio controlou o aumento dessa tensão via produção de substâncias vasodilatadoras, mas apresentou disfunção no animal SHR. A partir dos resultados apresentados acima, podese concluir que o Polyox WSR-301 é mais eficiente para promover a redução de arrasto em tubos rígidos. Por outro lado, muito embora o PEG4000 não tenha apresentado efeito na bancada experimental da EPUSP, esse se mostrou um bom redutor de arrasto em leitos arteriais caudais, tendo sua ação intensificada pela presença das células endoteliais. / In this work, the drag reduction was analyzed in two benches located at Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics at Polytechnic School (EPUSP) and at Laboratory of Vascular Physiology at Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB-USP). The drag reduction was investigated for the following polymers: polyacrilamide 1822S and 1340S, polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) and polyethylene oxide (Polyox WSR-301). The rheological behavior of polymeric solutions of polyacrilamide and PEG4000 was acquired experimentally; while it was obtained from the literature for Polyox WSR-301. All of these polymers were used in the hydrodynamic simulator, but only PEG4000 was employed in the tails arterial bed from normotensive (Wistar) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at ICB-1. In the hydrodynamic simulator, the drag reduction was analyzed in laminar and turbulent pulsatile flow, in the range varying between 2300 and 13700, with polymeric concentrations between 5 and 100 ppm, but for PEG4000, concentration has reached 5000 ppm. On the other hand, in the tail arterial beds, the drag reduction was analyzed for laminar flow, in the range between 100 and 700, with polymeric concentration of 5000 ppm. In addition, it was studied in the presence and absence of endothelial cells. Computational simulation using the finite volume method (Fluent) was performed using data obtained from ICB-1 in order to analyze the wall shear stress distribution along of wall vessel both in the presence and absence of endothelial cells and PEG4000, considering the rigid walls. Polyacrilamide 1822S and 1340S as well as PEG4000 showed behavior of Newtonian fluid in the following concentrations: 5 and 10 ppm and 5000 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, for polyacrilamides, concentrations higher than 10 ppm showed behaviour of non- Newtonian fluids. According to the literature, the Polyox WSR-301 behaved as a Newtonian fluid in all concentrations used in this work. At EPUSP\'s bench, while PEG4000 did not show drag reduction for any polymeric concentration analyzed, this phenomenon could be seen for polyacrilamides and Polyox WSR-301, being dependent on Reynolds number as well as polymeric concentration. More important, Polyox WSR- 301 showed to be the most efficient drag reducer of them. Interestingly, in the assays employing the tail arterial beds, PEG4000 showed drag reduction in the concentration of 5000 ppm and it was increased by the presence of the endothelial cells. Thus, Polyox WSR-301 seems to be more efficient to promote drag reduction in the rigid tubes. On the other hand, while PEG4000 did not show drag reduction at EPUSP\'s bench, it was a good drag reducer in the tail arterial beds, being intensified by the action of endothelial cells.

O interesse em escoamento bifásico líquido-líquido aumentou recentemente, em especial devido às grandes perdas de energia envolvidas no transporte de petróleo, onde comumente uma mistura bifásica óleo-água é deslocada ao longo de grandes distancias. Embora este tipo de escoamento seja comum na indústria, não existem tantos trabalhos na literatura quanto os relacionados ao escoamento gás-líquido. Alguns estudos sobre escoamentos óleo-água reportam uma redução de atrito em dispersões e emulsões em regime turbulento sem adição de qualquer tipo de substancia química, mas a física por trás do fenômeno ainda não é bem compreendida. Neste trabalho, foi estudado o padrão de escoamento disperso óleo-água em tubulação horizontal, visando a obtenção de novos dados experimentais e um melhor entendimento do fenômeno de redução de atrito. Uma série de parâmetros considerados importantes para a caracterização do escoamento foi investigada: queda de pressão, fração volumétrica e sub-padrões de escoamento disperso. Apresentam-se dados de distribuição das fases e fração volumétrica in situ, obtidos através de um moderno sensor intrusivo, do tipo wire-mesh, baseado em medidas de capacitância (permissividade). Câmera de alta velocidade e técnica das válvulas de fechamento rápido foram utilizadas para validar os sinais do sensor. Um