The aim was comparison of drought and frost resistence of selected varieties of Medicago sativa L. from domestic and foreign. The evaluation was performed by a series of laboratory experiments and observations in two replications in 2009 ? 2010. The results were evaluated as the most resistant varieties to frost variety from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Namely variety Magda Litava, Tisa and Synthesis. As the least resistant varieties have been evaluated varieties from the warm coastal areas. Most resistant varieties to water deficit during vegetation varieties were evaluated Magda, Comete, Europe and Camilla. The climatic conditions of the Czech Republic would be most appropriate, according to the results observed varieties of Magda. It has high resistance to frost and has good results in drought. Other good varieties from Czech Republic are Pálava and Camilla. Of the foreign varieties would be best to use a French variety of Como, Europe and the Dutch variety of Capri. These varieties have good resistance to frost and high drought. The whole problem of drought and frost resistance of alfalfa is not yet explored, it would be appropriate, the results obtained confirmed by further research.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento da GlirÃdica sepium submetida a diferentes manejos de corte nas condiÃÃes do semiÃrido cearense. O delineamento estatÃstico utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas constaram de quatro frequÃncias de corte (45, 60, 75 e 90 dias) e trÃs alturas de resÃduo (30, 60 e 90 cm) com quatro repetiÃÃes, sendo que a frequÃncia de corte compreendeu a parcela principal e a altura de resÃduo a subparcela. O experimento foi conduzido no municÃpio de Fortaleza, CearÃ. O plantio foi realizado em marÃo de 2010 em espaÃamento de 1,5 m x 1,0 m com Ãrea experimental de 600 m2 e estande com 336 plantas. O corte de uniformizaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo dos tratamentos ocorreu em dezembro de 2010, a partir desta data iniciou-se o perÃodo de avaliaÃÃo que foi de 375 dias a quantidade de cortes variou de acordo com os tratamentos, realizando-se 8, 6, 5 e 4 cortes para os tratamentos com as frequÃncias de corte de 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias, respectivamente. A anÃlise das caracterÃsticas de crescimento da gliricÃdia foi obtida atravÃs da Ãrea foliar especÃfica, Ãndice de Ãrea foliar, taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatÃria lÃquida, taxa de crescimento da cultura, diÃmetro do caule ao nÃvel do solo, diÃmetro dos brotos, nÃmero de brotaÃÃo, nÃmero de folhas por broto, altura da planta, relaÃÃo folha/caule, matÃria seca da planta, da folha e do caule, produÃÃo de massa seca de folha e caule por corte e total e produÃÃo de massa de forragem por corte e total. As plantas manejadas com frequÃncia de corte de 90 dias e altura de resÃduo de 90 cm obtiveram maior Ãrea foliar especÃfica e Ãndice de Ãrea foliar com 48,51 cm2.g-1 e 5,54, respectivamente. A maior taxa de crescimento cultural foi de 2,63 g.m-2.dia-1 obtida no manejo de corte com frequÃncia de 45 dias e altura de resÃduo de 90 cm. No mesmo manejo de corte observou-se o valor mÃximo para taxa de crescimento relativo que foi de 0,016 g.g-1.dia-1 e maior taxa assimilatÃria lÃquida com 1,32 g.m-2.dia-1, ambas as taxas foram obtidas no perÃodo do 3Â ao 4Â corte (perÃodo chuvoso). O diÃmetro do broto para o manejo de corte com frequÃncia de 90 dias combinado com altura de resÃduo de 90 cm foi 0,31 cm superior ao diÃmetro do broto no manejo de corte com frequÃncia de 45 dias e altura de resÃduo de 30 cm, apresentando maior diÃmetro de broto de 0,96 cm para o perÃodo das chuvas e de 0,81 cm para o perÃodo seco, obtendo ainda, maior Ãndice de Ãrea foliar no perÃodo das chuvas e seco. O manejo com frequÃncia de corte de 90 dias combinado com altura de resÃduo de 90 cm obteve maior acÃmulo de massa seca de forragem por corte no perÃodo das chuvas e seco com 5,3 e 4,8 t.ha-1, e total com 10,7 e 9,7 t.ha-1, respectivamente. As plantas submetidas a esse mesmo manejo atingiram a maior produÃÃo de massa verde e seca de forragem por corte, com mÃdia de 18,13 t.ha-1 e 5,09 t.ha-1 em cada corte, respectivamente, produzindo 72,52 t.ha-1 de massa verde de forragem total e 20,36 t.ha-1 de massa seca de forragem total. A frequÃncia de corte e altura de resÃduo influenciam o crescimento e produÃÃo da gliricÃdia. A intensidade de corte 90 cm proporciona melhores taxas de crescimento e quando combinada com a frequÃncia de corte de 90 dias ocorre maior produÃÃo de massa de forragem da gliricÃdia. / The objective was to evaluate the growth of GlirÃdica sepium under different managements cutting conditions semiarid of CearÃ. The statistical design was a randomized block design