modelo prospectivo simplificado foi desenvolvido como uma tentativa de explicar a ocorrência do fenômeno de redução de atrito no padrão disperso óleo-água estudado. O modelo sugere que a presença de uma fina película de água rente a parede hidrofílica/oleofóbica do tubo poderia explicar a diminuição no gradiente de pressão bifásico observada. / The interest in two-phase liquid-liquid flow has increased recently mainly due to the petroleum industry where oil and water are often produced and transported together for long distances and the significant frictional pressure gradient involved. Liquid-liquid flows are present in a wide range of industrial processes; however, they have not been studied as intensively as gas-liquid flows. Drag reduction phenomenon in oil-water flows without the addition of any drag reduction agent has been detected in previous works, but the physics behind the phenomenon is yet not well understood. The aim of the research was to study the dispersed oil-water flow pattern in a horizontal pipe in order to better understand the phenomenon and the obtaining of new experimental data of oil-water dispersed flows. Important issues related to oil-water pipe flow were investigated: pressure drop, volume fraction and flow patterns. Phase distribution and holdup data were obtained by a new wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance (permittivity) measurements. A high-speed video camera and the Quick-Closing-Valves technique were used to compare and validate the signals of the wire-mesh sensor. A simplified mathematical model was proposed to explain the drag reduction phenomenon in the oil-water dispersed flow studied. The model suggests that the presence of a thin water film between the homogenously dispersed flow and the pipe wall could explain the observed decreases of the two-phase pressure gradient.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-18T17:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 estudo_desempenho.pdf: 1623749 bytes, checksum: c6a573b2417303fb9a9df23a0c7e03a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T17:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 estudo_desempenho.pdf: 1623749 bytes, checksum: c6a573b2417303fb9a9df23a0c7e03a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A queima de combustíveis sólidos em leito fluidizado é uma das tecnologias mais avançadas utilizadas em usinas de conversão de energia térmica. Atualmente, há uma crescente busca por um melhor entendimento dos processos hidrodinâmicos de fluidização e por modelos matemáticos capazes de prever com eficácia tais fenômenos. Neste trabalho, uma ferramenta de Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional (CFD), o código aberto MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges) é empregado na simulação numérica de escoamentos multifásicos em um leito fluidizado borbulhante (LFB). Na modelagem matemática do problema, emprega-se a abordagem Euleriana, ou seja, as fases gás e sólido particulado são consideradas como meios contínuos interpenetrantes. As equações de conservação de massa e quantidade de movimento são resolvidas para cada fase, e o acoplamento entre as fases é feito pelo termo de transferência de quantidade de movimento entre as fases, a qual se dá pelo arrasto sólido-gás. Este último pode ser modelado por correlações teóricas ou empíricas, dentre as quais se destacam as correlações de Gidaspow, Hill-Koch-Ladd (HKL), Syamlal e O'Brien e Arastoopour. No presente trabalho é avaliado o desempenho dessas correlações na simulação numérica de um leito fluidizado borbulhante com jato central de gás. Os resultados gerados utilizando os diferentes modelos são comparados com resultados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. O modelo de Syamlal e O'Brien requer menor tempo de processamento e apresenta independência de malha mesmo para malhas pouco refinadas, porém prevê bolhas muito menores do que as observadas experimentalmente. Os modelos de Gidaspow e HKL apresentam resultados com boa concordância com resultados experimentais, principalmente no que diz respeito ao formato das bolhas. Estes modelos requerem alto tempo de processamento e malhas bastante refinadas para apresentarem resultados independentes da discretização. Para o modelo de Arastoopour são apresentados resultados preliminares, os quais diferem bastante dos demais modelos e necessitam um estudo mais aprofundado. / The burning of solids fuels in fluidized bed is one of the most advanced technologies used thermal energy power plants. Currently, there is a growing interest for a better understanding of the hydrodynamic processes of fluidization and mathematical models able to predict such phenomena effectively. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool, the open source code MFIX (Multiphase Flow With Interphase Exchanges) is used in the numerical simulation of multiphase flows in a bubbling fluidized bed. In the mathematical modeling of the problem, the Eulerian approach is employed, i.e. the particulate solid and gas phases are considered to be interpenetrating continua. The equations of mass and momentum are solved for each phase, and the coupling between phases is achieved via a momentum transfer term, which is caused by gas-solid drag. The latter can be modeled by theoretical or empirical correlations, among which stand out the correlations of Gidaspow, Hill-Koch-Ladd (HKL), Syamlal and O’Brien and Arastoopour. In the present work the performance of these correlations in the numerical simulation of a bubbling fluidized bed with a central jet of gas is studied. The results produced using different correlations are compared to experimental results available in the literature. The model of Syamlal and O’Brien requires less processing time and presents mesh independent results even for coarse meshes, but predicts much smaller bubbles than those observed experimentally. The models of HKL and of Gidaspow give results which show good agreement with experimental results, especially with regard to the shape of bubbles. These models require high processing time and very refined meshes to produce results independent of the discretization. For the Arastoopour model, preliminary results are presented, which differ greatly from other models and require further study

Dois dos principais objetivos no estudo da aerodinâmica de veículos comerciais são a redução no consumo de combustível e o aumento na eficiência da refrigeração do motor. Esses objetivos podem ser alcançados através do desenvolvimento de dispositivos que modifiquem o escoamento do ar ao redor do veículo e também através da alteração da forma das superfícies externas. A inclinação das superfícies da parte traseira de um ônibus, por exemplo, tem grande influência sobre a esteira turbulenta que se forma atrás do veículo. O uso de ferramentas computacionais permite uma redução de custo e maior flexibilidade na análise aerodinâmica de autoveículos. Ainda é preciso, no entanto, que o resultado dessas ferramentas computacionais seja verificado com o maior número possível de casos para que se possa escolher e ajustar o modelo matemático de forma adequada. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a verificação dos resultados computacionais e experimentais no desenvolvimento de metodologias que visem à redução no consumo de combustível e aumento na eficiência da refrigeração do motor. Foram comparados resultados experimentais e computacionais do escoamento sobre um modelo de um ônibus comercial em escala 1:17,5. Para a realização do experimento foi utilizado um túnel de vento de seção aberta, onde foram analisadas as distribuições de pressão nas superfícies da carroceria e o arrasto aerodinâmico. Para o teste computacional, foi utilizado um software de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional em que as equações de Navier-Stokes com média de Reynolds são resolvidas pelo método dos volumes finitos usando um modelo de turbulência RNG 'capa' - 'épsilon' / Two main objectives in the study of commercial vehicle aerodynamics are the reduction in fuel consumption and the improvement in engine refrigeration efficiency. These objectives can be achieved through development of devices which vary the flow characteristics around the vehicle and also through modification of the shape of external surfaces. The slope of rear surfaces, for instance, has large influence over the wake turbulence which forms behind the vehicle. The use of computational tools yields cost reduction and greater flexibility in automotive aerodynamic analysis. There is still a need, however, for verification of results, generated by these computational tools, with the largest possible number of test cases so that the mathematical model is adequately chosen and adjusted. The objective of the present work is the verification of experimental and computational results in the development of methodologies aiming at reduction of fuel consumption and improvement in engine refrigeration efficiency. Experimental and computational aerodynamic results were compared for a commercial bus model with a 1:17.5 scale. The experiments were conducted in an open section wind tunnel where pressure distribution and aerodynamic drag were analyzed. The numerical analysis was conducted using computational fluid dynamics software which solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the finite volume method with a RNG 'capa' - 'épsilon' turbulence model