with split plots. The plots consisted of four cut off frequencies (45, 60, 75 and 90 days) and three heights residue (30, 60 and 90 cm) with four replications, and the cut off frequency comprised the major portion of the residue height of the subplot. The experiment was conducted in the city of Fortaleza, CearÃ. Planting took place in March 2010 at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.0 m with an area of 600 m2 and experimental stand with 336 plants. Cutting standardization and application of treatments occurred in December 2010, from this date began the evaluation period of 375 days which was the amount of cuts varied with treatments, performing 8, 6, 5 and 4 cuts for treatments with cut off frequencies of 45, 60, 75 and 90 days, respectively. The analysis of the growth characteristics of Gliricidia was obtained by specific leaf area, leaf area index, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, crop growth rate, stem diameter at ground level, diameter of shoots, number of sprouting, number of leaves, plant height, leaf/stem ratio, plant dry matter, leaf and stem dry mass of leaf and stem by cutting and total production of dry matter per cutting and full. Plants managed with cut off frequency of 90 days and a residue height of 90 cm had higher specific leaf area and leaf area index with 48.51 cm2.g-1 and 5.54, respectively. The highest growth rate cultural was 2.63 g.m-2.dia-1 obtained in the management of cutting frequency of 45 days and residue height of 90 cm. At the same management cut off was observed for the maximum relative growth rate which was 0.016 g.g-1.dia-1 and higher net assimilation rate with 1.32 g.m-2.dia-1, both rates were obtained in period of 3Â to 4Â cut (rainy season). The diameter of the bud for handling cut frequently with 90 days combined residue height of 90 cm was 0.31 cm larger than the diameter of the shoot in the management of cutting frequency of 45 days and residue height of 30 cm, with larger diameter of 0.96 cm shoot for the rainy season and 0.81 cm for the dry period, getting even, greater leaf area index during the rainy season and dry. The handling with cut off frequency of 90 days combined with residue height of 90 cm obtained higher dry matter accumulation by cutting forage during the rainy season and dry with 5.3 and 4.8 t.ha-1, and with full 10.7 t.ha-1 and 9.7, respectively. Plants subjected to the same management reached the highest yield of green mass and dry fodder by cutting, with a mean of 18.13 t.ha-1 and 5.09 t.ha-1 in each cut, respectively, producing 72 52 t.ha-1 fresh weight of total forage and 20.36 t.ha-1 dry weight of total forage. The cut off frequency and height of residue influence the growth and production of Gliricidia. The intensity of cut 90 cm provides better growth rates and when combined with a cut off frequency of 90 days is greater herbage mass production of Gliricidia.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 80% of farms in Latin America and the Caribbean are family farms, including more than 60 million people, becoming an important source of labor. Despite the economic and social importance of family farms, the majority of workers employed in this sector are faced with obstacles of structural and economic order even if assisted by various public policies. In the case of CearÃ, are allied with socioeconomic vulnerability environmental problems resulting from the instability of the rainfall, environmental degradation and the progress of desertification processes. From the perspective of family agriculture, adaptation measures to problems arising from climate instability would favor living with drought and reduce local socioeconomic problems. This analysis of family farming in the municipality of IrauÃuba identifies a set of interventions that could be classified as adaptive: social technologies - already seeking to increase the resistance of farmers to drought. For this it was proposed with this study: to investigate socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in the municipality; analyze how the drought affects farmers in the municipality of IrauÃuba; identify adaptive to the phenomena of drought measures related to water resources, implemented in the properties of family farming in the municipality of IrauÃuba and verify that the phenomena of drought adaptive measures may be associated with quality of life of family farmers. Considering the occurrence of heterogeneity among farmers surveyed, it was decided to group them into three classes (lower levels, intermediate levels and higher levels) according to their similarity to the Quality of Life Index (QLI). A greater proportion of them are in class with lower levels of quality of life. An even larger aggregation of indexes for each dimension points a Quality of