Cette thèse expérimentale et numérique s’intéresse à l’écoulement à inertie négligeable d’un fluide newtonien et d’un fluide à seuil autour d’une plaque ou d’un cylindre en présence d’une paroi. Les efforts générés et les structures d’écoulement ont été particulièrement étudiés. Pour le fluide à seuil, l’étude est centrée sur le domaine des effets de seuil grands par rapport aux effets visqueux. Pour l’approche expérimentale, un dispositif a été conçu permettant de mesurer simultanément les forces de traînée et de portance en fonction de la vitesse et de la distance obstacle/paroi. Les fluides étudiés sont un sirop de glucose Newtonien et un gel de Carbopol considéré comme un fluide à seuil modèle. Ces matériaux ont été finement caractérisés du point de vue rhéologique. Des simulations numériques utilisant le modèle viscoplastique anélastique d’Herschel-Bulkley régularisé par le modèle de Papanastasiou ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus avec le fluide newtonien ont permis de valider l’installation expérimentale et l’approche numérique. Les effets de la contrainte seuil, de la distance paroi/obstacle, de la rhéofluidification, de l’angle d’inclinaison de la plaque sur les coefficients de traînée et de portance ont été examinés en détail. Le régime de lubrification a été étudié pour le cylindre expérimentalement et théoriquement. La morphologie de l’écoulement (zones rigides) et les grandeurs locales ont été montrées. Des solutions analytiques de la traînée et de la portance ont été proposées. Les comparaisons entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques ainsi qu’avec les solutions issues de la plasticité de la mécanique des sols sont analysées. Les écarts sont discutés en termes d’influence de l’élasticité et de plasticité du fluide à seuil. / This experimental and numerical thesis deals with the creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid and a yield stress fluid around a plate or a cylinder in the presence of a wall. The generated forces and the flow structures have been particularly studied. The study focuses for the yield stress fluid on large yield stress effects compared to the viscous effects. For the experimental approach, a device has been designed to measure simultaneously the drag and lift forces as a function of velocity and obstacle / wall distance. The fluids studied are a Newtonian glucose syrup and a Carbopol gel considered as a yield stress fluid model. These materials have been finely characterized from the rheological point of view. Numerical simulations using the Herschel-Bulkley anelastic viscoplastic model regularized by the Papanastasiou model were carried out. The results obtained with the Newtonian fluid allowed to validate the experimental set-up and the numerical approach. The effects of the yield stress, the wall / obstacle distance, the power law index and the inclined plate on the drag and lift coefficients were carefully examined. The lubrication regime has been studied for the cylinder both experimentally and theoretically. The morphology of the flow (rigid zones) and the local field quantities have been shown. Analytical solutions of drag and lift have been proposed. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results as well as the solutions resulting from the plasticity of soil mechanics are analyzed. Deviations are discussed in terms of the elasticity and plasticity influence of the yield stress fluid.

Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar o desempenho de um reator com leito de biomassa aderida de fluxo ascensional em escala plena (159 \'M POT.3\') e com aeração contínua a 7 m acima da base do reator para o tratamento do esgoto sanitário. O leito do reator era formado por carvão ativado granular, carvão antracitoso e areia. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram feitos ensaios hidrodinâmicos que consistiram da curva de expansão/fluidificação para as biopartículas do leito do reator em escala plena e do ensaio de estímulo-resposta com o traçador \'NA\'CL\'. Na segunda etapa monitorou-se o comportamento do reator com leito de biomassa aderida operado com setor 1 (sem aeração) e setor 2 (com aeração) sobrepostos e foi utilizada a recirculação para expandir o leito. As curvas de expansão/fluidificação das biopartículas constituintes do leito do reator mostraram que o leito do reator no setor 1 encontrava-se sem expansão e no setor 2 estava expandido, sob as condições de operação determinadas para esse trabalho. Do