Life Index (QLI) average of 0.443. Drought is suggested as a factor reducing the quality of life by 66.3% of respondents. The results achieved in this research indicated low level of adoption of social technologies, seen as simple, cheap and easily accessible. The absence of public policies towards the adoption of adaptive measures, observed in the city, can be seen as one of the factors responsible, given that access to technologies depends on encouragement, financial support, guidance, differentiated education in rural schools and practical instruction. We observed a statistically significant association between quality of life and the use of technologies spout tank, pond, traditional patriarch and underground dam. What does it mean that the use of these water capture and storage technologies are associated with higher indices of quality of life, so it can provide small farmers of IrauÃuba a better quality of life. / Segundo a OrganizaÃÃo das NaÃÃes Unidas para AlimentaÃÃo e Agricultura (FAO), 80% das exploraÃÃes agrÃcolas na AmÃrica Latina e Caribe sÃo de propriedades de agricultores familiares, incluindo mais de 60 milhÃes de pessoas, tornando-se uma importante fonte de trabalho. Apesar da importÃncia econÃmica e social da agricultura familiar, a maioria dos trabalhadores inseridos nesse segmento se depara com obstÃculos de ordem estrutural e econÃmica ainda que assistidos por vÃrias polÃticas pÃblicas. No caso do CearÃ, aliam-se aos problemas socioeconÃmicos a vulnerabilidade ambiental resultante da instabilidade do regime pluviomÃtrico, a degradaÃÃo ambiental e os avanÃos dos processos de desertificaÃÃo. Na perspectiva da agricultura familiar, medidas de adaptaÃÃo aos problemas decorrentes da instabilidade climÃtica favoreceriam a convivÃncia com a seca e reduziriam os problemas socioeconÃmicos locais. Essa anÃlise da agricultura familiar no municÃpio de IrauÃuba identifica um conjunto de intervenÃÃes que poderiam ser classificadas como adaptativas: as tecnologias sociais â jà que buscam aumentar a resistÃncia dos agricultores aos perÃodos de seca. Para isso propÃs-se com este estudo: investigar caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas dos agricultores familiares do municÃpio; analisar como a seca afeta os agricultores familiares do municÃpio de IrauÃuba; identificar medidas adaptativas aos fenÃmenos da seca, vinculadas aos recursos hÃdricos, implementadas nas propriedades de agricultura familiar no municÃpio de IrauÃuba e verificar se medidas adaptativas aos fenÃmenos da seca podem ser associadas à qualidade de vida dos agricultores familiares. Considerando-se a ocorrÃncia de heterogeneidade entre os agricultores pesquisados, optou-se por agrupÃ-los em trÃs classes (nÃveis menores, nÃveis intermediÃrios e nÃveis mais elevados) segundo sua semelhanÃa quanto ao Ãndice de Qualidade de Vida (IQV). Uma maior proporÃÃo deles se encontra na classe com nÃveis menores de qualidade de vida. Uma agregaÃÃo ainda maior dos Ãndices de cada dimensÃo aponta um Ãndice de Qualidade de Vida (IQV) mÃdio de 0,443. A seca à apontada como um fator de reduÃÃo da qualidade de vida por 66,3% dos entrevistados. Os resultados alcanÃados na pesquisa apontam baixo nÃvel de adoÃÃo das tecnologias sociais, vistas como simples, baratas e de fÃcil acesso. A ausÃncia de polÃticas pÃblicas direcionadas para a adoÃÃo de medidas adaptativas, verificada no municÃpio, pode ser apontada como um dos fatores responsÃveis, visto que o acesso Ãs tecnologias depende de incentivo, apoio financeiro, orientaÃÃo, educaÃÃo diferenciada nas escolas rurais e instruÃÃo prÃtica. Observou-se associaÃÃo estatisticamente significativa entre a qualidade de vida e o uso das tecnologias cisterna de bica, aÃude, barreiro tradicional e barragem subterrÃnea. O que significa dizer que o uso dessas tecnologias de captaÃÃo e armazenamento de Ãgua està relacionado com maiores Ãndices de Qualidade de Vida, por isso podem proporcionar aos agricultores familiares de IrauÃuba uma melhor qualidade de vida.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-30T18:02:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA.pdf: 2366892 bytes, checksum: a8267bdf80ed510e024b84bf700298d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA.pdf: 2366892 bytes, checksum: a8267bdf80ed510e024b84bf700298d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / CNPQ E FACEPE / Crescimento de plantas em Florestas Tropicais Sazonalmente Secas (FTSS) requer uma série de ajustes fisiológicos e morfológicos no metabolismo das plantas. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as variações sazonais e anuais nas trocas gasosas, no potencial hídrico foliar (Yf), no metabolismo primário, na concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos e nos níveis endógenos de hormônios e anatomia foliar de Cynophalla flexuosa (sempre-verde) e Annona leptopetala (decídua), afim de compreender quais atributos são responsáveis pelo desencadeamento dos padrões fenológicos. Água no solo e déficit de pressão de vapor (DPV) foram fatores ambientais que mais induziram mudanças no metabolismo foliar em ambas as espécies, que também têm fechamento estomático como resposta primária à condição de seca. Na sempre-verde, o ácido jasmônico (AJ) apareceu como regulador endógeno da condutância estomática (gs), enquanto o ácido salicílico (AS) foi o principal regulador do Yf e eficiência no uso da água (EUA). Além disso, a trans-zeatina (tZ) e precursor do etileno (ACC) parecem ser importantes para o controle metabolismo primário e pigmentos. Essas respostas hormonais refletiram na capacidade dessa espécie de manter-se ativa mesmo durante períodos de seca severa. Por outro lado, na decídua foi observado maximização da gs e assimilação (A) nos períodos chuvosos. Maior EUA ocorreu na transição seca-chuva. Também, a sobrevivência e crescimento dessa espécie parecem estar relacionados à dinâmica entre acúmulo e consumo de compostos de carbono (carboidratos, amido, frutose e sacarose) e nitrogênio (proteína e aminoácidos). Três hormônios se destacaram na regulação das trocas gasosas e de parâmetros relacionados à fotossíntese nessa decídua: ACC, ABA e AS. Nossos dados sugerem que a interação entre ACC e ABA teve grande importância na regulação das trocas gasosas e metabolismo de A. leptopetala. Ainda, o AS mostrou-se especialmente importante no período de menor disponibilidade hídrica, aumentando a EUA e a remobilização de solutos. As espécies apresentaram anatomia foliar distinta: C.flexuosa apresentou cutícula espessa, epiderme com células papilhosas na face abaxial, pouco espaço de ar no parênquima lacunoso, parênquima paliçádico com 2-3 camadas de células, e os estômatos localizados na face abaxial encontram-se envolvidos por uma estrutura formada por ornamentação da parede periclinal que gera um microclima favorável às trocas gasosas. A. leptopetala, ao contrário, apresentou cutícula delgada, mas com ornamentações formadas pela cera epicuticular, maior espaço intercelular, tricomas e câmera subestomática. / Plant growth in Seasonally Tropical Dry Forests (STDF) requires physiological and morphological adjustments in plant metabolism. In this work, the seasonal and annual variations were evaluated in gas exchange, in leaf water potential (Yf), in primary metabolism, in photosynthetic pigments contents, in endogenous hormone levels and leaf anatomy of Cynophalla flexuosa (evergreen) and Annona leptopetala (deciduous), in order to understand which traist are responsible for the onset of phenological patterns. Soil water and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were environmental factors that induced changes in foliar metabolism in both species, which also have stomatal closure as a primary response to drought conditions. In the evergreen species, jasmonic acid (JA) appeared as an endogenous regulator of stomatal conductance (gs), while salicylic acid (SA) was the main regulator of Yf and water use efficiency (WUE). Furthermore, trans-zeatin (tZ) and the ethylene precursor (ACC) seem to be important for the primary metabolism and pigments control. These hormonal responses reflected in the ability of this species to remain active even during periods of severe drought. Moreover, in the deciduous species a maximization of gs and CO2 assimilation (A) was observed in the rainy periods. Most WUE occurred in the transition drought-rainy season. Also, the survival and growth of this species appear to be related to the dynamics of accumulation and consumption of carbon compounds (carbohydrates, starch, fructose and sucrose) and nitrogen (proteins and aminoacids). Three hormones stood out in the regulation of gas exchange and parameters related to photosynthesis in the deciduous species: ACC, ABA and SA. Our data suggest that the interaction between ACC and ABA played an important role in the regulation of gas exchange and metabolism in A. leptopetala. In addition, SA has proved especially important in periods of low water availability, increasing the WUE and solutes´ remobilization. The species showed distinct leaf anatomy: C.flexuosa showed thick cuticle, epidermis with papillose cells in the abaxial surface, little quantity of air space in the spongy parenchyma, palisade parenchyma with 2-3 layers of cells and stomata located on the abaxial surface are engaged by a structure formed by the ornamentation of periclinal wall which generates a favorable microclimate for gas exchange. A. Leptopetala, presented thin cuticle, with ornamentation formed by epicuticular wax, increased intercellular space, trichomes and substomatal space.