ensaio com o traçador \'NA\'CL\', obtiverem-se tempo de detenção hidráulica médio (TDHM) de 18,45 h para o ensaio sem recirculação e com compressor desligado; e de 16,90 h para o ensaio com recirculação e compressor ligado. Os TDHM obtidos foram maiores que o TDH teórico (igual a 12 h), provavelmente devido à difusão do traçador no biofilme. A Etapa II foi dividida em duas fases, na fase 1 o TDH teórico médio foi de 12 h e na fase 2 foi de 16 h. Verificou-se baixa retenção de sólidos no sistema, visto que o efluente apresentou, durante a maior parte do período de monitoramento, concentrações de sólidos totais e sólidos suspensos totais superiores as do afluente. A maior eficiência de remoção de DQO de amostra bruta aconteceu na fase 2 e foi de 32% sob taxa de carregamento de 0,86kgDQObruta/\'M POT.3\'.d. Os valores médios de DQO de ) amostras filtradas do efluente foram iguais 119 e 116 mg \'O IND.2\'/L, o que equivale a remoções médias de 54% e 63%, respectivamente para a fase 1 e 2. A maior remoção DBO de amostra filtrada no sistema aconteceu na fase 1 e foi de 91%, com o efluente apresentando concentração de 19 mg \'O IND.2\'/L. Com relação à concentração de NTK, o sistema foi pouco eficiente em sua remoção e apresentou concentrações muito baixa de nitrogênio oxidado (menores que 1 mg \'NO IND.3\'POT.-1\'/L). O grau de amonificação foi de 89%, em média, quando considerou a concentração de NTK em amostra filtrada. Concluiu-se que o sistema não é eficiente na remoção de material orgânico e de nutrientes devido ao arraste de sólidos e material biológico no efluente. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of a full scale up-flow attached biomass bed reactor (159 \'M POT.3\') and with continuous aeration at 7 m above bottom of the reactor to sanitary sewage treatment. The bed of the reactor was constituted for activated granular carbon, anthracite carbon and sand. The work was divided into two stages. In the first stage, hydrodynamics tests were made which consisted of the expansion/fluidization curve for the bioparticles of the bed of the full scale reactor and of the test of stimulus-response with tracer \'NA\'CL\'. In the second stage, it monitored the performance of the attached biomass bed reactor operated with overlapping sector 1 (without aeration) and sector 2 (with aeration) and it utilized the recirculation to expand the bed. The expansion/fluidization curves of the bioparticles of the bed of the reactor showed that the bed of the reactor in the sector 1 was without expansion and in the sector 2 was expanded, under the operating conditions determined for this work. Of the test with \'NA\'CL\' tracer obtained mean hydraulic detention time (HDTM) of 18,45 h for the test without recirculation and compressor off; and of 16,90 h for the test with recirculation and compressor on. The obtained HDTM were bigger than the theoretical HDT (equal at 12 h), probably due to at the diffusion of trace into biofilm. The stage II was divided into two phases, in the phase 1 mean theoretical HDT was of 12 h, and in the phase 2 was of 16 h. It verified low retention of solids in the system, since the effluent presented, during most of the monitoring period, concentrations of total solids and total suspended solids higher than the influent. The greater efficiency of COD removal of raw sample occurred in phase 2 and was of 32% under loading rate of 0,86kgCODraw/\'M POT.3\'.d. The mean amounts COD of filtered samples in the effluent were equal to 119 and 116mg\'O IND.2\'/L, which is equivalent ) to mean removals of 54% and 63%, respectively for phase 1 and 2. The higher efficiency of removal BOD filtered sample in the system was in phase 1 and was of 91%, with effluent presenting concentration of 19mg \'O IND.2\'/L. With respect to the TKN concentration, the system was little efficient in its removal and presented very low concentration of oxidized nitrogen (lower than 1mg \'NO IND.3\'POT.-1\'). The degree of ammonification was 89%, on average, when considered the TKN concentration in the filtered sample. It concluded that the system is not effective removing organic material and nutrients due to drag of solids and biological material in the effluent.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-03-16T12:44:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Augusto Kestering_.pdf: 4709572 bytes, checksum: bd1166e3946f589fd86f700a714928c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T12:44:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Augusto Kestering_.pdf: 4709572 bytes, checksum: bd1166e3946f589fd86f700a714928c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A investigação dos modelos de arrasto gás-sólido é fundamental para se obter bons resultados de fluidização utilizando dinâmica dos fluidos computacional. A tecnologia de fluidização é muito utilizada para conversão térmica de combustíveis sólidos e tem como principal vantagem a boa mistura entre gás e sólido. O presente trabalho utiliza dois softwares para simulação de leitos fluidizados, MFIX e Ansys Fluent, para comparar os modelos de arrasto de Syamlal e O`Brien (1987) e Di Felice (1994). A abordagem utilizada para modelagem do problema é o modelo de dois fluidos (Two Fluid Model, TFM), juntamente com a teoria cinética para escoamento laminar (Kinetic Theory for Granular Flow, KTGF). Um método para ajuste do modelo de DF (DI FELICE, 1994), baseado no trabalho de Esmaili e Mahinpey (2011), é sugerido, assim como o modelo de SO (SYAMLAL; O`BRIEN,1987) é ajustado utilizando dados em condição de mínima fluidização. Foram conduzidos experimentos para obtenção de velocidade e fração de vazios em condição de mínima fluidização a fim de ajustar ambos os modelos. As partículas utilizadas nos experimentos foram esferas de vidro de 1,21 mm, 0,8 mm e areia de fundição de 0,29 mm. O método proposto representa de forma adequada os dados obtidos em mínima fluidização das três partículas. Com os modelos de arrasto ajustados, simulações numéricas em regime de fluidização foram conduzidas em domínio bidimensional e tridimensional. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações apresentam boa concordância com resultados experimentais em queda de pressão do leito e borbulhamento. Concomitantemente, um código para obtenção de modelo de arrasto utilizando o algoritmo EMMS/Bubbling foi desenvolvido e simulações numéricas bidimensionais foram conduzidas, para teste e validação. Os resultados do código mostram que o modelo segue a mesma tendência de Shi, Wang e Li (2011), que desenvolveram o modelo EMMS/Bubbling. / The investigation of gas-solid drag models is a key to obtain good results of fluidization by using computational fluid dynamic tools. The fluidization technology is used for solid fuel thermal conversion and its main advantage is the high gas-solid mixture. The present effort uses two software for fluidized beds simulation, MFIX and Ansys Fluent, in order to compare the drag models of Syamlal and O`Brien (1987) and Di Felice (1994). Two Fluid Model is the approach used to model together with Kinetic Theory for Granular flow. A method to adjust DF drag model (DI FELICE, 1994), based on Esmaili and Mahinpey (2011), is suggested, as well as SO drag model (SYAMLAL; O’BRIEN, 1987) is adjusted using data obtained from minimum fluidization condition. Experiments were realized to obtain velocity and void fraction at minimum fluidization condition in order to adjust both models. Glass beads with diameter of 1,21 mm and 0,8 mm and sand with diameter of 0,29 mm were used on experiments. The purposed method fits the data obtained on minimum fluidization condition of the three particles, in accordance with experimental data. With the models adjusted, numerical simulation were conducted using drag models for two- and three-dimensional domain. The results of this simulations agrees with experimental data of pressure drop and bubble formation. Simultaneously, a code to obtain a drag model using EMM/Bubbling algorithm was developed and numerical simulation were conducted. Results of EMMS show that the model have the same tendency of results of Shi, Wand and Li (2011), who developed EMMS/Bubbling model.

This study sought to explore a professional sport venue’s use of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) to promote positive social change, by addressing illegal street racing, through events designed for community participation. This study specifically looked at public dragracing events, titled “Street Fights,” held at a professional dragway. The purpose of this study was to 1) examine drivers’ awareness of the event’s social responsibility initiatives with Street Fight events and 2) determine if these initiatives are promoting behavioral changes in drivers. Drivers at Street Fight events were surveyed (n=77, 60% response rate) on their levels of awareness of the venue’s social responsibility initiatives, as well as, the event and venue’s overall influence on positive social change within the community. Results showed that Street Fight racers seem to be aware that the events were created to offer a safe, legal, and affordable place to dragrace. Street Fight racers also indicated they were less likely to engage in excessive speeding on open roadways due to their participation in Street Fight events.