Orientador: Stanley Robson de Medeiros Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boschi_RaquelStucchi_M.pdf: 3107405 bytes, checksum: 588133f11eed8053ecc9977774702c0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No atual cenário de aquecimento global, fenômeno ao qual a ocorrência de secas intensas e eventos extremos de chuva está cada vez mais associada, o conhecimento do comportamento da precipitação pluvial é fundamental para um planejamento agrícola adequado. A imprevisibilidade das variações climáticas e a dependência do regime pluviométrico são os principais fatores de risco e insucesso na produção agrícola. A variabilidade temporal da precipitação é apontada como a principal causa das variações dos rendimentos das principais culturas, particularmente no Rio Grande do Sul. Na Região Sul do Brasil, este é o estado mais afetado pelas secas. Esses períodos de estiagens conhecidos como veranicos, são apontados como um dos principias fatores limitantes da produção agrícola, uma vez que, dependendo da sua duração e frequência, podem provocar reduções significativas na produção final das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento espaço temporal da precipitação pluvial e dos veranicos no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da aplicação de técnicas de mineração de dados. As séries históricas deste estudo foram adquiridas junto à Agência Nacional de Água (ANA), disponíveis no sistema de informações hidrológicas Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). A metodologia utilizada teve como base o modelo CRISP-DM (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). Primeiramente, foram definidas áreas pluviometricamente homogêneas para o decênio 1987-1996 e para o decênio 1997-2006, separadamente. Em seguida, pela sobreposição dos clusters obtidos para os dois períodos, foram definidas seis zonas comuns aos dois decênios, denominadas de A-F. As alterações no volume de precipitação foram avaliadas anual, sazonal e mensalmente nas seis zonas (A-F), e as alterações no número médio de veranicos foram analisadas anual e sazonalmente. A precipitação pluvial anual apresentou um incremento significativo entre os decênios 87-96 e 97-06 em todas as zonas, exceto na zona A. Na análise sazonal não se observou padrão de redução ou incremento. Na análise mensal, destaca-se a redução na precipitação pluvial média do mês de janeiro no segundo decênio, com exceção da zona E. De um modo geral, na análise de veranicos anual, notou-se uma redução no número de veranicos maiores que 15 dias e um aumento no número de veranico de menores de 15 dias. As alterações observadas no número médio de veranicos, nas estações do ano, não apresentaram padrão de redução ou incremento, ocorrendo variações entre classes e períodos / Abstract: In the current scenario of global warming, in which the occurrence of droughts and extreme rainfall events are increasingly associated with these phenomena, the understanding of the behavior of rain is crucial to a proper agricultural planning. The unpredictability of climatic variations and dependence on rainfall are the main risk and failure factors in agricultural production. In the case of Rio Grande do Sul, in particular, the temporal variability of precipitation is considered as the main cause of changes in yields of major crops. In southern Brazil, this is the state most affected by droughts. These periods of drought, known as dry spells, are pointed out as one of the main limiting factors for agricultural production, since depending on the duration and frequency, they can cause significant reductions in final yield of crops. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal rainfall and dry spells in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by applying techniques of data mining. The historical series of this study were obtained from the database of the National Water Agency (ANA), available at the system of hydrological information Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). The methodology used was based on the CRISP-DM model (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). First, homogeneous precipitation areas for the decades 1987-1996 and 1997- 2006 were defined separately. Subsequently, by the overlapping of the clusters obtained from both periods, six common areas were defined ranging from A to F. The changes in the volume of precipitation were evaluated annual, seasonal and monthly, while the changes in the average number of dry spells were evaluated annual and seasonally, in the six zones (A-F). The annual rainfall showed a significant increase between the decades 87-96 and 97-06 in all areas, except for the area A. In the seasonal analysis, no pattern either reduction or increase was found, while in the monthly analysis, the results revealed a reduction in the average rainfall for January in the second period, with the exception of the area E. On the other hand, it was observed a reduction in the number of dry spells longer than 15 days and an increase in those under 15 days, in the annual analysis of dry spells,. The seasonal changes in the average number of dry spells did not present any pattern of either reduction or increase, occurring variations according to classes of dry spells and periods / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

nÃo hà / A opÃÃo da aÃudagem como soluÃÃo para o âcombate Ãs secasâ no Cearà esteve presente nas discussÃes sobre seca desde meados do sÃculo XIX. No inÃcio do sÃculo XX foi criada a Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Secas â IOCS, como uma divisÃo especial do MinistÃrio de ViaÃÃo e Obras PÃblicas e inicialmente teve como funÃÃes dirigir e fiscalizar as aÃÃes realizadas pela UniÃo no âcombate Ãs secasâ na regiÃo compreendida entre os Estados do Piauà e norte de Minas Gerais. Esta instituiÃÃo teve seu Projeto de aÃÃo pensado por intelectuais que viam na ciÃncia, atravÃs das aÃÃes da engenharia civil, a soluÃÃo para os problemas sociais e para o progresso. Um Projeto, seja ele individual ou coletivo, à um plano que para se realizar passa por um campo de possibilidades e sofre mudanÃas colocadas pela realidade onde este serà aplicado. O Projeto da Inspetoria era maior que as obras de engenharia, pois buscava educar um povo da regiÃo seca que era visto como ignorante. Neste processo o profissional da engenharia civil aparece como impulsionador destas aÃÃes. Os engenheiros possuÃam plenos poderes na organizaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo das obas. O presente trabalho analisar a aplicaÃÃo do Projeto de âcombate Ãs secasâ idealizado pela IOCS â Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Secas atravÃs das relaÃÃes entre engenheiros civis e a sociedade local envolvidos nas obras de aÃudagem no interior do Cearà / The option for constructing dams as solution for the âfight against the droughtâ in Cearà has been in the discussions about drought since the middle of the 19th century. In the beginning of the 20th century was created the Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Secas â IOCS, acting like a special division from the MinistÃrio de ViaÃÃo e Obras PÃblicas and initially had functions like directing and supervising the acts done by the UniÃo in the âfight against the droughtâ on the region between the states of Piauà and north of Minas Gerais. Such institution had its Projeto of action thought by intellectuals who saw in science, through actions of the civil engineering, the solution to the social problems and to the progress. A Projeto, be it individual or collective, itâs a plan which, in order to realize itself, passes through a campo de possibilidades and suffers changes placed by the reality where it is applied. The Projeto from the Inspetoria was bigger than the engineering works, as it sought to educate people from the drought region who was seen like ignorant. In this process, the civil engineering professional acts like a propellant of these actions. The engineers had full powers in the organization and maintenance of the works. This research analyses the application of the Projeto âfight against the droughtâ idealized by the IOCS - Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Secas through the relations between civil engineers and the local society involved in the works of dam constructions in the Cearà countryside.

Orientador: Paulo Mazzafera / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sobczak_JullyanaCristinaMagalhaesSilvaMoura_D.pdf: 7349939 bytes, checksum: 6eb326ffabf9657fb56fa2027dc9ae6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A lignina é um complexo composto fenólico vegetal cujas propriedades lhe permitem desempenhar suas funções, as quais são, principalmente, suporte mecânico dos tecidos vegetais e condução eficiente de seiva no xilema. Atualmente, a lignina é intensamente estudada, pois sua característica hidrofóbica, altamente resistente à degradação química e enzimática, a torna indesejável durante a produção do papel e biocombustíveis. Assim, diversos estudos estão sendo conduzidos com o objetivo de se entender a biossíntese de lignina, de modo a reduzir o conteúdo ou alterar a reatividade da lignina em plantas utilizadas nestes processos. Pelo presente trabalho foi estudada a lignificação em espécies de eucaliptos utilizados para a produção de papel, utilizando-se tratamentos de baixa temperatura e estresse hídrico como moduladores da lignificação. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas da lignina e estudos da expressão de genes de sua rota biossintética, em duas regiões distintas do caule (ápice e base caulinar), em plantas submetidas aos estresses e em plantas controle. Feito isto, buscou-se relacionar a expressão dos genes analisados com as alterações bioquímicas observadas, com ênfase nas alterações que poderiam ser benéficas do ponto de vista da produção do papel. Foi observado que em híbridos urograndis P42 (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden), a redução da expressão de LACA8, CAD2 e 4CL0 e o aumento da expressão de POX8.1 e CCR1 podem estar relacionados com as respostas bioquímicas benéficas observadas, isto é, aumento de coniferaldeído, lignina solúvel e digestibilidade da celulose. Em Eucalyptus globulus Labill, análises de plantas submetidas à seca indicaram que a redução da expressão de LACA0 e CCR1, e o aumento da expressão de POX4 e HCT1, podem estar relacionados com o aumento da digestibilidade da celulose. Além disso, uma expressão reduzida de LACA1, LACA6 e DIRI0 podem estar relacionadas com a redução no total de lignina e coniferaldeído. Adicionalmente, em E. globulus, a análise de plantas expostas a frio indicou que a redução da expressão do gene CAD1 pode estar relacionada com o aumento da lignina solúvel. Finalmente, em híbridos uroglobulus (E. urophylla S. T. Blake x E. grandis Hill ex-Maiden) x (E. globulus), comparações das amostras de bases caulinares do ensaio de seca indicaram