A body exposed to hypersonic flow is subjected to extremely high wall heating rates, owing to the conversion of the kinetic energy of the oncoming flow into heat through the formation of shock waves and viscous dissipation in the boundary layer and this is one of the main concerns in the design of any hypersonic vehicle. The conventional way of tackling this problem is to use a blunt fore-body, but it also results in an increase in wave drag and puts the penalty of excessive load on the propulsion system. An alternative approach is to alter the flow field using external means without changing the shape of the body; and several such methods are reported in the literature. The superiority of such methods lie in the fact that the effective shape of the body can be altered to meet the requirements of low wave drag, without having to pay the penalty of an increased wall heat transfer rate. Among these techniques, the use of local energy addition in the freestream to alter the flow field is particularly promising due to the flexibility it offers. By the suitable placement of the energy source relative to the body, this method can be effectively used to reduce the wave drag, to generate control forces and to optimise the performance of inlets. Although substantial number of numerical investigations on this topic is reported in the literature, there is no experimental evidence available, especially under hypersonic flow conditions, to support the feasibility of this concept. The purpose of this thesis is to experimentally investigate the effect of energy deposition on the flow-field of a 120� apex angle blunt cone in a hypersonic shock tunnel. Energy deposition is done using an electric arc discharge generated between two electrodes placed in the free stream and various parameters influencing the effectiveness of this technique are studied. The effect of energy deposition on aerodynamic parameters such as the drag force acting on the model and the wall heat flux has been investigated. In addition, the unsteady flow field is visualised using a standard Z-type schlieren flow visualisation setup. The experimental studies have shown a maximum reduction in drag of 50% and a reduction in stagnation point heating rate of 84% with the deposition of 0.3 kW of energy. The investigations also show that the location of energy deposition has a vital role in determining the flow structure; with no noticeable effects being produced in the flow field when the discharge source is located close to the body (0.416 times body diameter). In addition, the type of the test gas used is also found to have a major influence on the effectiveness of energy deposition, suggesting that thermal effects of energy deposition govern the flow field alteration mechanism. The freestream mass flux is also identified as an important parameter. These findings were also confirmed by surface pressure measurements. The experimental evidence also indicates that relaxation of the internal degrees of freedom play a major role in the determination of the flow structure. For the present experimental conditions, it has been observed that the flow field alteration is a result of the interaction of the heated region behind the energy spot with the blunt body shock wave. In addition to the experimental studies, numerical simulations of the flow field with energy deposition are also carried out and the experimentally measured aerodynamic drag with energy deposition is found to match reasonably well with the computed values.

The emerging and competitive environment in the space technology requires the improvements in the capability of aerodynamic vehicles. This leads to the analysis in drag reduction of the vehicle along with the minimized heat transfer rate. Using forward facing solid aerospike is the simplest way among the existing drag reduction methodologies for hypersonic blunt cone bodies. But the flow oscillations associated with this aerospike makes it difficult to implement. When analyzing this flow, it can be understood that this oscillating flow can be compared to conical cavity flow. Therefore in the spiked flows, it is decided to implement the technique used in reducing the flow oscillation of the cavities. Based on this method the shallow conical cavity flow generated by the aerospike fixed ahead of a 120o blunt cone body is fissured as multiple cavities by so many disks formed from 10o cone. Now the deep conical cavities had the length to mean depth ratio of unity; this suppresses the unnecessary oscillations of the shallow cavity. The total length of the telescopic aerospike is fixed as 100mm. And one another conical tip plain aerospike of same length is designed for comparing the telescopic spike’s performance at hypersonic flow Mach numbers of 5.75 and 7.9. A three component force balance system capable of measuring drag, lift and pitching moment is designed and mounted internally into the skirt of the model. Drag measurement is done for without spike, conical tip plain spiked and telescopic spiked blunt cone body. The three configurations are tested at different angles of attack from 0 to 10 degree with a step of 2. A discrete iterative deconvolution methodology is implemented in this research work for obtaining the clean drag history from the noisy drag accelerometer signal. The drag results showed the drag reduction when compared to the without spike blunt cone body. When comparing to the plain spiked, the telescopic spiked blunt cone body has lesser drag at higher angles of attack. Heat transfer measurements are done over the blunt cone surface using the Platinum thin film gauges formed over the Macor substrate. These results and the flow visualization give better understanding of the flow and the heat flux rate caused by the flow. The enhancement in the heat flux rate over the blunt cone surface is due to the shock interaction. And in recirculation region the heat flux rate is very much lesser when compared to without spike blunt cone body. It is observed that the shock interaction in the windward side is coming closer towards the nose of the blunt cone as the angle of attack increases and the oscillation of the oblique shock also decreases. Schlieren visualization showed that there is dispersion in the oblique shock, particularly in the leeward side. In the telescopic spike there are multiple shocks generated from each and every disk which coalesces together to form a single oblique shock. And the effect of the shock generated by the telescopic spike is stronger than the effect of the shock generated by the conical tip plain spike.