que a redução da expressão de DIRI0 pode estar relacionada com o aumento da lignina solúvel. Deste modo, este trabalho pode indicar alguns genes possivelmente relacionados com alterações da lignina que poderiam ser benéficas do ponto de vista da produção do papel e, eventualmente, desejáveis para a produção de biocombustíveis, embora este último caso não fosse o foco do trabalho / Abstract: Lignin is a complex plant phenolic compound whose properties allow it to perform its functions, which are mainly the mechanical support of plant tissues and efficient xylem sap conduction. Currently, lignin is intensively studied because its hydrophobic feature and high resistance to chemical and enzymatic degradation makes it undesirable for the production of paper and biofuels. Thus, several studies are being conducted with the goal of understanding the biosynthesis of lignin in order to reduce the content or change the reactivity of lignin in plants used in these processes. In this work, it was studied the lignification in Eucalyptus species used for paper production. Low temperature and water stress treatments were used as modulators of lignification. Biochemical analysis of lignin and gene expression studies were performed in two distinct regions of the stem (stem tips and bases) for plants exposed to stress and control plants. After this, the observed biochemical changes (preferentially those which could be beneficial to paper production) were related to results of gene expression. It was observed that in urograndis P42 hybrids (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden), the reduction of the expression of LACA8, CAD2 and 4CL0 and the increased expression of POX8.1 and CCR1 may be related to the beneficial biochemical responses observed, that is, an increased coniferaldehyde, soluble lignin and cellulose digestibility. In Eucalyptus globulus Labill, analysis of plants submitted to drought treatments indicated that a reduced expression of LACA0 and CCR1, and an increased expression of POX4 and HCT1, may be related to increased digestibility of cellulose. Besides that, a reduced expression of LACA1, LACA6 and DIRI0 may be related to the reduction in total lignin and coniferaldehyde. Additionally, in E. globulus, analysis of plants exposed to cold indicated that the reduction of the expression in CAD1 may be related to the increase in soluble lignin. Finally, in uroglobulus hybrids (E. urophylla S. T. Blake x E. grandis Hill ex-Maiden) x (E. globulus), comparisons of stem bases of plants subjected to drought treatments indicated that reduced expression of DIRI0 may be associated with increased soluble lignin. In this way, this work indicates some genes possibly related to changes in lignin that could be beneficial for production of paper and possibly be desirable for the production of biofuels, although this latter case was not the focus of the work / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Jesse B. Nippert / The impacts of climate change over the next 100 years on North American grasslands are unknown. Climate change is projected to increase rainfall and seasonal temperature variability, leading to increased frequency of drought and decreased rainfall amounts for many grassland locations in the central Great Plains of North America. To increase our ability to predict the effects of a changing climate, I measured multiple morphological and physiological responses from a diverse suite of C3 and C4 grasses. Due to varying characteristics associated with the different photosynthetic pathways, these grass species respond differently to altered temperature and precipitation. I monitored grass physiology and microanatomy in conjunction with varying watered availability to replicate drought. In the second chapter, I observed leaf-level physiology and root level morphology of C3 and C4 grasses when exposed to 100% water reduction. Results indicated that response to water reduction are not always dependent on the photosynthetic pathway. Root-level morphological measurements were found to vary significantly between species in the same genus; F. ovina had the highest specific root length (SRL), which is an indicator of tolerance to environmental variability. Results also indicated that grasses of interest have thresholds that when passed result in a photosynthetically inactive plant; however it was shown that they are able to recover to near pre-drought gas exchange rates when water is re-applied. The third chapter investigated both leaf-level physiology and morphology in dominant C4¬ grasses across Kansas’ rainfall gradient over the growing season. I hypothesized that variation within a species’ physiology would be greater than its’ morphology. I also hypothesized that morphology would predict variability in a species physiological response to changes in climate. This research discovered within a location and species, leaf morphology is fixed across the growing season. Strong correlations between leaf physiology and morphology were observed, however, the strength and relationship changed among the species compared. A. gerardii and P. virgatum exhibited opposing relationships when comparing their photosynthetic rates to the amount of bundle sheath cells. This result highlights strong species-specific relationship between physiology and morphology. My results illustrate the importance of utilizing plant physiology and morphology to understand how grasses may respond to future climate change scenarios.

Abstract The aim was to study the effects of drought and indirect drought-related stresses on anthocyanin content in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Anthocyanin content was also studied in relation to developmental stage (juvenile vs. mature leaves, previous vs. current-year stems). It was hypothesised that drought-stressed plants accumulate anthocyanins, but their direct role in osmotic regulation was questioned. Direct drought was created by preventing water supply. Freezing-induced dehydration was accomplished by removal of snow. Effects of summertime chilling (+2 °C during active growth, +5/0 °C during frost hardening) on water status were tested. The trace metal Nickel (Ni) was applied to the soil, as Ni may interfere with plant water relations at the rhizospheric level. Salt (Na+) was added to the soil to observe salt-induced disturbance in osmotic balance and ion homeostasis. Tissue water content (TWC) decreased and anthocyanin level increased under direct drought, especially in the mature leaves. The freezing-stressed plants contained the same TWC and anthocyanin levels in mid-winter compared to plants that overwintered below snow. The freezing-stressed plants had lower TWC and a similar anthocyanin level in early spring, and lower TWC and anthocyanin level in late spring than plants that overwintered below snow. In the summer and autumn following snow removal, current-year stems of freezing-stressed plants had the same TWC, but higher levels of anthocyanins than current-year stems of plants that overwintered below snow. New growth was thus affected by the freezing stress experienced by previous-year stems. Chilling had no effect on anthocyanins. Although TWC decreased and anthocyanin level increased from active growth to the beginning of frost hardening, no increase was observed during frost hardening. Ni did not cause drought stress in the aboveground shoots, but anthocyanin level decreased in the aboveground shoots along with Ni accumulation in the belowground stems. Na+ increased TWC in the belowground stems, but decreased TWC and anthocyanin level in the aboveground stems. It is proposed that anthocyanins do not have direct role in osmotic regulation, or in the development of freezing tolerance. It is suggested that the increase in anthocyanin level under direct drought stress is mainly due to the photoprotection of chlorophylls by anthocyanins. This is supported by two facts: (1) At increased anthocyanin level in the juvenile leaves, chlorophyll a was stabilized despite continuing drought stress, and (2) after the initial peak in the mature leaves, the accumulation of anthocyanins ceased although the drought became more severe. As chlorophyll a decreased in the mature leaves due to senescence, there was less demand for such high levels of anthocyanins.

Grass species within South Africa show a photosynthetic subtype and phylogenetic response to rainfall gradients, with Panicoideae species (NADP-Me and NAD-Me) inhabiting mesic environments, while Aristidoideae species (NADP-Me) inhabit more arid environments. It is predicted that climate change will alter rainfall patterns within southern Africa, which could have implications for grassland distributions and functional composition. Globally, and in South Africa, species distributions indicates that NAD-Me species have a preference for more arid environments, but this may be complicated by phylogeny as most NAD-Me species belong to the Chloridoideae subfamily. Additionally, differences in the metabolism and energetic requirements of different carboxylation types are expected to confer different ecological advantages, such as drought tolerance, but the role of these different pathways is not well understood. Based on natural distribution and photosynthetic subtype differences, it was hypothesised that Panicoideae NADP-Me species would be less drought tolerant than Panicoideae NAD-Me and Aristidoideae NADP-Me species and that subtypes and lineages would show different drought recovery rates. Furthermore, drought sensitivity would be of a metabolic and not a stomatal origin and plants that maintained favourable leaf water status would be more drought tolerant and recover faster. This was tested experimentally by comparing Panicoideae species (NADP-Me and NAD-Me) and NADP-Me species (Panicoideae and Aristidoideae). Plants were subjected to a progressive 58 day drought period and a recovery phase where gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water relations were measured at select intervals. In conjunction with this, a rapid drought experiment was performed on Zea mays (NADP-Me: Panicoideae) plants where similar parameters were measured. Photosynthetic drought and recovery responses showed both a subtype and phylogenetic response. Panicoideae species were less drought tolerant than Aristidoideae species, although Panicoideae NAD-Me showed better recovery rates than Panicoideae NADP-Me species, while Aristidoideae species recovered the quickest. Panicoideae NAD-Me and Aristidoideae species maintained higher leaf water status during drought which contributed to the maintenance of PSII integrity and thus facilitated rapid photosynthetic recovery. During drought Panicoideae species showed greater metabolic limitations over Aristidoideae species and for the first time, lower metabolic limitations were associated with osmotic adjustment. This is a novel finding whereby osmotic adjustment and the subsequent maintenance of leaf water are key to preventing metabolic limitations of photosynthesis in C₄ grasses. Results from the Z. mays rapid drought study showed the limitations to photosynthesis were exclusively metabolic and unlikely to be a direct consequence of turgor loss. It was apparent that the response to drought was stronger amongst lineages, as NADP-Me species from different subfamilies showed a significant difference in drought tolerances. Aristidoideae species’ exceptional drought tolerance and predicted increased aridification could favour these species over Panicoideae species under future climates.